دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 Evaluating morphotectonic karst sinks in Parav - Bistoun mass using DEM استفاده از DEM‌ در تحلیل مورفوتکتونیک فروچاله‌های کارستی توده پرآو ـ بیستون 1 18 18515 FA منصور جعفربیگلو ابراهیم مقیمی فرشاد صفری Journal Article 2016 06 14   Evaluating morphotectonic karst sinks in Parav - Bistoun mass using DEM     M. Jafarbeyglou ( * )   Assistante Professor of Geomorphology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran   e-mail: mjbeglou@ut.ac.ir     E.Moghimi.   Professor of Geomorphology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran     F. Safari   M.A. of Geomorphology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran   Received: June 29, 2010/ Accepted: May 14, 2011, 1-4 P           Extended abstract   1- Intro duction   Fractures are one of the most important factors in capability of carbonate rocks permeability . System of fractures and joints bring about penetration and access of water into the deeper layers. Therefore , karstic processes can developed along them and result in variety of karst morphology. In mountainous massif of Parav - Bistoun, Various forms of the karst landscapes such as karrens, uvalas, dolines, caves and soon have emerged due to specific lithology and tectonic. The Depressions are interesting because of great influenc e of fractures on them and their dimensions. Thus, in this study, morphotectonic consideration of depressions an important part of karstic studies has been marked .     Besides, the study of karst morphology in the region, the morphotectonic recognition of depressions has proceed ed in combined with results of fieldwork and processing of DEM.     2- Methodology   In this study, accurate location and orientation of depressions and joints were provided using GPS and compass data collected during fieldwork. In addition, orientations of faults were recognized using a 1/100000 scaled geologic map of the study area and in the next step were digitized. This collected information was processed in Rock Work software and their rose diagrams provided. By processing of digital elevation models in GIS software, depressions location was recognized and drainage density index of the area was surveyed. At the end , after collecting all these data, relation between karstification process and tectonic was attended and karstification rate and its conditions in the area were studied.   Analysis of joints and faults system and its effect on the area:   High brittleness and low flexibility in the thick limestone formations has followed the increase of stress effect resulted in creation of various faults with different directions and orthogonal (tensile) - shear in the relief .   The creation of orthogon al fault s and crashing in their direction have important role in further permeability of water and create further contact level with bed. It caused the development of karstification process and created of various depressions with bigger dimensions in direction of faults. Therefore, in order to survey relationship between faults & joints and depressions, in addition to tracing rose diagram of depressions resulted from digital elevation models and field work, was traced rose diagram of fault lines that had been divided from 1/100000 scale geologic map and field works.     3- Discussion   According to these results, the orientation of tensions in Parav - Bistoun mass is approximately Northern – Southern and faults show Azimuth angles of 45, 75 and 315 degrees.   Joints and fractures with a similar trend show up that the azimuth orientation 45 and 325 degrees in area. Tracing of lengthwise across of depressions shows trend of NW-SE. Thus, the longitudinal axis of the depressions with azimuth angle of 320-330 degrees are consistent with trend of maximum faults and their maximum different with faults of area is 10 degrees.   Therefore , this study shows the development of karstic depressions and development of karst has been fundamentally affected from tectonic situation and tectonic activity in the area.   -Morphology of karst in the study area .   The study of different forms of exokarstic in Parav - Bistoun indicated that, in the result of the dissolution process at different levels, the karsts create a specific landscape and topography with a variety of forms. The most significant karst forms in the area are sinkholes, dolines, Karens, caves, uvalas and so on. This form indicated differences in dimensions and local dispersal in relationship to suitable circumstances for karstification.   According to the geomorphological evidence of the region (Parav cave with a depth of 751 m and local erosion level s such as great fields of karst in surfaces of low relief) the thickness of Bistoun limestone together with high purity that have potential for dissolution, Depressions of the area lie within dissolution - break down class from sextet categor ies that introduced by Ford &Williams (2007, p. 341) .   The area has various depressions with different dimentions. The biggest depression has depth of 115 m and diameter of 180 m. It shows azimuth angle of 30 degrees. Other karst ic forms of area are caves, which recognized as the deepest cave in the whole Middle East and have depth and length of about 751 and 1361m, respectively.   On the basis of studies that has performed by the Ministry of Energy of I.R.Iran   General tren d of the cave is according to the main Zagros thrust fault trace.   Uvalas are others form from karst of area that have shaped as a result of great karst development and unifying contiguous depression s. Sometimes, these shapes have created in the realm of depressions development with unevenness bed and sometimes have shaped in downwards of big depressions with evenness bed, as a result of dissolution processes in beneath the earth’s surface and have relationship with infiltrated waters into higher elevations depressions.   Identify of depressions and big karst fields:   Studies have been focusing on more the recognition of exokarstic types in terms of depressions & uvalas using of digital data. In this study, we have surveyed hydrological methods related to depressions and uvalas of the area. Automatic extraction of network and watershed proper ties from a DEM represents a convenient and rapid way to parameterize a watershed (Garbrecht and Campbell, 1997, 205 p).   With the help of digital hydrological model, the locations that have convergent drainage (without distinict outlet ) and frequently have main shaft (without distinct drainage and without cell data ) have been extracted as depression. By applying 50 meters resolution DEM , about 20 depressions and karst fields were identified ( table 4 and fig.12). Trend of depressions is according to fractures rose diagram that shows development of karst is effect ive from tension and tectonic activity in the region . Processing of DEM with resolution of 10 m and extract of Figure 13 helps to evoke a more vivid portrayal of karst big field wich indicated in figure 12.   Figure 13 shows depressions with zero cells ratio and blue color . This figure denotes relationship between depressions and faults.   Finally, proceeded toward trace of depressions profile in the area that have great area and depth shows karst field of depressions and identification were impossible because of low spatial resolution of DEM.     4- Conclusion   Due to the specific tectonic & lithologic conditions of Parav - Bistoun mass the development of dissolution has morphologically existed in surface and depth.   - existence of thick stratum of limestone with high purity has provided development of karst processes.   - raptures that are resultant of fault activities, has provided development of dissolution processes in depth and create depressions according to joints and fractures and also create vaults and columns.   - existence of caves (Parav cave that has depth of about 751) and uvalas that have created in different elevation surfa ces and have role of local erosion bases shows that development of karst is extensive in the region.   - the major depressions extracted from 10 meters resolution DEM shows that trend of depressions is linear and is in relationship with lineaments and faults of the region.       Refrences   Florea. L, (2005), using state - wide gis data to identify the coincidence between sinkholes and geologic structure, Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 67, no. 2, p.120–124.   Ford. D. and Williams. P, (2007), Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology , John Wiley & Sons Ltd1-562.   Frevert. D. K and Singh. V. P, (2005), Watershed Models, CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, 1-653.   G.P.W. Jewitt, the eztraction of catchment characteristics from a digital elevation model using a geographic information system (GIS), umgeni water, P O Box9, Pietermaritzburg, 3200.   Kenny .F and et al, (2008), Routing overland flow through sinks and flats in interpolated raster terrain surfaces, Computers & Geosciences, 1417– 143.   Liliang. R , (2003), Application of Radar-Measured Rain Data in Hydrological Processes Modeling during the Int ensified Observation Period of HUBEX, advaces in atmospheric sciences, vol.20, no.2, p.205-211.   Mahmoudi, Farajolah and maleki, Amjad, (2001), the evolution of karst and its role in groundwater resources in Parav-Bistoun (Kermanshah), Geographical Researches, 40, p. 105-93, university of Tehran.   Martz. J. and Garbrecht. L, (1998), The treatment of flat areas and depressions in automated drainage analysis of raster digital elevation models, Hydrol. Process. 12, 843-855.   Millanovic, P, T, (2004) , water resources engineering in karst , Press LLC, 6, 1-306.   Petar. T, Milano vic , (1981), Karst Hydrogeology, Abdolvahid, Aghasi, Outline provision standards of country water engineering .     توده پرآو- بیستون با وسعت 880 کیلومتر مربع در زون زاگرس رورانده و در استان کرمانشاه واقع شده است. در این ناهمواری­ها اشکال متنوعی از چشم­انداز کارست همچون کارن‌ها، اوالاها، دولین‌ها، غارها و ... پدید آمده است. شکل­گیری و توسعه فروچاله‌های کارستی متأثر از روراندگی، گسل‌ها و شکستگی‌های منطقه، شرایط مناسبی را برای تغذیه و گسترش منابع آب زیرزمینی به عنوان اصلی­ترین منبع آب آشامیدنی شهر کرمانشاه فراهم آورده و هیدروژئولو‍ژی منطقه را تحت تأثیر قرار داده است. بنابراین، شناخت مرفوتکتونیکی فروچاله‌ها در بررسی­های کارستی منطقه جایگاه و اهمیت بالایی دارد. در این تحقیق با استفاده از مدل رقومی ارتفاع ( DEM ) و پردازش داده‌های رقومی شده نسبت به استخراج اطلاعات توپوگرافی و هیدرولو‍‍ژی اقدام گردید. همچنین با انجام عملیات میدانی و به کارگیری دستگاه موقعیت­یاب جهانی ( GPS ) و کمپاس، ویژگی و موقعیت فروچاله‌ها و امتداد درزه‌ها و شکستگی­های منطقه اندازه گیری و در ارتباط با سایر داده‌های مکانی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. یافته­های تحقیق نشان می­دهد در توده پرآو- بیستون اشکال اگزوکارست در فرم­ها و ابعاد مختلف توسعه یافته و تیپیک­ترین این اشکال یعنی فروچاله­ها در امتداد درزه­ها و گسل­های کششی ناحیه قرار گرفته و فروچاله­های مستخرج از DEM نیز نشان دهنده چنین امتداد و روندی است.    https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18515_7897a080c725065b9d27de05111c083c.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 An assessment of the Artificial Neural Networks technique to geomorphologic modeling sediment yield (Case study Samandegan river system) مقایسه کارآیی مدل‌های شبکه‌های عصبی مصنوعی و رگرسیون برای پیش‌بینی بار رسوب جریان مطالعه موردی حوضه آبخیز سمندگان 19 34 18516 FA عبداله سیف عباسعلی ولی محمدحسین رامشت محمدحسین رامشت عباسعلی ولی رضا قضاوی رضا قضاوی Journal Article 2016 06 14   An assessment of the Artificial Neural Networks technique to geomorphologic modeling sediment yield (Case study Samandegan river system)     A.A. Vali ( * )   Assistante Professor of Geomorphology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran   e-mail: vali@shirazu.ac.ir     M.H. Ramesht.   Professor of Geomorphology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran     A. Seif.   Assistante Professor of Geomorphology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran     R. Ghazavi   Assistante Professor of Water Resources, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran   Received: June 8, 2010/ Accepted: December 14, 2010, 5-9 P           Extended Abstract   1- Introduction   Estimating correct volume of sediment in a fluvial system is one of the most important issues in water engineering, river engineering, water resources, facilities, structures, water and environmental projects and programs for the development of them.   The bed load transfers by saltation and suspension forms according to the sediment particle size. The sediment load is one of the most important parameters of hydraulic projects, a useful indicator of soil erosion, and watershed's ecological environment. Several physical experimental methods for estimating the sediment in a watershed has been developed.     Experimental methods are based on estimated sedimentation basin characteristics such as area topography, land cover, climate and the qualitative characteristics of the firm (Zhou et al.2002). Those can estimate indirectly sedimentation rates in the Delta or the Vessels (Verstraeten et al, 2004). These methods due to the simple structure, simple mathematical calculations and are able to work in a widely input data (Zhou et al.2007). However, linear or nonlinear regression model can use for suspended sediment load with relative accuracy of computational models which provide simple experimental models.   In recent years has occurred a great interest to investigate the possibility of using artificial neural network systems. Neural networks are powerful computational tool in organizing and establishing the relationship between the various intelligence capabilities. The use of the mapping capabilities of these systems in a multi-dimensional spaces and the analysis of the issues without resorting to the relations sophisticated mathematical difficulty can be useful in engineering. Artificial neural networks have been successful in dealing with issues such as system identification, function approximation, optimization and anticipating the results. Artificial neural network system based on data flexibility with different weights to the establishment of neural connections during the learning process is able to recognition complex and ambiguous issues especial issues that are not easily expressed in mathematical relationships.   A river system is an open system where the involvement of sophisticated forms of communication. The inherent characteristics of a basin and external factors affect the behavior of the river. The existence of multiple interactions, including the interaction moves and transported sediment and geomorphology of the basin parameters is important.   Watershed is the most essential natural scale regional units. An independent identity has defined the concept of river basin as a spatial unit has an effective role in the classification of human activities (Ramsht 2005). The purpose of this study was to develop modeling using artificial neural network approach to geomorphic agents and compare its performance with multiple regression methods. To the extent predicted by the models of sediment basin Comparison of the calculated values with observed values is explained by its comparative advantage.     2- Methodology   First, for removing diagnostics data calculate the residual R student index by using SAS software. Then were evaluated training data set and testing data set from wholly of data. The Statistical Modeling and Artificial Neural Networks are helping with SPSS software. Statistical methods used and designed to model both simple and multiple regression analysis. In simple regression best fit of the relationship between flow and sediment is taken of the relationship linear, inverse, exponential, logarithmic, quadratic, and the power basis of degree decision. This method measures the curve of known deposits or SRC.   This method is called MARS for short to multivariate adaptive regression sp-line. In the flow vector the power supply to the large number of independent variables into the geomorphological parameters using stepwise multiple regression analysis method to determine the model parameters have to be removed excluded variable or ineffective variable. So a geomorphological multivariate model is designed. In other words, each of the parameters in the geomorphology of the basin as a data point are being integrated with vector data such as statistics in a flood of new data are converted into a vector and new vectors is obtained base on multiple regression fit.   Artificial neural network model is used by utility neural network option of SPSS software. Neural network designed in this study were divided into two types depending on the input data. The first type of artificial neural networks designed using the instantaneous flow and sediment. Instantaneous flow in the network as the input and output system is designed as a moment of deposition. NGANN geomorphology of this network is called neural network for short. The second type of artificial neural networks designed using the elements used in the method of feeding is in March and the geomorphic parameters of this network is called for short GANN.     3- Discussion   Two statistics factor to evaluate the performance are RMSE (root mean square of error) and R square (determination index) of different models is possible. These factors can determine the value of the preferred models to the observed values and the predicted values. Notice to RMSE values and the R square shows relative advantage of models. The highest significant determination index, and the lowest error, is introduced the best method. To the value of the preferred methods, is determined respectively GANN, NGANN, MARS and SRC rate determination coefficients with 0.86, 0.83, 0.81, 0.76 and values of the error estimate 1.815, 2.031, 2.142 and 2.359.   Results showed the GANN estimated better with highest coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.862 and root mean square of error (RMSE) of 1.815 in compression to NGANN with 0.827 for R2 and 2.031for RMSE. performance value of regression models were weaker than ANN models with R2 of 0.759 and RMSE of 2.395 for SRC model And R2 of 0.811 and RMSE of 2.142 for MARS model. Therefore it was revealed not only ANN models but also regression models have performance value when combine with geomorphologic parameters.     4- Discussion   Comparison of statistical methods and neural network models shows neural network significant preference values ​​in the estimation of daily moment sediment estimation. The difference between the performance of artificial neural and statistical methods can be defied with the ability to estimate and predict artificial neural networks for non-linear approximation with a low volume of data. However, the performance and accuracy of the regression methods follow of sample size and it challenge of statistical models. The artificial neural network models design by the low number of samples. Conclusion presented and ANN model by geomorphology parameters designed to help the River Basin behavior. It is worthy of the network with back propagation algorithm learning with one hidden layer and 2 neurons in the hidden layer with high ability to flow and sediment load simulation is running with minimal restrictions.   The results of the modeling of sediment load in the present study also confirmed that the results of previous studies in the review of previous studies presented in the introduction. To develop and improve deposition load modeling is necessary applying geomorphologic parameters of basin. The geomorphological characteristics of the basin are an essential element of effective and recommended for hydrological modeling.        References   Agarwal, A., Mishra, S.K,Sobha R and SinghJ. K., (2006). Simulation of runoff and sediment yield using artificial neural networks.J.Biosystems engineering 94, 597–613.   Alp, M. and Cigizoglu,H.K., (2007). Suspended sediment load simulation by two artificial neural network methods using hydro meteorological data. Environmental modeling and software.22:2-13.   Bhattacharya, B., Price, R.K.and Solomatine, D.P., (2005). Data-driven modeling in the context of sediment transport. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 30, 297–302.   Cigizoglu, H.K., (2004). Estimation and forecasting of daily suspended sediment data by multi layer perceptrons. 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Geomorphology 50, 327–348.   Yang, C.T. (1996). Sediment transport: theory and practice.1st edition New York. McGraw-hill.   Yitian, L.and GU, R.R., (2003). Modeling flow and sediment transport in a river system using an artificial neural network. Environmental Management 31 (1), 122 - 134.   Youssef vand, .F.Ghelmaei,S.H.Ghamar nia,H.and Zia tabar ahmadi,M.K. (2005).The effect of time measuring classification of suspended sediment of rivers(text in Persian).5th Hydraulic conference,Kerman. Iran.   Zhang, B.and Govindaraju, R.S., (2003). Geomorphology-based artificial neural networks (GANNs) for estimation of direct runoff over watersheds. Journal of Hydrology.273,18-34.   Zhou, G., Goel, N.K., Bhatt, V.K., (2002). Stochastic modeling of the sediment flux of the Upper Yangtze River (China). Hydrological Sciences Journal 47, 93–105.   Zhou, Y., Lu, X.X., Huang, Y.and Zhu, Y.M., (2007). Suspended sediment flux modeling with artificial neural network: An example of the Longchuanjiang River in the upper Yangtze catchment, China.Geomorphology84, 111-125.     یک سیستم رودخانه­ای یک سیستم بازاست که از درگیر شدن ارتباطات مختلف و پیچیده شکل می‌گیرد. خصوصیات ذاتی حوضه‌ها از یک سو و عوامل خارجی از سوی دیگر رفتارهای رودخانه را متاثر می‌سازد.وجود ارتباطات متقابل متعدد از جمله ارتباطات جریان ورسوب حمل شده وتاثیر عوامل ژئومورفولوژی حوضه و مدل سازی آن از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردار است.در این مطالعه دونوع شبکه عصبی مصنوعی ژئومورفولوژیکی و غیر ژئومورفولوژیکی برای پیش بینی بار رسوب جریان رودخانه سمندگان طراحی گردید و نتایج آن با دو نوع مدل رگرسیونی ژئومورفولوژیکی و غیر ژئومورفولوژیکی مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. نتایج طراحی شبکه‌های عصبی مبین کارآیی خوب شبکه‌های چند لایه ی پرسپترون با الگوریتم یادگیری پس انتشار خطا است. نتایج نشان داد که شبکه عصبی ژئومورفولوژیکی با ضریب تبیین 862/0 و مجذور میانگین مربعات خطای 815/1 در مقایسه شبکه عصبی غیر ژئومورفولوژیکی با ضریب تبیین 827/0و معیار خطای031/2 میزان رسوب جریان را بهتر پیش­بینی می‌کند. نتایج ارزیابی مدل‌های رگرسیونی مبین عملکرد ضعیف­تر آن‌ها در مقایسه با روش شبکه عصبی مصنوعی است به طوری که ضریب تبیین مدل رگرسیونی ساده غیر ژئومورفولوژیکی 759/0و معیار خطای 395/2 و ضریب تبیین مدل رگرسیونی ژئومورفولوژیکی برابر 811/0 با معیار خطای معادل 142/2 است. همچنین از مقایسه نتایج مدل‌های مختلف چنین استنباط می‌شود زمانی که پارامترهای ژئومورفولوژیکی نظیر شاخص ناهمواری، شاخص گردی و شاخص تراکم زهکشی در مدل سازی وارد شوند نتایج ارزیابی آن‌ها مناسب­تر می‌شود. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18516_9d709d4edd46243964b04e23823c7b0d.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 Explanation of Women Motivation from Activity in Local periodic Markets in Guilan Province تبیین انگیزه‌های پیش روی زنان از فعالیت در بازارهای دوره‌ای محلی در استان گیلان 35 52 18517 FA محمدرضا رضوانی مجتبی قدیری معصوم مجتبی قدیری معصوم سید حسن مطیعی-لنگرودی آئیژ عزمی Journal Article 2016 06 14   Explanation of Women Motivation from Activity in Local periodic Markets in Guilan Province     S.H. Motiee Langroudi. ( * )   Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran   Received: February 15, 2011 / Accepted: September 13, 2011, 11-14 P   e-mail: shmotiee @ut.ac.ir     M. Ghadiri Maasoum.   Assistante Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran     M. R. Rezvani.   Associate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran   A. Azmi   Ph.D Student of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran           Extended Abstract   1- Introduction   Local periodic markets have important role in economics of Guilan province. The local periodic markets are focal point in urban-rural interaction. The local periodic markets are place for urban and rural women activity. This situation makes a condition that these the local periodic markets be place for cultural and society activity nearest economic activity. Many people are active in the local periodic markets and women are important group among them. These women come to the markets from villages and cities. They have variety impetus from activity in the markets. These motivations are variety that includes economic, culture and society.     Therefore, principal question is attitude and effective component among women in activity in the market. There are some problems for activators that their resolving helps to them for better activities. In this paper ، women motivation study and help them for resolving problems in Guilan province. In this paper some recommendation present for improving the local periodic markets. It helps to women (sellers and buyers) for better activity in the markets. Buyers buy crops because they are variety, fresh, high quality and low costs. They come to the markets for tourism and recreation. Sellers come to the markets for selling. They come to the markets because they needs to money, recreation. They want to see their friend and family. They need to jobs.   In many papers and some investigations, this approach present that the local periodic markets are place for small sellers and buyers' activity. The local periodic markets are important for women. There are some proofs. These two groups (sellers and buyers) have much impetus for activity in the markets.   Therefore assumptions include:   Buyers' women are active in the rural periodic markets for purchase and recreation   Sellers' women are active in the rural periodic markets for personal, social component, income making and employment.     2- Methodology   Investigative method was descriptive that was used from questionnaire and interview for collecting data. Reliability was calculated by alpha Cronbach that for sellers equal 0.71 and for buyers’ equal 0.70 and validity was calculated by geography and social science researchers. Statistical societies were 147 people for buyers and 146 people for sellers. The sellers were selected by census method and the buyers were selected by Cochran formula. Sampling method for the buyers was simple random sampling method.   Case study in this paper was Guilan province. This province exist in north of Iran. This province is variety. This variety is in economic, cultural and social dimension. Therefore these characters that helps to rural investigation in Guilan province. Guilan province has many local periodic markets in cities and villages. This situation helps to investigation about the local periodic markets in Guilan province.     3- Discussion   Mean of age in statistical society was middle. Sellers and buyers in the local periodic markets were marriage. Most of respondents were illiterate (%78.1). Little of respondent have high degree.   Results says that selling crops, unemployment, security foods and obviating livelihood are some impetus for activity of sellers in the local periodic markets.   Buyers were satisfaction from buying crop in the local periodic markets. Some impetus buying from local periodic markets were locality, variety and fresh of the crops. Therefore it shows that quality is important factor for the buyers for the buying from the local periodic markets.   In women seller's family and personal incentive have most per cent variance among other factors and therefore it has most variable among itself. Income variable is only one variable that include 11.24 per cent of total variance. But family and personal incentive component have 7 variables among itself. It shows that personal incentive component is important component because it has many variables among itself. Each variable have a little effects but total variable effect strong on impetus women.   Women sellers have much impetus in purchase of the markets. Therefore their impetus from purchase of the local periodic market not only buying from the markets but also it is recreation and tourism.   The women have many problems: they are unprofitable costs for their crops, weak role in management of the local periodic markets, problem of finding stall for selling.   In first assumption it shows that buyers' women are active in the rural periodic markets for purchase and recreation. It shows that these markets are tourism attractive for women. Because of they not only purchase from the markets but also recreate in the markets.   In second assumption Sellers' women are active in the rural periodic markets for personal, social component, income making and employment. It shows that sellers' women have personal and social attitude in the markets. They want have income and jobs in the markets.     4- Conclusion   Finally it recommendation that for improving women's situation in the local periodic markets it is essential that: facilitating in selling and buying crops by making stall for sellers facilitation of sanitary developing of tourism in the markets improving in transportation for crops and transformation in attitude to women sellers in the local periodic markets.       References   Afsar Keshmiri. B., (2003), weekly markets in north of Iran, science post journal, no3, volume 2   Alhesabi .A, Raheb. G. (2009), pathology of situation of national environment to villagers and maintain environment in making house (case study: rural settlement of Guilan province), environment science, year 6,no3   Center for Rural Pennsylvania. (2002). Starting and Strengthening Farmers’Markets in Pennsylvania ، 2nd edition. The Center for Rural Pennsylvania ، Harrisburg ، PA.   Findlay ، A.M. ، Stockdale ، A. ، Findlay ، A. ، Short ، D. (2001). Mobility as a driver of change in rural Britain: an analysis of the links between migration ، commuting and travel to shop patterns. International Journal of Population Geography 7 ، 1–15.   Geography institute of army. (2002), Guilan province map, Geography institute of army press   Hamilton ، Neil D. (2002). “Farmers’ Markets Rules ، Regulations ، and Opportunities.” An Agricultural Law Research Article ، the National Agricultural Law Center ، University of Arkansas ، Fayetteville.   Hayami.Youjiro. (2001), economic development: poor until wealth of the world, translated by Gholamreza Azad Armaki, Tehran: Nei press   http://iran-travel.blogfa.com   http://www.ned.org/mena/fa/womenEmpowermentFA.html   Hughes, Megan Elizabeth and Richard H. Mattson. (1992). Farmers’ Markets in Kansas: A Profile of Vendors and Market Organization. Report of Progress 658 ، Agricultural Experiment Station ، Kansas State University.   Irantour-tourism. (2007), Guilan province   Kamioka.Koji(a). 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(2007), Iran markets, package of what about Iran do we know? Tehran, cultural investigation bureau   Spitzer, Theodore Morrow and Hilary Baum. (1995). Public Markets and Community Revitalization. Washington, DC: ULI–The Urban Land Institute and Project for Public Spaces.   Stephenson. Garry ، Lev. Larry ، Brewer. Linda, Understanding the Link Between Farmers’ Market Size and Management Organization ، Oregan State ، Garry Stephenson ، Larry Lev ، and Linda Brewer Special Report   World Economic F., (2000), Women’s Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap.   Zaranejad. Mm, (2007), study of market characters base of Islam and history, journal of economic investigation year 1, no5, 6     بازارهای دوره‌ای محلی، مکان فعالیت زنان شهری و روستایی است که با انگیزه‌های مختلفی در بازار فعالیت می‌کنند. این انگیزه‌ها متنوع بوده و شامل ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی می‌شود. فعالیت در بازارها دارای موانع و مشکلاتی است که بررسی و حل آن به بهبود وضعیت شاغلان و فعالان بازار کمک می‌کند. در این مقاله ضمن بررسی انگیزه‌های زنان شاغل در بازار، تلاش شده تا موانع موجود بر سر راه فعالیت آن‌ها شناسایی شود. بنابراین، سوال اصلی تحقیق بررسی انگیزه‌ها و مولفه‌های پیش روی زنان به منظور فعالیت در بازار است. روش تحقیق، توصیفی تحلیلی بوده و از ابزار پرسشنامه و مصاحبه، استفاده شده است. پایایی پرسشنامه از طریق آلفای کرونباخ تعیین شد که برای فروشندگان برابر با 71/0 و برای خریداران برابر با 70/0 بوده است حجم نمونه شامل 147 خریدار و 146 فروشنده بوده است که فروشندگان به روش سرشماری و خریداران از طریق رابطه کوکران به دست آمدند. روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده است. تعداد شهرهای بررسی شده یازده شهر و معیار انتخاب شهرها نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای بوده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهند که فروشندگان به دنبال درآمد، شغل، ارتقای موقعیت خانوادگی و خریداران خواستار تامین نیازهای اقتصادی هستند، بدین شکل که فروشندگان به دنبال ارتقای موقعیت اجتماعی خود هستند و علائق فردی و خانوادگی(درصد واریانس64/31) در کنار روابط اجتماعی و مولفه‌های اقتصادی نظیر درآمد(درصد واریانس 24/11) و اشتغال از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. خریداران نیز با انگیزه خرید (درصد واریانس 04/40) و تفریح (درصد واریانس 83/19) به بازار می‌آیند. انگیزه خرید شامل کیفیت محصول، قیمت مناسب، تازگی و تنوع محصول است و انگیزه تفریح؛ گردش، دیدن جذابیت‌های هنری و فرهنگی بازار و ... است.    https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18517_1aac5a8befbea848762407669412a43c.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 Simulation of landslide risk in javanroud basin using AHP method considering geomorphic properties شبیه‌سازی احتمال وقوع لغزش در حوضه آبخیز جوانرود با مدل تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) با تأکید بر ویژگی‌های مورفولوژی 53 72 18518 FA زهرا رحیم‌زاده محمود علایی‌طالقانی Journal Article 2016 06 14   Simulation of landslide risk in javanroud basin using AHP method considering geomorphic properties     M. Alaee Taleghani. Z. Rahimzadeh   Received: April 28, 2010 / Accepted: January 18, 2011, 15-17 P           Extended abstract   1- Intro duction   Whenever slop is exposed to unsteadiness, landslide occurrence is unavoidable on the surface according to the heavy rain, under layers of the slop, fault movement of.   The slops of Javanrood Basin are one of the slops in folded Zagros, which are exposed to landslide. Recording 31 landslides on the surface of this small area confirms this issue. The aim of this research is recognition of this unsteadiness according to the strength and weakness based on AHP model.     2- Methodology   The method applied in this research is analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The base of this model is comparing variables by pair wise by Matrix relationship. In this way, pair wise of the effective variables on the landslide were considered and based onrelative weights the output was extent.     Author (s)     M. Alaee Taleghani. ( * )   Assistante Professor of Geomorphology, University of Razi, Kermanshah, Iran   e-mail: malaee@ymail.com     Z. Rahimzadeh   Assistant Professor of Geomorphology, Teacher Training Center of Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran         The process of the research has been done by GIS. The outcome of this research has been presented the zoning map of landslide severity in the four classes including very high, high, average and low. The applied data and maps included geology map 1/100000, topography map 1/50000, Dem, satellite picture A.T.M (2002) and GIS software.     3- Discussion   The natural feature of the environment such as the weak materials of the earth, the half-wet cold climate, the wide spread of the running waters, the low hill earth with thick over weathered layers, accompanying with human interference through flattening of the slop and road building in such foothills are the ground work of many and repeated occurrence of the land sliding in the basin of Javanrood.     4- Conclusion   The result showed that about half of the area in Javanrood basin (about 58%) was classifying very high and high risk to land slide, and 36% is under the danger of medium occurrence of landslide which involve the width of Shili and Marn layers, Goorpi and Radiolarit formation, seem natural. Based on these finding only in 5.5% of Javanrood area the possibility of the occurrence of landslide is weak.       References   Abramson, lee. W Thomas, S. Lee Sunil Shrma Glen, M. Boyee (1995) Slope stability and stabilization methods.   Ahmadi, Hassan Esmaili Abazar Feizina, Sadat Shariat jafary, mohsen (2003) The zoning of the danger of mass movement using two methods of multi variable regration(MR)& analytic hierarchy process (AHP) case study (Garmichai basin) Iran natural resource magazine(No 56 Pp 336-393).   Ahmadi, Hassan Mohamadkhani, Shirin Feizina, Sadat Ghodosi, Jamal (2005) Modeling of rigonal danger of mass movement using quality features and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) case study Taleghan basin Iran natural resource magazine(No 58 Pp 3-14).   Ahmadi, Hassan Talebi Esfandrani, Ali (2001) The study of the effective factors in creating mass movement the case study in Ardal region, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, Iran natural resource magazine(No 54 Pp 323-329).   Amini, abbas (2006) Zoning model of the landsliding danger in Javanrood basin, M.A Thesis, Kermanshah, Razi University.   Anbalagan, R. (1992) Landslide hazard development and zonation mapping mountainous terrain. Engineering geology. 32. pp.267-277.   Asgharpour, M.G (2004) multi criterion decisions Tehran, Tehran university publication.   Atkin, B. C Johnson, J. A (1988) the earth, problems and perspectives, USA, Blackwell scientific publications, pp147-161.   Bai, Naser (2007) Study and zoning of mass movement emphazing land sliding and case study, Madarso river basin, M.A Thesis Tabriz, Tabriz university.   Cook. R.u Dorkamp.J.c (1998) translated by shahpoor Godarzinejad, Geomorphology and environment management, Tehran Samt publication Pp 201-210.   Dai, F.D C.F.Lee (2002) Landslide characteristics and slope instability modeling .using GIS. Lantau island. Hong Kong. Geomorphology. 42. Pp213-228.   Esmaili uri Abazar (2002) the zoning of the danger of mass movement in Gramichai basin, (M.A thesis) Tehran natural resource collogue, Tehran university.   Ghodsi pour, H (2005) Analytic hierarchy process Tehran, Amir Kabir Technical University (Tehran poli tecnic).   Hashmi, Tabatabaii (2007) zoning of danger of land sliding in parts of Ardabil provice, the magazine of the latest finding of building and housing Pp21-25.   Jabari, Iraj (2005) the analysis of the limitation of zoning of sensitive regions to mass movement, Geography and development, No 6 Pp 71-92.   Mahdipoor, Fatemeh Mesgari, Mohamad saedi (2004) A pattern for the location based on based on multi variable decision making methods in GIS.   Mohamadi, Farajollah (2003) Dianamic Geomorphology Tehran, payamnoor publication Pp 43-47.   Parhizcar, Akbar Ghafari Gilandeh, Ali (2006) Geography information site and multi criterion Analysis, Tehran, Samt publication.   Prakash, T. N (2003) Land sutability analysis for agricultural cropa: A fuzzy multi criteria decision making approach, M.S. Theses international institute for geo-information science and earth observation enschede, the netherland.   Saatyt, T. L (1980) the analytic hierarchy process, New York, ME grow-hill.   Shadfar, Mohammad Yamani, Mojtaba Ghodsi, Jamal Ghayomian, Jafar (2007) zoning of the danger of land sliding using analytic hierarchy process (chalkeood basin , tonekabon) research and development in natural resources, No 75 Pp 118-126.   Shariat jafari, Mohsen Ghhayomian, Jafar (2008) The evaluation of the usefulness of the pair variable the ecstatic analysis model in zoning of land sliding danger, scientist magazine of Tehran university No 34 Pp 137-143.   Shirani, korosh Jafar, Ghayomian Mokhtari, Ahmad (2007) The analysis and evaluation of ecstatic methods of pair and multi variables in zoning of the danger of land sliding in Marbar river basin, water and basin magazine, soil and basin keeping collegue Pp 36-48.   Tarbook, Edward Jeish lotkin, Frdrich (1989) Trajomeh Rasool Okhravi Geology basis, Tehran, Madresh pubulication.   Ven Westen, C. J R. Socters (1998) Geographic information system in slope instability zonation. ITC. Netherlands.     در این تحقیق با استفاده از تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فرآیندها ( AHP ) مبادرت به پهنه بندی خطر لغزش (به مفهوم عام ) در حوضه آبخیز جوانرود واقع در شمال غرب زاگرس چین خورده (در محدوده استان کرمانشاه ) شده است. برای این منظور31 نقطه لغزشی در سطح حوضه مورد مطالعه از طریق پیمایش زمینی شناسایی شد و با انتقال آنها بر روی نقشه پایه، لایه پراکنش نقاط لغزشی حوضه تهیه گردید. سپس با توجه به این نقشه و تحقیقات صورت گرفته، 7 عامل تاثیر گذار بر حرکت های توده ای منطقه مورد مطالعه انتخاب و آنگاه به منظور مقایسه زوجی در جدول ماتریس، بر اساس میزان ارجحیت (سلسله مراتب) در وقوع پدیده مورد نظر رده‌بندی گردیدند. این لایه‌ها شامل لیتولوژی، شیب، فاصله از زهکش، فاصله از جاده، فاصله از روستا، جهت‌گیری دامنه، کاربری اراضی بوده اند که در تهیه آنها از نقشه های توپوگرافی 25000/ 1 زمین شناسی10000 / 1، تصویر ماهواره ای ETM استفاده شده است. در مرحله آخر به کمک نرم افزار ArcGIS عملیات وزن دهی و همپوشانی از لایه های انتخابی صورت گرفت و با توجه به ضرایب حاصل، نقشه پهنه‌بندی خطر زمین لغزش در 4 پهنه خطر کم، خطر متوسط، خطرزیاد و خطر خیلی زیاد به دست آمد. مقدار عددی ضریب نهایی از جمع اعداد حاصل از ضرب وزن هر معیار در شاخص آن در هر نقطه بین صفر تا 100تعریف گردید که در آن هر چه ضریب حاصله به سمت 100 میل کرده باشد نشان دهنده پر خطر بودن وقوع زمین لغزش است و هر چه این ضریب به صفر نزدیک تر شده باشد نشاندهنده کم خطر و یا نهایتا بی خطر بودن وقوع آن است. نتایج مشخص کرده است که 58 درصد از سطح حوضه جوانرود از نظر وقوع لغزش جزو منطقه بسیار پر خطر و پر خطر است. این مناطق منطبق بر گسترش سازندهای گورپی و رادیولاریتی است که شرایط اقلیمی نیمه مرطوب سرد حاکم بر منطقه باعث تشکیل قشر ضخیمی از مواد رگولیتی و خاک بر سطح آنها شده است. شکل این عوارض به صورت تپه ماهور‌های مدور با شیب کمتر از 16 درصد است اما هنگامی که پای آنها توسط زهکش‌ها و یا احداث جاده زیربری شود، جابجائی ناگهانی مواد هوازده بر سطح آنها در قالب لغزش اجتناب ناپذیر خواهد بود که به کمک مدل AHP نیز این نتایح حاصل شده است. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18518_f4c855d20ea41834ba8ba93097fab2c8.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 Multivariate analysis and classification for modeling variables affecting the alluvial fan geometry of north BAGHERAN mountain range (south of Birjand) تحلیل و طبقه‌بندی چند متغیره برای مدلسازی متغیرهای موثر بر شکل هندسی مخروط افکنه‌های دامنه شمالی کوهستان باقران (جنوب شهر بیرجند) 73 90 18519 FA مهدی ثقفی ابوالقاسم امیر احمدی مریم ربیعی ابوالقاسم امیر احمدی Journal Article 2016 06 14   Multivariate analysis and classification for modeling variables affecting the alluvial fan geometry of north BAGHERAN mountain range (south of Birjand)      Received: July 30, 2010/ Accepted: November 13, 2011, 19-21 P   A. Amirahmadi. ( * )   Assistante Professor of Geomorphology, University of Tarbiat Moallem Sabzevar, Sabzevar, Iran   e-mail: amirahmadi@sttu.as.ir     M.Saghafi.   Assistante Professor of Geomorphology, University of Payam Noor, Tehran, Iran     M. Rabiei   M.A. of Geomorphology, University of Tarbiat Moallem Sabzevar, Sabzevar, Iran           Extended abstract   1- Intro duction   Extensive studies of geology and geomorphology in arid and semi-arid deserts of Iran have been done so far, but in between the alluvial fan as one of geomorphologic forms has been ignored or less has been studied specifically. In this paper, alluvial fan geometry of BAGHERAN Mountains in the south of BIRJAND city has been studied. In fact the main purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between the morphology of alluvial fans and physiographic characteristics of their composing basins, and to compare these landforms to analyze their geomorphologic evolution.   The study area, Birjand plain, is located between 32°42′N to 33°8′N and 58°41′E to 59°44′E.     This area has composed of meridian topographic elongated and has caused two separate adjacent flat plains with the same trend. The northern one is called Birjand plain drainage basin which is about 3425 square kilometers. Plain covers about 980 square kilometers of this area and the rest are covered by heights.     2- Methodology   Initially, 17 alluvial fans have been identified and mapped. Measurements to determine the parameters of the alluvial fan geometry have been done separately. In the next phase these measurements have been used to evaluate and compare the geometric relationships of this land forms. For this purpose, various models and special software are applied for multivariate analysis such as: factor analysis and cluster analysis and finally fitted regression curves.     3- Discussion   According to calculated eigenvalues, factor analysis resulted in determining 4 main factors affecting the alluvial fans geometry. The first factor covers 57% of variables’ variances the second factor covers 15.9% of variables’ variances the third factor covers 9.8% of variables’ variances and the forth factor covers 6.9% of variables’ variance. These 4 factors cover 89.7% of all variables’ variances in total that shows suitability of variables chosen for factor analysis. Correlation matrix between research variables and factors affecting alluvial fans geometry shows that the most important variable affecting the area’s alluvial fans geometry is the area of each alluvial fan’s drainage basin which is about 0.88 correlated with the first chosen factor. Hence, the area of drainage basin of each alluvial fan can be considered as the most important variable affecting alluvial fans geometry.     4- Conclusion   Based on results the most important variable which is affecting the region alluvial fan is drainage basin area upstream of each alluvial fan. This factor shows correlation of about 88 percent with the first factor obtained from factor analysis. Alluvial fans have been classified into five regional groups with the help of cluster analysis. Accordingly, in the first group, 10 alluvial fans are located with a 70.35 percent similarity, three in the second group with a 76.62 percent similarity, two in the third group with a 73.86 percent similarity. Fourth and fifth groups each contain one alluvial fan with a similar rate, respectively 60.45 and 12.76 percent. Various fitting methods between the two main variables affecting the alluvial fan geometric (area of drainage basin and alluvial fan area in the region), according to the coefficient of determination ( ) shows that the exponential model better estimates the relationship between these two variables in the region. According to the studies conducted in this paper, the derived model would be:     In this model is area of the alluvial fan, is area of drainage basin and x is a fixed coefficient that is obtained empirically. Coefficient x that differs from 0.1 to 2.2 according to geographical conditions of each area, for the study area and its alluvial fans is equal to 0.1078.       Refrences   Blackwelder, E., (1928). Mudflow as a geologic agent in semi-arid mountians. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 39: 465-484.   Blair, T.C. and McPherson, J.G., (1994). Alluvial fan processes and forms. In: A.D. Abrahams and A.J. Parsons (Editors), Geomorphology of Desert Environments. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 354-402.   Blissenbach, E., (1954). Geology of alluvial fans in semi-arid regions. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 65: 170-190.   Bull, W.B., (1962). Relations of alluvial fan size and slope to drainage basin size and lithology in western Fresno County, CA, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 450-B, 51-53.   Bull, W.B., (1977). The alluvial fan environment. Progress in Physical Geography, 1: 222- 270.   Darvishzade, A., (2007).Geologyiran, stratigraphy, tectonic, metamorphosis   Davis, W.M., (1899). The geographical cycle. Geographical Journal, 14: 481-504.   Denny, C.S., (1965). Alluvial fans in the Death Valley Region, California and Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 466, 59 pp.   Drew, F., (1873). Alluvial and lacustrine deposits and glacial records of the Upper Indus Basin. Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, 29: 441-471.   Eckis, R., (1928). Alluvial fans in the Cucamonga district, southern California. Journal of Geology, 36: 111-141.   Harvey, A.M., Silva, P.G., Mather, A.E., Goy, J.L., Stokes, M., Zazo, C., (1999). The impact of Quaternary sea level and climatic change on coastal alluvial fans in the Cabo de Gata Ranges, southeast Spain. Geomorphology, 28: 1-22.   Hooke, R.L., (1968). Steady state relationships on arid-region alluvial fans in closed basins. American Journal of Science, 266: 609-629.   Horton, R.E., (1945). Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 56: 275-370.   Khatib, M.m., (2008). Analyze structural mountains south Birjand,Thesis of   Lecce, S.A., (1990). The alluvial fan problem. In: A.H. Rachocki and M. Church (Editors), Alluvial Fans: A Field Approach. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 3-24.   M.S.c, Tarbiyat Modares University, 188pp.   Mansurfar, K., (2010). Statistical advanced methods with plan computerize, publishing house Tehran.   Megmatism, Publishing house amir kabir, Tehran, 434pp.   Saghafi, M., (2011). Studies geomorphology bassins slopes northern mountain Bagheran, studies plan research P.N university, 284 PP.   Smith, G.A., (2000). Recognition and significance of streamflow-dominated piedmont facies in extensional basins. Basin Research, 12: 399-411.   Smith, L.M., (1983). Geomorphic development of alluvial fans in the Yazoo Basin, northwestern Mississippi. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana. Champaign, 242 pp.   Strahler, A.N., (1957). Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Transactions of the American Geophysical :::union:::, 38: 913-920.   Zomorodiyan, M.j., (1996). Usage physical geography in urban and rural planning, publishing house P.N University.         مطالعات گسترده‌ای در مورد زمین شناسی و ژئومورفولوژی مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک بیابان‌های ایران انجام شده است. اما در این بین مخروط افکنه‌ها به عنوان یکی از اشکال ژئومورفیک نادیده گرفته شده و یا کمتر به طور تخصصی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. در ا ی ن مقاله مخروط افکنه‌های رشته کوه باقران در جنوب شهر ب ی رجند از نظر شکل هندس ی مورد بررس ی قرار گرفته، بطوریکه در ابتدا 17 مخروط افکنه شناسا یی و نقشه بردار ی شده است. اندازه گیری‌های مربوط به پارامترهای تعیین کننده شکل هندسی مخروط افکنه‌های منطقه به طور مجزا صورت گرفته است. در مرحله بعدی این اندازه گیری‌ها برای بررسی روابط و مقایسه شکل هندس ی این لندفرم‌ها با یکدیگر مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. برای این منظور از مدل‌های مختلف و نرم افزارهای ویژه برای تحلیل‌های چند متغیره مانند: تحلیل‌های عامل و تحلیل‌های خوشه ای و در نهایت ، برازش منحنی‌ها رگرس ی ون ی استفاده شده است. بر اساس نتا ی ج حاصله مهمترین متغیر موثر در شکل مخروط افکنه‌های منطقه مساحت حوضه زهکشی در بالا دست هر مخروط افکنه است که با عامل اول حاصل از تحل ی ل عامل ی همبستگی در حدود 88 درصد را نشان می دهد. با کمک تحل ی ل خوشه مخروط افکنه‌های منطقه در 5 گروه طبقه بند ی شده است. بر این اساس در گروه اول، تعداد 10 مخروط افکنه با میزان تشابه 35/70 درصد، در گروه دوم تعداد 3 مخروط افکنه با میزان تشابه 62/76 درصد، در گروه سوم تعداد 2 مخروط افکنه با میزان تشابه 86/73 درصد و در گروه‌های چهارم و پنجم هر کدام یک مخروط افکنه با میزان تشابه به ترتیب 45/60، 76/12 درصد قرار گرفته است. برازش‌های مختلفی که به شیوه‌های گوناگون بین دو متغیر اصل ی موثر در شکل هندس ی مخروط افکنه‌ها (مساحت حوضه زهکشی و مساحت مخروط افکنه‌ها در منطقه) انجام گرفته با توجه به مقدار ضریب تعیین مدل‌های مختلف ( ) تب ی ین کننده مناسب ­ تر بودن مدل نمایی برای تخمین ارتباط بین این دو متغیر در منطقه است.   https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18519_71e5a828618ac5a82c3682441ce41132.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 An Analysis of Status of Tourism Infrastructures in Isfahan (With Emphasis Putting on Hotels) تحلیلی بر وضعیت زیرساخت‌های گردشگری در شهر اصفهان(با تأکید بر هتل-ها) 91 112 18520 FA احمد شاهیوندی حمیدرضا وارثی مسعود تقوایی حمیدرضا وارثی Journal Article 2016 06 14   An Analysis of Status of Tourism Infrastructures in Isfahan (With Emphasis Putting on Hotels)     H.R. Varesi.   Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran     M. Tghvaei.   Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran     A. Shahivandi ( * )   Ph.D Student of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran   e-mail: a_shahivandi@yahoo.com   Received: April 18, 2010 / Accepted: January 18, 2011, 23-27 P           Extended abstract   1- Intro duction   One of the issues in the face of tourism is the lack of residential places and appropriate hotels in all seasons and for all people from various classes with different incomes. The present research aims at investigating the status of Isfahan’s hotels and presenting proper solutions in order to enhance their quantitative and qualitative level.   The research method is descriptive-analytical. To analyze data, Chi Square, Gamma correlation coefficient and SWOT analytical method were used.   The most important advantage of Isfahan’s hotels is their appropriate accessibility to recreational, historical, commercial and other centers. Presence of historical appeals in this city is considered as a good opportunity for hotel industry.     The most important disadvantages of Isfahan’s hotels are lack of service equipment and facilities and lack of trained and skillful individuals in the realm of delivering suitable services to tourists. Also, lack of hotels and hostels for low-income groups and lack of empty rooms in some days of year are regarded as threats to this city’s hotel industry.   Examining hypotheses indicate that there is a significant relationship between services delivered by Isfahan’s hotels and the possibility of resettling in these hotels. Also, there is a significant relationship between Isfahan’s tourism facilities and services and further trips of tourists to this city.     Statement of the Problem   Hotels are considered as one of the most important tourism infrastructures, which guarantee tourists’ welfare. These two sectors are mutually related to one another and any failure or challenge in one affects directly the other. Hotel industry has a seventy-year life in Iran. However, weakness in educational, managerial and welfare matters, shortage of proper governmental facilities, lack of harmony between supply and request, few numbers of tourists coming to our country, domestic tourists’ not preferring expensive hotels, all and all, contribute to unclear future of hotel industry in Iran. In spite of having many natural and historical appeals, Isfahan is not an exception. As all hotels are old, there are only few luxury and modern hotels in this city, and there is not possible for all people to stay in these hotels in all seasons, it is necessary that the problems of hotels be cared about in Isfahan.   Urban tourism resources comprise of three main parts: elementary factors of tourists’ attraction, which exactly are the main factors of tourists’ attraction, include visiting places such as historical locations, parks, cinemas, rivers, etc secondary factors of tourists’ attraction include settling facilities, shops, etc the third part includes tourists’ guidance and services. The present article makes efforts to investigate the secondary factors of urban tourism with an emphasis on hotels.   The present article aims at measuring the extent of satisfaction and analyzing strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of hotel industry in Isfahan from the perspective of tourists and experts.   Hypotheses posed in the current study are as follows:   There is a significant relationship between services delivered by Isfahan’s hotels and the possibility of resettling in these hotels.   There is a significant relationship between Isfahan’s tourism facilities and services and further trips of tourists to this city.     2- Discussion   In tourism industry, urban infrastructures, especially residential facilities, play a key role. One may not depict a better future for this industry without considering problem and issues of these infrastructures. Although Isfahan has many tourism appeals, it has relatively limited residential centers and hotels, especially luxury hotels, are few in this city. In addition, these few hotels suffer from some problems. Therefore, solving these problems may change the future of tourism industry in this city. However, some people believe that most of the tourists visit this city do not stay in hotels, that they are professional campers or stay in other places than luxury hotels, but the number of cheap hotels is not so high that may deliver services to all tourists in crowded seasons. Findings indicated that there is a direct relationship between investment in tourism facilities and tourists’ attraction to Isfahan. Chi Square (158.01), Gamma Correlation (0.775) values and their significance level (0.000) show that there is a significant relationship between Isfahan’s tourism facilities and services and further trips of tourists to this city. Therefore, the first hypothesis of this study is confirmed. In other words, the higher the satisfaction from hotels, the higher the possibility of resettling in the hotels.   To investigate the second hypothesis of the study, Chi Square and Gamma Correlation coefficient were employed. Considering their resulted values and significance level (0.00), it may be said that there is a significant relationship between Isfahan’s tourism facilities and services and further trips of tourists to this city. Thus, the second hypothesis is also confirmed. In other words, the higher the deliverance of services to tourists, the higher the possibility of their further trips to this city. In Isfahan, as most of the hotels are old and do not have proper welfare facilities, tourists develop less motivation in staying again in these hotels. Also, among others, the issue is that these hotels are not able to satisfy the residential needs of tourists in the specific seasons as most of these hotels do not have sufficient space for all tourists to stay and some of them are forced to stay in other places. Therefore, it is necessary to construct more new hotels with respect to the needs of all tourists.   Concerning the analyses of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats resulted from SWOT model, findings are as follows:   The most important strength of Isfahan hotels is their access to commercial, recreational, historical centers and Zayandeh Rood River.   The most important external opportunities in developing hotel industry in Isfahan may be the attraction of its historical constructions and natural appeals, Isfahan’s central location in Iran and the zealousness of the most of the tourists in tripping to Isfahan.   The most important weakness of Isfahan’s hotels, among others, may be the lack of tourism services such as sport facilities, lack of trained personnel in hotels, problems concerning traffic in some crowded days around hotels.   Of most important elements that have threatened hotel tourism in Isfahan in the recent years are related to the lack of hotels for low-income tourists, the lack of empty rooms in some occasions and negative unjust propaganda of some countries against our country’s peacefulness.     3- Conclusion   - Recommendation of Strategies Based on the Results of SWOT Model   - Competitive-Offensive Strategies (SO)   In competitive-offensive strategies, emphasis put on internal strengths and external opportunities, some of which are as follows:   Investing more in recreational-historical spaces and beautification of these spaces in order to appeal and attract more tourists.   Constructing appropriate hotels and settlements near to recreational, commercial and touristic centers in the city.   Developing the motivation of further trips to Isfahan in tourists through delivering better services, hospitality in hotels and other recreational, touristic spaces.   Developing appropriate communicative networks in all urban roads in order to have proper access from hotels to recreational and touristic spaces.   Investing and equipping hotels more with telecommunicative networks and reservation services.   Paying attention to proper design of hotels.   Making optimal use of cultural appeals of different races in Isfahan, which may be attractive and interesting for tourists.   Creating certainty in tourists that there sufficient security and safety in hotels they stay in.   Delivering proper and up-to-date health care services proportionate with different cultures.   - Diversity Strategies (ST)   Creating opportunities for the simultaneous cooperation and investment of private and public sectors in hotel industry for sustainable development in this industry (considering our country’s economical system, separate actions of these sectors do not contribute to success).   Constructing hotels and restaurants in all spots of the city with respect to the number of tourists each district attracts.   Creating diversity in constructing residential centers for all people from all socio-economical classes   Adopting appropriate policies in order to offer rooms in all seasons to all tourists.   Providing different methods of reservation, personal or impersonal (by the phone or via internet).   Diversifying hotels’ services in addition to their dormitory function.     - Review Strategies (WO)   Reviewing the way hotels deliver services and requiring all hotels to provide proper basic services to tourists in terms of international service standards.   Paying attention to and reviewing hotels’ software sections and training employees on hospitality principles in hotels.   Reviewing and creating hotels in appropriate spots of the city in order to avoid traffic problems.   Reviewing illegal activities in providing settlements for tourists such as renting private homes in some occasions of the year.   Reviewing advertisements and presenting correct recognition of Iran’s cultural, economical, social and environmental features to tourists in order to make more foreign tourists travel to Iran and Isfahan.   - Defensive Strategies (WT)   Correcting and adjusting the laws that make barriers in the way of optimal use of hotel industry in our country.   Correcting legal conditions in order to increase the number of foreign tourists and facilitate visa issuance, custom regulation, etc.   Correcting executive procedure and accelerating the execution of 44th article of Iranian Constitution concerning the privatization of hotels that has not been well implemented so far.   Creating harmony among organizations related to hotel tourism such as Organization for Cultural Heritage and Tourism, municipality and other related organizations in Isfahan City.   Shutting governmental guest houses. This may help develop productive employment in Isfahan’s hotel industry.   Giving logical and low-interest facilities and loans to working agents in hotel industry. This may help country in the competition with other countries in constructing luxury and high quality hotels.   Holding national conferences. This may help good settlements in attracting tourists and bringing foreign currencies be recognized.     Refrences   Alwan, Seyed Mahdi & Dehdashti Shahrokh, Z, 1994: principles and guidelines for tourism, publication Tabesh.   Brotherton, B., & Wood, J. (2000). Hospitality and hospitality management. In C. Lashley & A. Morrison (Eds.), In serach of hospitality: Theoretical Perspectives and Debates,Oxford: Elsevier. (pp. 134-154)   Chris Rojek, (1998), cyber Tourism And The phantasmagoria of place, London.   Chuck vaie, Gai and FAO, Svla, (1998): Tourism in a comprehensive perspective, translation Ali Parsayyan and Mohammad Arab, publication, Cultural Research Bureau, Tehran.   Cooper Chris, John Fletcher, David Gilbert and Stephen Van Hill, (2001): principles and guidelines for tourism, translation Akbar sympathizer, published Framad Tehran.   Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization and Isfahan, 2008.   Dinari, A. (2005): Urban tourism in the (Iran's and World), first printing, published Vajegan Kharad.   Farajzadeh Asle, M. (2005): GIS and its application in tourism planning, Samte publisher.   Hekmatnia, Hassan and Mousavi, Myrnjf, (2006): Application of Models in Geography with emphasis on urban and regional planning, modern science publications.   khoresh, MR, (1998): The first resurrection or the future, Printing, Publishing Bsayr.   Lashley, C. (2007), Editorial Studying hospitality: beyond the envelope. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality   Nord, Teresa, (2006), A CROSS CULTURAL PERSPECTIVECORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY, Master’s Thesis, Stockholm University   Pyrz, John, and Rychardby, Robinson, (2004): Strategic Management (Planning, Implementation and Control), Samte publisher, Tehran.   Ramesht, MH, (1995): Optimal design for the field of cultural tourism, Proceedings of the attractions Ayrangrdy selected seminars, publications, public relations - Department of Culture and Islamic Guidance in Isfahan.   Rezaei Far, A. M. (2003): Home Mirror, Master of Architecture Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, School of Architecture and Urban Planning.   Vesna, peric. (2005),Tourism and Globalization, University of primorska Turistica College of Tourism, protozoa, Slovenia CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY, Master’s Thesis, Stockholm University   Warren, Goodsir, (2008), managing employee customer service interpersonal exchanges in the hospitality industry: case study A New Zealand hotel, Auckland University, School of Hospitality and Tourism.   Zamani Farahani, Hmyra, (2000): Iran Tourism and Travel, piety Cultural Institute.   Zangi Abadi, Ali, Mohammed Jamal and Zyrkbash, Diba, (2006): Analysis of the domestic tourism market, Journal of Geography and Development, fall and winter.     یکی از مشکلات خدمات گردشگری نبود مکان‌های سکونتی و هتل‌های مناسب در تمام فصول سال و برای همه قشرهای جامعه با درآمدهای مختلف است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی وضعیت هتل‌های شهر اصفهان و ارائه راهکارهای مناسب در جهت ارتقاء سطح کمی و کیفی آنها است. روش تحقیق به صورت توصیفی- تحلیلی و همبستگی است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از روش‌های کای اسکوئر، ضریب همبستگی گاما و مدل تحلیلی SWOT استفاده شده است. مهمترین نقطه قوت هتل‌های شهر اصفهان، دسترسی مناسب آنها به مراکز تفریحی، تاریخی، تجاری و غیره است. وجود جاذبه‌های تاریخی در این شهر بعنوان فرصت خوبی برای صنعت هتلداری محسوب می‌شود. مهمترین نقاط ضعف هتل‌های شهر اصفهان عدم وجود تجهیزات و وسایل خدماتی و نبود افراد آموزش دیده و مجرب در زمینه خدمات رسانی مناسب به گردشگران است. همچنین نبود هتل‌ها و مسافرخانه‌ها برای گروه‌های کم درآمد و عدم وجود اتاق‌های خالی در برخی از ایام سال به عنوان تهدیدهای صنعت هتلداری در این شهر محسوب می‌شوند. بررسی فرضیات نیز نشان می‌دهد، بین خدمات ارائه شده از طرف هتل‌های شهر اصفهان و امکان سکونت مجدد در این هتل‌ها رابطه معناداری وجود دارد . همچنین بین امکانات و خدمات گردشگری شهر اصفهان با سفرهای مجدد گردشگران به این شهر رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18520_6f46076f6ec6a0da7a6895bb29e44ede.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 The role of second cultivations in the economy of rural areas (Case Study: Dashtsar Dehestan of Amol) جایگاه کشت‌های دوم در اقتصاد نواحی روستایی (مطالعه موردی: دهستان دشت‌سر آمل) 113 126 18521 FA علی اکبر عنابستانی حسن سیفی Journal Article 2016 06 14   The role of second cultivations in the economy of rural areas (Case Study: Dashtsar Dehestan of Amol)       Received: January 2, 2011 / Accepted: August 13, 2011, 29-32 P   A.A. Anabstani. ( * )   Associate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran   e-mail: anabestani@um.ac.ir     H. Seyfi   M.A. of Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran          Extended abstract   1- Intro duction   In current conditions, agriculture's most important economic activity in most villages of Iran and need to be development oriented. In addition to providing the consumer needs of the agricultural sector, creating employment, increasing income and so has a major role in the economy of rural households. In the rural areas of most crops are grown, the role of complementary economic activities can be important. The survey second cultivations as a complementary activity, the main crop is paddy rice could be a way to raise revenue, increase employment opportunities and prosperity of rural communities in the study area is the Dashtsar Dehestan of Amol County.     2- Methodology   Methods In this research is descriptive - analytical, part of the research data from field studies and questionnaires and interviews, another part of the conceptual     and theoretical framework of such data, documents and censuses have been obtained through the library. In the study area, all of villages with 10 households, 40 villages and population of 35.8 thousand were selected. The population consists of agricultural exploiters using the formula Kuchran, with a sample size of 354 households and villages to visit, and information obtained from questionnaires completed by rural households. After data collection and processing software environments in SPSS, ArcGIS & etc., Data analysis and were studied to clarify the issue.   This is the first study to examine whether the distribution of rural settlements in the region and interference of various factors, second cultivations, despite the prevailing culture of the rural economy influence coefficient cultures of rice is how much? The present study sought answers to the above question and by reason of the cultures and the residents of the area is welcome. The hypothesis of this study can be developed, it seems that the decrease in rice prices and to get rid of the single-product economy, in recent years, local farmers turned to second cultivations and significant role in the economy of rural households have been allocated.     3- Discussion   second cultivations as a complementary economic activity in the dominant culture of the region the rice area in the years before the revolution there, they are often used to your face and a small amount to the sale have been carried out. While the cultivation of these products day after the Islamic revolution has increased and in recent years, the maximum is reached. Local inquiry shows that lack of income from rice cultivation and living expenses not funded by 50 percent, Income increased 30% and 20% unemployment and job creation the main causes of farmers' attitudes towards the second cultivations. In addition, farmers in the region to respond to the question of the extent to which second cultivations are satisfied with the level of their villages? 35.3 percent high and 31.3 percent on average this type of expansion of agricultural activities have expressed satisfaction indicating that the level of farmers to increase income and enhance their economic potential is.   The costs of a rural household in 2008 about the digit 66 million Riyal for each household residing in the province shows, current income is only enough to hold an annual cost of more than half of rural households will. Farmers in the agricultural area are looking for ways to increase your income bringing the second cultivations on one of these income sources will be. Findings show that the total volume of the sample, 100 percent of the exploiters of rice agriculture, with 27 percent of second cultivations and 37 percent are other economic activities. Income in the volume of economic activities in the study area, these results indicate that 47.5 percent of income from rice, 21.3 percent of second cultivations and 31.2 percent to other economic activities such as livestock, horticulture, retail and so belongs. Finally, the volume of net income per rural resident in the area, 22.5 percent of rice, 37.5 percent of second cultivations and 40 percent is other economic activities Therefore, according to research findings, the economy of rural households in the second cultivations about two-fifths share of net income and income are allocated to one fifth of the volume, the production cost of rice in cultures, as compared with the cultures (vegetables, etc.) has more.     4- Conclusion   Appearance of second cultivations in rural areas were started three decades ago, but in the decade to 2000 has been an increasing trend, so that the tendency of villagers to the cultures in 41.4 percent of respondents, is high and very high. Significant role in developing products for the second cultivations to increase farmers' incomes and the needs of society, such as vegetable oil is edible. In case of technical problems such as drainage problems and formulating policies on rice farms and marketing support for agricultural products, the possibility of expanding the area under cultivation in the region, there will be, this additional income will be the fate of farmers. So that second cultivations the share of households in the rural economy in terms of volume, net income 37.5 percent of the total income amount equal to 21.3 percent, is, two cultures of the income ratio to 3.15 against the dominant culture to be rice.   Out of difficulties and obstacles in the area for two cultures, the following guidelines may be appropriate in part:   A vegetable packing plant, with 3,110 hectares of land available   Create of drying vegetable factory in this area that increased of the area under cultivation of vegetables.   Products suitable for the cultivation of paddy land one way to maintain a stable income for farmers in rice production, introduce products tailored second cultivations of the lands is paddy fields.   The use of improved seed varieties and introduce new products and product with the high production efficiency and yield than local varieties, increase the economic income of rural households has to.   And support more government oversight of the agriculture sector.       References   Amar, T, Moshiri, S. R., and Mahdavi, M., (2004) "revolution of economic development in rural areas of functioning", Journal of Geographical Studies, No. 50.   Amol County Health Center, (2008) "village's population statistics".   Anabstani, A. A, (2003), "Stabilization of the rural economy through the powers integrate agricultural production (case study: Rokh- Kadkan Of Torbat_hydariyeh County)", PhD thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.   Asayesh, H., (1995), "Rural Economy", Payam Noor University Press.   Ebrahimi, M.S., Parastar, A. and Jafari, H., (2009) "Second cultivation in paddy fields, a strategy for increasing the income of paddy", Journal Barzegar, No. 1029, pp 77-74.   Este'laji, A.R and Ghadiri Ma'sum, M, 2005 "The surviving of geographical factors at System Establishment Of settlement with emphasis on quantitative techniques (case study: Vilkaij area of Namin County)", Journal of Geographical Studies, No. 53, pp 136-121.   Hashemi. H. et al, (2008) "five articles about human resources in agriculture," Planning and Agricultural Economics Research Institute.   Javan, J. & Saghaei, M. (2003) "Approach to diversify the rural economy (combining agriculture and tourism)," Planning and Agricultural Economics Research Institute Proceedings.   Khodabandeh, N., (2000), "grains", Sixth Edition, Tehran University Press.   Mahdavi, M., (2004), "Introduction of rural geography in Iran (geographic knowledge of rural issues)," SAMT press.   Motiei Langroodi. S.H, (2003), "rural planning with an emphasis on Iran", Mashhad University Jihad Press.   Nezamabad Agricultural Services Center, (2009), "Acreage of agricultural villages in the region from 2008 to 2009 crop year."   Nouri, S. H. A. And the Alimohammadi, N., (2009) "Analysis of economic activity of rural woman (Case study: Boraan region of Isfahan County)", Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning, Year 20, No. 34, pp. 104-87.   Saeedi, A., 2000 Fundamentals of rural geography, SAMT press.   Seyfi, H., (2009), "strategies for diversification of agricultural economics (Case study: Dashtsar Dehestan of Amol," MS Thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.   Statistic Center of Iran (2009) "cost - the income of rural households in the province in 2008."   Statistic Center of Iran, (2006) "Country Vilaages ID – Amol County".   The Governor of Mazandaran (2009) "status divisions, Amol County."   www.mazandnume.com   Yasoory, M. (2007), "Introduction to the rural economy, with emphasis on agriculture," Astan Ghods Razavi Institute Press (publishing).       در شرایط فعلی، کشاورزی مهم‌ترین فعالیت اقتصادی در اغلب روستاهای ایران بوده و لازم است به عنوان محور برنامه‌های توسعه قرار گیرد. بخش کشاورزی علاوه بر تأمین نیازهای مصرفی جمعیت، ایجاد اشتغال، افزایش درآمد و غیره نقش اساسی در اقتصاد خانوارهای روستایی دارد. در نواحی روستایی که فعالیت غالب آن‌ها کشت محصولات زراعی است، بررسی نقش فعالیت‌های مکمل اقتصادی می‌تواند حائز اهمیت باشد. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی نقش و جایگاه کشت‌های دوم در اقتصاد خانوارهای روستایی در بین شالی‌کاران منطقه‌ی دشت‌سر آمل بوده است. روش تحقیق در این مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی است که برای گردآوری اطلاعات از روش‌های میدانی (پرسشنامه) کمک گرفته شده و بر اساس آن علاوه بر شوراها و دهیاران 40 روستای مورد مطالعه، از 354 خانوار روستایی نمونه پرسشگری به عمل آمده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که ظهور کشت‌های دوم در نواحی روستایی مورد مطالعه از سه دهه‌ی قبل شروع شده، امّا در دهه‌ی 1380 روند فزاینده‌ای به خود گرفته است، به نحوی که میزان گرایش روستاییان به کشت‌های دوم در بین 4/41 درصد پاسخگویان، زیاد و خیلی زیاد است. علاوه بر این سهم کشت‌های دوم در اقتصاد خانوارهای روستایی از نظر حجم درآمد خالص 5/37 درصد و از نظر حجم درآمدزایی کل برابر 3/21 درصد برآورد شده است . بنابراین ، ضریب درآمدزایی کشت‌های دوم نمونه تا 15/3 برابر نسبت به کشت غالب برنج می‌رسد. با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش، راهکارهایی از قبیل ایجاد کارخانه‌ی بسته‌بندی سبزیجات، راه‌اندازی کارخانه‌های سبزی خشک‌کنی، استفاده‌های از بذرهای اصلاح شده و پر محصول و غیره پیشنهاد شده است. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18521_3915973a2edca48e937a55f40e1732de.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 Potential ground water resources: (Case study: Shahrekord plain) پتانسیل‌یابی منابع آب زیرزمینی (مطالعه موردی دشت شهرکرد) 127 142 18522 FA داریوش رحیمی داریوش رحیمی Journal Article 2016 06 14   Potential ground water resources: (Case study: Shahrekord plain)   D. Rahimi ( * )   Assistante Professor of Climatology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran   e-mail: d.rahimi@ltr.ui.ac.ir   Received: July 30, 2010/ Accepted: May 14, 2011, 33-39 P           Extended abstract   1- Intro duction   Water resources are studied and exploited in two divisions: surface and ground waters. Ground water recourses, due to certain characteristics such as freshness (in terms of contrast with seawater), constant chemical makeup, Constant temperature, lower pollution index and higher dependability as a water supply, are considered a reliable resource especially in arid and semi – arid areas. Ground water recourses are, excepting ice – mounds and vast ice – covered areas, the most significant freshwater resource (Sedaqat1994: p.7). 97% of the global use of fresh water is obtained from ground water resources whereas these resources with an overall volume of 37 billion cubic kilometers constitute only 22% of the world's fresh water resources (Foster 1998). Madman et al (2008), studying the role of ground water resources in the ecological potential of land, attributed a significant role to these recourses in terms   of economic development, ecological variety and social well being The exploitation of ground water resources at a rate faster than their replacement and the fall of ground water level considered one of the most important enduring challenges of development worldwide.   El–Naka et al(2008) studying the role of water resource and its significance in the development of Jordan , showed that over – use, the fall in ground water quality and a lack of yearly precipitation resulted in a steep decline in water level in most water – beds and subsequently a lapse in the country's development programs. Shahid and Hazarika(2009) studying ground water drought in the Northwestern Districts of Bangladesh. In this paper, groundwater scarcity and drought in three northwestern districts of Bangladesh have been investigated. The Cumulative Deficit approach from a threshold groundwater level has been used for the computation of severity of groundwater droughts.   Iran, after the highly populated countries, china and India, is the third unrestricted exploiter of groundwater recourses and with a 75% usage of restorable resource as against the 40% UN standard, is in an unsuitable situation (The National Society of ground water Resources.2006). In light of the given statistics, a review of management strategies for water resources and a reconsideration of economic and social planning deem a serious necessity. The ChaharMahal&Bakhtiari province covering an approximate one percent of the country's surface and as the supplier of 10% (10. 5 billion cubic meters) of the domestic fresh water supply (M.P.O, 2005) has a significant place in relation to the enhancement of the country's water resource status.   In this province due to certain factors including severe shifts in altitude, economic underdevelopment the high cost of pumping water, the role of surface waters in water supply is approximately 15% (equivalent to 225 million cubic meters).The remaining demand for water which is approximately 85% (10275 billion cubic meters) is supplied by the ground water recourses of the province. Over – exploitation of ground water resources in conjunction with the effect of recently occurring droughts has not only lowered the water level of the provincial water – beds with a rate of 2- 12 meters annually, but has also lowered the quality such that the electric conduction amount of some water – beds has Changed from a 300mm level to 900mm (Management and planning organization2001).     2- Methodology   In this article, Shahrekord plain is choose for reserch,that has decrease water level, the mountain–bordered Shahrekord plain in the province of ChaharMahal&Bakhtiari was chosen. This plain (water – bed) with an altitude of 2000 meters from sea level and a surface area of 125000 hectares, 21 rural settlements and one urban settlement are situated in the Shahrekord plain (Iran data center –2006). From a hydrological perspective the plain is a part of the Karoon basin (north Karoon basin) in which the Jahanbin river flows (provincial basin registration, 1998). The shahrekord plain is, geologically speaking a descended plain constituted by quarts sediments with an alluvial depth of 60 – 110 meters (M.P.O 1986).Map (1) shows the geographical standing of the Shahrekord plain.       Figure 1: The location of Chaharmahal and bakhtiari Province on Iran map   Material   In this study used of geology, topography, slope, land, wells, springs and Qanaat Maps. In addition, the database was level plain water table, annual rainfall.   In this study using Delphi and Value engineering methodized to determine the value and importance of the effective potential. The binary method (method Makhdoom) and the zoning is plain surface of underground water resources by geographic information system.     3- Discussion and Conclusion   The Shahrekord plain ground water resources up to the hydro – year 2004 – 5 with 880 deep wells with an output volume of 95 million cubic meters, 244 semi – deep wells with an output volume of 37 million cubic meters, 16subterranean qanat with an output volume of approximately 9 million cubic meters and 56 springs with an output volume of 175.5 million cubic meters which constitute an overall 316.5 million cubic meters, and with an average 35.9 cm annual drop, are considered, conservational prohibited.   According to this table the Shahrekord plain has an average drop equivalent to 0.4 m. The maximum and minimum elevation level over the data-gathering period equals 4.25 and –3.59 meters respectively.Figuer 2 shows the annual accumulative hydrograph of the plain's ground water. According to this chart the elevation level of the plain in 1985which is the first year of exploitation is higher than the average elevation level and equals one meter, But in the following years, due to the drilling of numerous wells and the occurrence of hydroclimatology phenomena, the elevation level was subject to more fluctuations, such that, excepting the two hydro– years 1994 and1999-2001 the elevation level manifests a decreasing pattern in the studied region and stands below balance level (zero level).       Figure 2: Accumulative changes of Shahrekord plain elevation level over 1985-2005     Changes in the storage volume of the water – bed with an average drop of 3.18 million cubic meters annually is another characteristic of the Shahrekord plain at the end of the year 1985 the volume decrease of the water bed storage equals 31.66 × 106 m3. The following is provided. Maps produced by the binary method of drainage density, Floor elevation, slope, geology, petrology (Fig2, 3, 4 and 5).       Figure 3: Drainage networks, wells, springs and qanaat Shahrekord Plain       Figure 4: Drainge Dentsity in Shahrekord Plain       Figure 5: DEM (Topographical Map) In Shahrekord Plain     Figure 6: Slope Map Shahrekord plain     The Delphi method to the effective potential of underground water was given a score from 1 to 9 (Tabel N.1).     Tabel 1: Layers of the potential sources of ground water by Delphi and value engineering method in Shahrekord Plain.   Weight   9   7   5   3   1   Lithology   Alluvium   Congogrmera   Limestone   Sand stone   other   Geological   Quarterner   Congogrmera   Asmari   Ilaam-Sarvak   other   Drainage density   1-2   2-3   4-5   6-7   >7   Slope   0-5   5-15   15-20   20-25   25 <   Topographic   2000-2200   2200-2400   2400-2800   2800-3000   >3000     The binary model (Makhdomm Model) was determined based on the weight the more important (eq.N.1) and tabel.N (2).   E= J (I-1) +Ji   E: Combination Unit J: Total Classifiction under Map I: Over Map Ji: Class Number Map     Tabel 2: The effective weight of the potential for underground water by Delphi and Value Engineering   Effect Layers   Lithology   Drainge   Slope   Topographi   Layers weight   9   7   4   4     This result shows that,the lithology has value 35,drainage dentsity 20,drainage distance 20,slope and topographical 15 were identified as the main factor (Equation 2).     MP: Potential map,   12خ¼:Drainage dentsity'> , ds: drainage Distance, Leto: lithology map   S: slope map, t: Topographical map   According to equation (2) Shahrekord Plain is divided into three area high, medium and low.Table 3 and fig7 are show the area of each zone.so hight potential zone to 48% highest and low zone lowest area of total areain Shahrekord plain.Tabel 3.   Tabel 3: The area of potential grandwater in Shahrekord plain   Range   Areahec   Percentage%   Hight   5900   48   Medium   4802   39   Low   1600   13         Figure 7:the area of potential gruond water in shahrekord plain         Refrences   Ali El-Naqa, Ammar Al-Shayeb, (2008) Groundwater Protection and Management Strategy in Jordan, Water Resources Management.   Foster.S (1998) Groundwater: assessing vulnerability and promoting protection of a threatened resource.Proceedings of the 8th Stockholm Water Symposium, 10-13 August, Stockholm, Sweden, and pp 79-90.   http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir.   http://www.gwea.ir   MadanK.Jha&Y.Kamii&K.Chikamori (2008) Cost-effective Approaches for sustainable Groundwater Management in Alluvial Aquifer Systems, Water Resources Management.   Management and planing organization chaharmahal and bakhtiari province, 2005, The report of economic and social water resouece sector   Manangement and planning organization (M.P.O.), (2004), the report of water resources of Iran, (M. P.O.) publication Management and planning.   Masoodian S. A. and Kaviani M. R. (2008), Climateology of Iran, Isfahan University Publisher.   Meteolorogy organization, annual calenders of stations (1952-2001)   N.S.Robins, H.K.JONES and J.ELLIS (1999) an Aquifer Management Case Study-TheChalk of the English South Downs, Water Resources Management 13: 205-218.   Planing and budget Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province (1986), Report Geology and Pedology   Planing and budget Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province (2001), the review of plan of water resource   Ramesht, M. H., (1997) Philosophy of Geography, University of Isfahan, (Persian).   Sedaghat M, 1993, Water resource and land, Payamenour University Publisher.   Shamsuddin Shahid, Manzul Kumar Hazarika, (2009), Groundwater Drought in the Northwestern Districts of Bangladesh, Water Resour ManageDOI 10.1007/s11269-009-9534-y.   The center of researches watersheet of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province (2001), the identify of watershed basinesof CHB.province, the center of research of natural resource.   UN (2003) Water for people, water for life. The UN World Water Development Report (WWDR), UNESCO, Publishing and Berghahn Books, UK, pp 34.   Water Resource Company Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (2005), Analysis of water resources. 2:35-50.      منابع آب زیر زمینی به دلیل ضریب اطمینان بالاتر و نوسانات کمتر به عنوان یک گزینه مطمئن از دیر باز مورد استفاده انسان بوده و در طی دهه های اخیر در اثر برداشت بیشتر از تغذیه با کاهش کمی و کیفی روبرو شده است. مدیریت و جلوگیری از تشدید این مشکلات از طریق اکتشاف و بهره‌برداری متناسب با پتانسیل آن یکی از استراتژی‌های منتخب در این زمینه است. در این پژوهش دشت شهرکرد به عنوان دشتی که با افت سطح آب و کیفیت روبرو است انتخاب گردیده است. برای بررسی و پتانسیل‌یابی منابع آب زیرزمینی داده‌های تراز ایستابی و سطح آب در دوره زمانی 1386-1363، پایگاه اطلاعات جغرافیایی متشکل از زمین شناسی، لیتولوژی، قابلیت تخلخل، توپوگرافی شیب و شبکه آبراهه تشکیل گردید. سپس با اتکاء بر مفاهیم مهندسی ارزش، شیوه تحلیل کیفی دلفی و روش ترکیب لایه‌ها پتانسیل‌یابی آب‌های زیر زمینی به عنوان یک استراتژی در آبخوان‌های در معرض خطر تهیه گردید. نتایج نشان داد 5900 هکتار دشت دارای پتانسیل بالا برای برداشت و تغذیه مصنوعی و مناسب برای حفر چاه، 1600 هکتار پتانسیل متوسط و4802 هکتار پتانسیل کم است. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18522_251b1d41e54d19cfe8dcd44fa5fe6247.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 Identification of suitable areas for artificial groundwater recharge using integrated ANP and pair wise comparison methods in GIS environment, (case study: Garbaygan Plain of Fasa) تعیین عرصه‌های مناسب برای تغذیه مصنوعی بر پایه‌ی تلفیق روش‌های ANP و مقایسه زوجی در محیط GIS، مطالعه موردی دشت گربایگان فسا 143 166 18523 FA حسنعلی فرجی‌سبکبار یوسف رفیعی دانشجو حسین نصیری محمد حمزه سمیه طالبی یوسف رفیعی Journal Article 2016 06 14   Identification of suitable areas for artificial groundwater recharge using integrated ANP and pair wise comparison methods in GIS environment, (case study: Garbaygan Plain of Fasa)    H.A. Faraji Sabokbar.  Associate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran   Received: June 18, 2010/ Accepted: June 14, 2011, 41-46 P     H. Nasiri. ( * )   PhD Student in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran   e-mail: nasirih@ut.ac.ir     M. Hamze.   M.A of Remote sensing, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran     S.Talebi.   M.A of Remote sensing, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran     Y. Rafiei   PhD student in Environmental Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran          Extended abstract   1- Intro duction   Groundwater is the single water resource in many regions of Iran. This is considered to be a major historical limitation in the social and economical development of the country. Recent studies on the management of water resources in Iran have shown that out of the 430 billion m3 of the annual precipitation in the country, 20% is lost during sudden floods which flow into the playas, lakes and seas (Foltz, 2002 Mohammadnia and Kowsar, 2003). The climate of the country is mainly classified as arid and semi-arid.     In addition to the small amount and unbalanced distribution of precipitation (both spatially and temporally), high intensity rainfalls which result in destructive floods bring about serious damages to downstream towns, roads, and agriculture, and sometimes even cause casualties (Hayati and Karimi, 2005). Flood spreading on aquifers, thereby artificially recharging of the aquifers, is an efficient strategy for controlling floods and managing water shortage and water resources (ASCE, 2001).   Selecting optimal sites for flood spreading involves integrating several complicated parameters, which necessitates the use of GIS (geographic information systems) in combination with MCDM (multi criteria decision making).   The groundwater-based agricultural activities in the Garabaygan Plain and the location of the region in the arid zone of Iran have highlighted the significance of water in this area. Considering these conditions, the present study aims to prevent the wasting of water in the region by determining suitable flood spreading sites and using the floodwater optimally. To this purpose, using the ANP and Pair wise comparison methods in combination with GIS, the suitable flood spreading areas were located.     2- Methodology   The Garabaygan Plain (28° 30' to 28° 45' N and 53° 45' to 54° 01' E) is located in the south part of Fars province of Iran (Fig. 2).The mean elevation of the area is 1476 meters above mean sea level. According to the De Martonne climate classification, the area represents a dry climate type with the average annual rainfall of 259 mm, the average annual potential evaporation rate of 2934 mm, and the average annual temperature of 20.6 C. Garabaygan is an area located in the folded Zagros Mountains stretching like a folded belt from the northeast to the southwest of the country.     2-1- Pair wise comparison   In the present research the Pair wise comparison was used to determine the weights of the sub-criteria. The Pair wise comparison was first proposed by the renowned mathematician Thomas L. Saaty (1980) as an appropriate decision-making approach to handle complex problems with numerous factors involved. This process is used to assess the intangible qualitative criteria and the objective quantitative criteria (Ghodsipour, 2005). To assign weight, a pair wise comparison matrix is formed to make a pair wise comparison between the classes of any criterion. In the pair wise comparison, each of the classes was assigned a weight ranging from 1 to 9. For this, the local conditions of the region, the relevant literature and the specialist expertise were considered and finally the relative weight of each class was determined using the Eigen Vector method in the environment of the Expert Choice software. Tables of 2 and 3 presents the pair wise comparison matrix along with the weights of the sub-criteria extracted via the software.     2-2- Analytic Network processes (ANP)   In this study, ANP method was employed to determine criteria weights. ANP is one of the most recent MCDM techniques which have been proposed by Saaty (2001). In fact, ANP can be considered as a more recent extension of AHP for decision making with dependence and feedback that can handle a more complex decision structure (Saaty, 2001) such as food spreading siting which is a complex network of various factors. AHP is limited to relatively static and unidirectional interactions with little feedback among decision components and alternatives (Sarkis, 2002). ANP consists of three parts: the first part is the control hierarchy for the network of the criteria and sub-criteria the second part is a network of influences among the elements and clusters and the third is the feedback between the various clusters and elements within a cluster (khan and Faisal, 2008).   For the case under study, four groups of connoisseur experts, namely environmentalists, hydrologists, geologists and GIS specialists contributed to establish the ANP based network model with the support of Super Decisions software. To calculate criteria weights by the use of ANP method, some questionnaires consisting of pair wise questions for the comparison analysis were designed. The experts participating in the survey completed the questionnaires. Then, through Super Decision software, criteria weights were calculated using information derived out of the questionnaires.     3- Discussion   The overall process of the flood spreading site selection has been schematically presented in Fig. 1. The   collected data related to the eight parameters (slope, water quality, geology, alluvium thickness, land use,   transmissivity, geomorphology, and the drainage density) was analyzed in the present work. Having collected the information layers according to the flowchart, Pair wise comparison and ANP were used to determine the weights of the criteria and sub-criteria respectively.   After obtaining the normal weights of all eight thematic layers and the features of individual thematic layers, all the thematic layers were integrated with one another in order to demarcate artificial recharge zones in the study area. The Final map was classified in five equally scored classes from the least suitable to the most suitable areas. The final land suitability map is presented in Fig.9.   The results of the study show that the majority of the areas considered most suitable and suitable for flood spreading are located in alluvial and pediment geomorphological units, and quaternary Qg , Qb and Qgsc geological units.This can be due to the location of the units on the margins of the streams and on the low slopes, the formation of these units from lime, silt, sand and gravel, and the good permeability of the units.     4- Conclusion   Soil erosion and the flood-proneness of Iran have followed growing trends in recent decades. Planning to use floods not only can reduce their destructive effects but also provides new water resources for various uses. Flood spreading is one of the methods which set the ground for efficient utilization of floods. In this study, the integrated MCDM-GIS approach was used in order to determine the suitable areas for flood spreading and artificial recharge of aquifers. To this purpose, the most important and effective factors in selecting suitable flood spreading areas were employed.   The results of the study indicated the efficiency of the MCDM in flood spreading site selection and the effectiveness of ANP in the rapid assessment of large areas. The present work proposes a method for flood spreading site selection and can help policy and decision-makers to approach water management issues with a deeper understanding of environmental factors.     Refrences   Abdi, Parviz., (2005), Producing Quaternary deposits map using geographic information system and remote sensing in Zanjan province, journal of Survey, remote sensing and Geographic Sciences, 54 (14), pp. 36–41.   Ahmadi, Hassan. (2007), Applied Geomorphology, University of Tehran press, Tehran.   Alesheikh, Ali Asghar., Soltani, Mohammad Jafar., Nouri, Nahal., Khalilzadeh, Mohammad ALi., (2008), Land assessment for flood spreading site selection using geospatial information system, International Journal of Environmental Science Technology, Volume 5, pp. 455-462.   ASCE STANDARD, (2001), Environmental and Water Resources Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers. Standard guidelines for artificial recharge of groundwater, ASCE standards, EWRI/ ASCE 34–01, 106 pp.   Asgarpour, Mohammad javad., (2008), Multiple Criteria Decision Making, University of Tehran press, Fifth press, Tehran.   Chowdhury, Alivia., K. Jha, Madan., Chowdary, V.M., (2010), Delineation of groundwater recharge zones and identification of artificial recharge sites in West Medinipur district, West Bengal, using RS & GIS and MCDM techniques, Environmental Earth Science, Volume 59, pp. 1209–1222.   Chung, Shu-Hsing., Lee, Amy H. I., Pearn, W.L., (2005), Analytic Network Process (ANP) Approach for Product Mix Planning in Semiconductor Fabricator, International Journal of Production Economics, Volume 96, pp.15-36.   Dyson, Robert. G., (2004), Strategic Development and SWOT Analysis at the University of Warwick, European Journal of Operational Research, Volume 152, pp.631-640.   Ertay, Tijen., Ruan, Da., Tuzkaya, Umut Rifat., (2006), Integrating Data Envelopment Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy for the Facility Desighn in Manufacturing Systems, Information Science, Volume 176, pp 237-262.   Faraji, Hassan Ali., Badri, Seyed Ali., Motiei Langroudi, Seyed Hassan., Sharafi, Hojat Allah., (2010), Evaluation stability rural regions based on analytic network process model and using Borda method, Human Geography Research, Volume 72, pp. 135–156.   Faraji, Hassan Ali., Salmani, Mohammad., Ferydouni, Fatemeh., Karimzadeh, Hossein and Rahimi, Hassan., (2008), rural landfill site selection using analytic network process (ANP) method, Case Study: rural regions of Ghochan county, journal of humanism Modares, Volume 1, pp. 127–149.   Foltz, Richard.C., (2002), Iran's water crisis: cultural, political, and ethical dimensions, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics , Volume 15, pp. 357–380.   Ghayoumian, Jafar., Ghermezcheshmeh, Bagher., Feiznia, Sadat., Noroozi, Ali Akbar., (2005), Integrating GIS and DSS for identification of suitable areas for artificial recharge, case study Meimeh Basin, Isfahan, Iran, Environmental Geology, Volume 47, pp. 493–500.9.   Ghayoumian, Jafar., Mohseni Saravi, Mohesen., Feiznia, Sadat., Nouri, Behzad., Malekian, Arash., (2007), Application of GIS techniques to determine areas most suitablefor artificial groundwater recharge in a coastal aquifer in southern Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Volume 30, pp. 364–374.   Ghermezcheshmeh, Bagher., (2000), Assessment Quaternary deposits to determine suitable areas for flood spreading, Case Study: Northeast Esfahan, M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran, 128p.   Ghodsipour, Seyed Hassan., (2005), Analytical Hierarchy processes, AmirKabir Industrial University press.   Hayati, Dariush., Karami, Ezatollah., Slee, B., (2006), Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in the measurement of rural poverty: the case of Iran, Soc Indic Res Volume 75, pp. 361–94.   Khan, Sheeba., Faisal, Mohd Nishat., (2008), An analytic network process model for municipal solidwaste disposal options, Waste Management 28, 1500–1508.   Krishnamurthy, J. and Srinivas, G., (1995), Role of geological and geomorphological factors in ground water exploration: A study using IRS LISS data, International Jornal of Remote Sensing, Volume 16, pp. 2595-2618.   Krishnamurthy, J., Kkumar, Venkates.N., Jayaraman, V., Manivel, M., (1996), An approach to demarcate ground water potential zones through remote sensing and geographic information system, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Volume 17, pp. 1867-1884.   Lee, Jin Woo., and Kim, Soung Hie., (2000), Using Analytic Network Process and Goal Programming for Interdipendent Information System Project Selection, Computers and Operation Research, Volume 27, pp. 367-382.   Mehrvarze Maghanlou, Karim., Feiznia, Sadat., Ghayoumian, Jafar., Ahmadi, Hassan., (2005), Assessment Quaternary deposits to determine suitable areas for flood spreading using geographic information system and remote sensing, Case Study: Tasouj Plain, journal of Rangeland and Desert Research of Iran, 12(4), pp. 437–467.   Mohammadnia, Mehrdad., Kowsar, Ahang., (2003), Clay translocation in the artificial recharge of a groundwater system in the Southern Zagros Mountains, Iran, Journal of Mountain Research and Development, Volume 23, pp. 169-185.   Momoh, J.A., Zhu, J.Z., (1998), Application of AHP/ANP to Unit Commitment in the Deregulated Power Industry, In: IEEE International Conference on System, Man and Cybernetics, Vol. 1 San Diego, pp. 817-822.   Nakhaei, Mohammad., (2009), an Introduction to Hydrogeology, Aradketab press.   O’Hare, M.P., Fairchild, D.M., Hajali, P.A., Canter, L.W., (1986), Artificial recharge of groundwater, Lewis, New York, 419 pp .   Oakford, E.T., (1985), Artificial recharge: Methods, hydraulics, and monitoring. 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University of Pittsburgh.   Saraf, A.K., Choudhury, P.R., (1998), Integrated remote sensing and GIS for groundwater exploration and identification of artificial recharge sites, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Volume 19, pp. 2595–2616.   Sarkis, Joseph., Talluri , Srinivas., (2002), A Models for strategic Supplier Selection, Journal of Supply Chain Management, Volume 38, pp.18-28.   Zehtabian, Gholam Reza., Alavipanah, Seyed Kazem., Hamedpanah, Ramin., (2001), Determination of an appropriate area for flood water spreading by remote sensing data and GIS, In: Proceedings of the International Conference on New Technology for a New Century, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1–6.     بخش عمده­ای از کشور ایران جزء مناطق خشک و نیمه­خشک محسوب می­شود و آب ب ه عنوان یک عامل محدود کننده فعالیت­های بشر در این مناطق به شمار می­آید. وجود سیلاب­های مخرب و کمبود آب در این مناطق، لزوم مهار سیلاب­ها را ایجاب می­کند. پخش سیلاب یک استراتژی مناسب برای مهار سیلاب و بهره­وری از آن است. تعیین عرصه­های مناسب برای پخش سیلاب و وارد کردن آب به یک سازند نفوذپذیر، یکی از مهمترین عوامل تعیین کننده موفقیت طرح‌های پخش سیلاب است. از این رو، در این پژوهش سعی شده تا با تلفیق سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی و سیستم­های تصمیم­گیری چندمعیاره ( MCDM )، مناسب­ترین عرصه­ها برای اجرای عملیات پخش سیلاب در دشت گربایگان فسا شناسایی شوند. بدین منظور، ابتدا داده­های 8 پارامتر تأثیرگذار-شیب، کیفیت آب، زمین­شناسی، ضخامت آبرفت، کاربری اراضی، قابلیت انتقال، ژئومورفولوژی و تراکم زهکشی- منطقه مورد مطالعه، در محیط GIS آماده­سازی گردید و با استفاده از روش ANP و مقایسه زوجی به ترتیب وزن هر معیار و وزن کلاس­های هر لایه در نرم­افزار Super Decision محاسبه شد. در مرحله بعد، نواحی دارای محدودیت برای پخش سیلاب حذف گردید. سپس با استفاده از توابع تحلیلی GIS ، کل محدوده برای هر یک از معیارهای تعیین شده پهنه­بندی شد. در نهایت، با تلفیق نقشه­هایپهنه­بندی شده براساس وزن اکتسابی از روش ANP ، نقشه­ نهایی در پنج کلاس از کاملاً مناسب تا نامناسب تهیه شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان ­داد که مناطق کاملاً مناسب برای تغذیه مصنوعی آبخوان­ها، اغلب در نهشته­های کواترنری Qb , Qgsc و Qg و واحدهای ژئومورفولوژیکی پدیمنتی و مخروط­افکنه­ای با شیب کمتر از 3 درصد واقع ­شده­اند . همچنین نتایج حاصل از این روش با استفاده از کنترل زمینی، مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفت که حاکی از برآورده شدن همه معیارهای انتخابی در نواحی کاملاً مناسب، و رضایت بخش بودن به کارگیری روش­های MCDM در تلفیق با GIS در امر مکان­یابی عرصه­های مناسب برای تغذیه مصنوعی آبخوان­ها است. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18523_466c395a73c2561efff65874b126226c.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 Analysis Relationship between Vegetation Cover and Salak Skin Disease in Yazd-Ardakan Plain بررسی رابطه وضعیت پوشش گیاهی و میزان شیوع بیماری پوستی سالک جلدی با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی مطالعه موردی سطح دشت یزد-اردکان 167 178 18524 FA غلامعلی مظفری فاطمه بخشی‌زاده کلوچه محمد غیبی Journal Article 2016 06 14   Analysis Relationship between Vegetation Cover and Salak Skin Disease in Yazd-Ardakan Plain      Gh . Mozaffari. ( * )   Assistante Professor of Climatology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran   Received: April 17, 2010 / Accepted: February 16, 2011, 47-50 P   e-mail: gmozafari@yazduni.ac.ir     F. Bakhshizadeh.   M.A. Student of Climatology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran     M. Gheibi.   M.A. Student of Geography and urban, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran          Extended abstract   1- Intro duction   Salak/Leishmaniasis is a parasite disease that is transmitted by the bite of infected female sand flies. This disease has been reported in all countries except Australia and South Antarctic. The principal focuses of leishmaniasis are located approximately between 28 to 42 degree north latitude. Leishmaniasis is also reported in Yazd province, Leishmaniasis is divided into two major group, rural and urban, usually the dog and human are urban reservoir(dry salak) and rodents are rural reservoir (wet salak).In this research, we analyzed correlation between vegetation cover and disease prevalence in Yazd-Ardakan plain.      2- Methodology   -The study area   Yazd-Ardakan plain located in one of the barred plains central plateau of Iran in Yazd province and have climatically conditions very hot and dry and adverse weather conditions at the surface on so that excluding the high plains which located in mountainous areas and highlands, other areas of vegetation conditions are not favorable conditions, Just in elevations Shirkooh due to the precipitation received only modest conditions are more favorable. Quality ranges from the slopes of the Shirkooh pans are better than the parts.   -Incidence data and information salak   The data of disease prevalence as monthly during the years 1997 to 2009 are taken from Medical Sciences university of Yazd.   - Satellite images   For investigating correlation between vegetation cover and disease prevalence, it is very important to know about vegetation distribution. So has been used the satellite images from landsat E.T.M, in 2002 and radar images for extraction vegetation cover by NDVI [1] . In this study were used the Arc hydro and digital elevation model (DEM) [2] and Erdas software version 9.1 and Arcgis 9.3.1.   - plant Indicators   In this study, the vegetation map was produced by Landsat E.T.M 2002. This index was calculated by subtracting the values of brightness in the infrared band (band 3) and near infrared (band 4) by the following equation:   NDVI = Band4 – Band3 / Band4 + Band3   According interpretation of these calculations, the region are classified into six classes: non-coverage, low coverage, medium coverage, high coverage and the coverage very high class.     3- Discussion   In recent years due to living conditions in the surrounding towns and geographic distribution development, new focuses of the disease have been spread. One major focus of this disease in the province of Yazd is Yazd -Ardakan plain, that in the range of plain includes trifocal polluted rural areas of Ardakan counties (chah Afzal, Hossen abad, Ahmmad abad, tork abad and Ardakan suburb), Meybod (Bafroeeh) that disease in this area was rural leishmaniasis and Yazd was urban Leishmania.   The factor of vegetation cover affected directly and indirectly on the incidence of leishmaniasis and sand flies biology. The vegetation classes and their buffer were overlapped with disease cases. In certain geographic perspective, the importance of all elements in the disease epidemiologic chain is linked that led to the creation of regional high-capacity Risk (disease). Comparing spatial models of human disease with vegetation display that the highest incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis vegetation is concentrated in areas with the lowest amount of coverage as the dominant.     4- Conclusion   In this research, high disease cases have adjustment with little to no vegetation cover. The results of this study, is similar with results of correlation analysis between sandflies and vegetation density of mosquitoes in Brazil (Bavia et al, 2005). The percentages of vegetation cover show salak focuses in Ardakan and Meybod are wet and dry salak that climatic conditions confirmed it. The vegetation cover of Yazd emphasized dry salak or urban salak. Based on the results get of Fisher's LSD method, the average incidence of disease incidence are different in Yazd and Meybod with Ardakan, (Meybod Yazd).     References   Abdi, O, shetabi, S.H (2005).Evaluating the ETM sensor capabilities of satellite data on forest land separating the Zagros mountain areas (study area Khorram abad), Geomatics Conference 84, the mapping country organization.   Alavi Panah, S. K (2003). Application of Remote Sensing in Geology (Earth Sciences), TehranUni.publications.   Anisi, B, (2001). The malaria risk zoning in Kahnooj using with satellite image, M.S. geography, Trabiat Modares.   Barbosa, A (2005). Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems and risk of American Visceral Leishmanisis in Bahia, Brazil.   Bavia, M.E, and et.al (2005). Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems and risk of American Visceral Leishmanisis in Bahia, Brazil, No 47, PP 165–169.   Darvish Sefat, A and et al (2007). 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Epidemiological Aspect, Control of the Leishmaniasis, W.H.O, Technical Report Series 793.     [1] - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index   [2] -Digital Elevation Model   لیشمانیوز بیماری انگلی است که به وسیله نیش پشه خاکی ماده به انسان انتقال می یابد و دو نوع اصلی آن لیشمانیای جلدی و احشائی است. شیوع این بیماری در برخی از استان های ایران نظیر اصفهان، فارس، خراسان، خوزستان، کرمان و یزد بسیار چشمگیر است. استان یزد با میزان بروز 170 نفر در صد هزار نفر جمعیت در سال 1998 در مقام نخست آلودگی سالک جلدی در سطح کشور قرار دارد همچنین شیوع و انتشار این بیماری تحت تاثیر مسائل اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی به ویژه شرایط محیطی و اکولوژیکی است. در تحقیق حاضر رابطه بین پوشش گیاهی با میزان شیوع و گسترش این بیماری در سطح دشت یزد- اردکان به عنوان یکی از نقاط آلوده کشور با استفاده از تکنیک های سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. از تصاویر ماهواره ای سنجنده لندست ETM + و تصاویر ارتفاعی رادار برای استخراج پوشش گیاهی از طریق مدل شاخص پوشش گیاهی ( NDVI ) استفاده به عمل آمد و اطلاعات مربوط به میزان شیوع این بیماری در سطح مناطق آلوده نیز از مراکز بهداشتی و درمانی جمع آوری گردید. مقایسه پراکنش فضائی موارد بیماری با وضعیت پوشش گیاهی نشان می دهد که بیشترین میزان شیوع بیماری سالک جلدی در مناطقی با پائین ترین میزان پوشش گیاهی متمرکز گردیده است. همچنین نتایج حاصل از بررسی عناصر اقلیمی موثر در شیوع بیماری سالک جلدی با استفاده از روش LSD فیشر نیز نشان دهنده این واقعیت است. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18524_e728adc5df9f86a8dfb570649e535edf.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 Modeling for Site selection proper housing districts in Ardebil City by AHP model in the GIS environment مدلسازی محلات مسکونی مناسب شهر اردبیل به روش AHP در محیط GIS 179 196 18525 FA محمد آزادی مبارکی فریدون بابایی اقدم عقیل مددی Journal Article 2016 06 14   Modeling for Site selection proper housing districts in Ardebil City by AHP model in the GIS environment    F. Babai Aghdam. ( * )   Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran   e-mail: Freydoun2001@yahoo.com     M.Azadi Mobaraki.   M.A. of Climatology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran     A. Madadi.   Associate Professor of Geomorphology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran    Received: April 28, 2010 / Accepted: June 14, 2011, 51-54 P           Extended abstract   1- Introduction   Universal hygiene organization treat life environment quality graduation more determinative for human health secures moreover people security versus illnesses. Frame universal hygiene organization point of view, moreover age and genre and inheritance, life style, local social structure, work environment and subject abidance and environmental and cultural and social and economic common status are more effective in determining people health status. Low quality cities environment, air pollution, irrelative management of cities garble, vocal pollution and also maleficent effects of toxic chemical materials and weighty metals like lead, mercury and also geomorphological ventures can threat citizenship life of metropolises.    Design influence and optical quality of city environment on people behavior and their mental health have been affirmed in environmental designer researches among William white, Oplipard, Kovin linch and Allexander. Environmental hygiene science researcher believed that most of illnesses such as colds, heart attacks, cancer, depression and ante mortem have a mutual relation with religious and social and familial relations. Faint social links like nonalignment and social liability and nonmember ship in voluntary and charitable groups are more affective in creation noisome behavior on health like swats and fix consumption, neurosis's, insanity, Eskizoferni, heart arteries eclipse, casualty and even suicide (Jackson, 2003). According to mentioned matters every citizens have a living right in sectors with best biological terms. At this situation a citizen can reach to his desires and wishes in calmness and peace. At present research, we proceed to survey and determination of Ardabil suitable sectors due to hesitance Ardabil during several past years because situated province center, industrial centers development and as people crowd is encounter with noticeable somatogenic development and this case lead to disorders creation in civic system. As regards to growth and development of sectors in this city that one more deploy and developmental rapidly, determination of suitable inhabitance sectors and submitted respective parameters can be idealistic patterns for citizen ship, managers and civic programmers. At present research have been tried to produce effective layers in determination of suitable inhabitance sector in GIS environment Because of prissiness of layers, hierarchical analysis model (AHP) and kinds of modeling techniques have been used.   Criteria of suitable sector choice:   According to accomplished surveys and also bib lio thecal observation that done in this research by writers, factors that can be selected as a suitable criteria of suitable sector choice for hesitance in Ardabil can be divided into 3 categories that any of them have a sub criterion. These criteria and sub criterion are consisting of below terms (Table 1).     Table 1, Suitable criteria for residential suitable sector determination   Suitable criteria for residential suitable sector determination   Somatogenic cases   Social and economic cases   Geomorphological cases   Space from didactic users.   Space from Departmental users   Space from commercial users.   Space from iridescent area.   Space from industrial centers.   Space from sportive places.   Space from cemetery.   Space from main roads.   Building agglomeration.   Building quality.   Space from city center.   Space from watery levels.   Peopleagglomeration.   Crime and felony rate.   Land price.   Space rate from faults.   Level of underground waters.   Kind of land.   Curve slope.     2- Methodology   At this research because of effective factor specification in residential nicety sector of Ardabil, researcher used attributive method and also interview with matter custodial especially with clear sighted of scientific centers about their expertise subjects and organs like police force, municipalize and domicile organization, government, mayoralty and other respective absolute factor in sector nicety, analytical method have been lionized. Because these researchers launched to database creation in GIS environment and layer constitution for any of sub criterion that shown in Table 1, user map of Ardabil civics domains provided from domicile and municipalize office of Ardabil province and user map of natural domains are provided natural resources headquarters of province. Most of substrates with creation of stratification are delineated at noted range level and like raster layers stored at data base. For providing layer of other sub criterion, respective organization data have been used. For about scale of crime and felony, data and information of province police force headquarters and for providing substrate of hypogenous waters level data of aqua organization have been used. Layers according to available buffer are precedence to 4 – 5 part. In the cases that sectors abutment to slightly criteria enumerate as an advantage (such as abutment to main roads). Near level are in precedence and have a more value and versus in the cases that sectors abutment towards to noted criterion are among disadvantage (Abutment to cemetery), levels that are beyond the criterion have a more value and privilege.     3- Discussion   Importance of residential controls is more than other existent controls in civic area. Thus in most of city centers, noticeable portion of civic area are allocated to these controls, as civic main function can be their residential function. Thus quality and quantity of residential regions are one of challengeable case in world civic literatures that are debatable from different dimension. One of dimension that analyzed residential regions subject is analysis of different regions nicety of one city as for different criterion. In present research nicety of city different regions according to geomorphological, social - economical and so matGenic criterion via modulation of hierarchical analysis model with layers valuation (overlay index) in GIS environment have been analyzed main point of preset research is using of 19 criterion in modeling suitable civic sectors that obtained result have been shown in final map which assimilated with road maps of Ardabil city. Surveying of above map and comparing of it with existent situation of different city sectors show the acceptability of obtained results.     4- Conclusion   Results show that sectors such as Basij, Hafez, Rezvan, Azadegan and Azadi Square that are among the best and nice sectors of Ardabil at obtained map also one among the most desirable regions and versus regions that are toward to city north geographic that are among the more undesirable regions at above map, at existent situation also have undesirable biological – environmental situation. Other civic regions have some epenthetic biological situation in final map of modeling of existent design. Thus using of method of present research has available results in the case of residential regions modeling that one suitable for hesitance.   References   Anselin, Lue (2000), Spatial Analysis of Crime, National Institutc of justic(NIJ) From the World Wide Web: http :// www . nij . com . case study Adana - Turkey, Bull Eng Geol Environ, DOI 10 . 1007 / s10064 - 009 - 0247 - 5.   Faraji Sabokbar, HA., Karimzade, H., Sahneh, B., Koohestani, H. (2009). The Creation of patterns for Hospital Waste Landfill Site Selection in Rural Areas Using GIS: the Case Study of Bostanabad Township. Geography and Planning, Tabriz, No 27: pp 17-45.   Godsi poor, H. (2005). Analyzis Hierarchy Process, Tehran, industrial Amir Kabir Press univercity, pp 20.   Health, Well - Being and Open Space Literature Review . Morris, Nina . ) 2003),Available at :< http :// www . Open space . each . ac . uk / PDF / Health   Wellbeing . PDF Jackson, L, E . The relationship of urban design to human health and cindition . Landscape And Urban Planning. 2003 : 64191 - 200 . Available   http :// www . Elsevier . com / locate / landurbplan.   Heydarzadeh, N, (2003), the criteria for finding the location of buried MSW, Tehran, Organization of the Municipality.   Hudsani, H. (2005), improved infrastructure - urban areas in spatial development framework for sustainable areas (sample Jolfa), MS Thesis, Supervisor Dr. M. Rfyyan, Tarbiat Modarres University, Faculty of Art.   Jafar Bigelow, M., MobarakI, Z. (2008). "assessment of land suitability for cultivation of saffron in Qazvin province, based on multi-criteria decision making methods," Journal of Research Phisical Geography, No. 66, pp. 119-102.   Kangavari, M. (1999). residential neighborhood design principles in Iran And design of residential neighborhoods in Chitgar Tehran, Supervisor doctor's jahan Shah Pakzad, Shahid Beheshti University, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Urban Development Department.   Kao, J . Lin, H . , Chen, W., (1997). Network Geographic information System for Landfill Siting, Waste Management &Research, V, 15. No . 3, (June), pp . 45 - 49 .   Madadi, A., Azadi mobaraki, M. (2010). Modeling of Appropriate Location for garbage burial with using AHP, Fuzzy Logic, Weight associate index and Boolean Logic Methods (Ardebil City Study), univercity of mohagegi ardabili.   Mahmoudzadeh, H., (2010), using ArcGIS software in urban planning, Tabriz ALmyran Press, pp. 95-91.   Purmohamadi, MR. (2007). Planning of urban Landuse, Organization of Samt, pp 38- 108.   Rustaii, Sh., Jabari, I. (2007). Geomorphology of Urbans Reagens, Organization of Samt. Pp 178- 180.   Rustaiy, SH, Jabbari, I. (2007). urban geomorphology, Samt Press , pp. 178 and 180.   Sullivan W . C, Kuo F . E Depooter, S . F, (2004) . The Fruit of Urban Nature, Vital Neighnorhood Spaces . Environment and Behavior, pp 678 - 700 .   Tudes, S . Yigiter, N, D . , ) 2009). Preparation of land use planning model using GIS based on AHP :   Vhdany, H. (2005), feasibility of developing the capacity of communities to achieve sustainable urban development (case study Calcuttachi area of Tabriz). MS Thesis. Supervisor Dr. M. Rfyyan, Tarbiat Modarres University, Faculty of Art.   www . uan . ir     امروزه اغلب فرایندهای فیزیولوژی، جسمی و روانی انسان از شهرنشینی تاثیر پذیرفته­اند، بنابراین، برخی از معضلات خاص بشر از جمله بی­خوابی، اضطراب، افسردگی، خستگی روانی و غیره از این امر ناشی می شوند. توسعه بی رویه شهری، افزایش وسائل نقلیه و زوال محیط زیست، آثار زیانباری بر ساختار محیطی-کالبدی شهر وارد کرده است. فقدان ایمنی شهروندان در مقابل تصادفات، عدم امنیت در فضاهای شهری و مسکونی، انزوا، افسردگی و گسست اجتماعی در محلات شهری از بیماری­های مزمن در محیط­های شهری هستند. بنابراین شناسایی اثرات نامطلوب توسعه شهری و مسکن، بر سلامت عمومی شهروندان و ارتقای زندگی سالم شهری ضروری است. پژوهش حاضر برگرفته از طرح تحقیقاتی است که اتمام آن بیش از یک سال طول کشیده است. ­­هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تعیین محله­های مناسب شهر اردبیل به منظور سکونت است. در هدف فرعی نیز به تعیین فاکتورهای مناسب برای محلات شهری برای سکونت پرداخته شد. در این پژوهش تلفیق مدل تحلیل سلسله مراتبی ( AHP ) و منطق ارزش­گذاری لایه­ها ( Index Overlay ) با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی ( GIS )، به مدلی برای مکانیابی محلات مناسب به منظور سکونت در شهرستان اردبیل منتج شده است. این مطالعه نشان دهنده انطباق وضعیت اجتماعی و اقتصادی محلات شهری با درجه مطلوبیت آنها است که در زندگی روزمره شهر اردبیل قابل مشاهده است. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18525_8394ca4c2c3fd9a8d54758faa93810b7.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 22 4 2012 02 20 Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative housing indices of Iran informal settlements (Case study: Jamshid Abad, Khoy) ارزیابی شاخص‌های کمی و کیفی مسکن در سکونتگاه‌های غیر رسمی ایران مطالعه موردی جمشیدآباد خوی 197 210 18526 FA ابوالفضل مشکینی ابوالفضل مشکینی اکبر پرهیزکار محمدرضا پورمحمدی محمدرضا پورمحمدی هادی حکیمی مهدی پورطاهری Journal Article 2016 06 14   Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative housing indices of Iran informal settlements (Case study: Jamshid Abad, Khoy)    H. Hakimi. ( * )   PhD. Student of Geography and Urban Planning, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran   e-mail: Hadi_hakimi84@yahoo.com     M.R. Poormohammadi.   Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran     A. Parhizkar.   Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran   A. Meshkini.   Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran  M. Poortaheri   Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran  Received June 23, 2010/ Accepted: December 14, 2010, 55-58 P           Extended abstract   1- Introduction   After industrial revolution in Europe, Informal settlements have been known as shadow cities with geographical redistribution of population from rural to urban areas and a rural-urban living style. At the recent decades, this phenomenon is forming in developing countries.. According to the available data, about 1/5 up to 1/3 population of the developing countries live in the informal settlements. Neglecting the acceptance of psychosocial changes, people who live in these settlements suffer economical changes in the time period. Housing as the smallest unit of space is the symbol of the socio-economic status of a household and settlement.    Therefore, the evident differences between the quantitative and the qualitative housing indices depict the differences between the informal settlements of countries, the settlements and the city and the all of settlements . On the other hand, possessing an appropriate housing is emphasized in several UN worldwide manifests as well as the 31st Iranian constitution principle. Investigating the housing qualitative and quantitative indices would simplify the decision making for urban, regional and national policy makings. Therefore, this study attempts to answer the question that what is the condition of the informal settlements in comparison with the main city based on the selected indices. In order to answer the above question, one of the informal settlements named as Jamshid Abad, which stands around Khoy, was selected and an adaptive comparison between housing qualitative and quantitative indices of it and the main city was well in accomplished. So this article has been showed the hosting indices which applied in other countries base on available data.     2- Methodology   Data were collected through documental and fieldwork methods. Field procurement was accomplished using the sampling technique applying a questionnaire. The random method has been applied in sampling process. In the present investigation, the samples number, were obtained using the Cochran formula with 140 samples.     3- Discussion   The quantitative indices of housing include family residential density, person density in residential units, density of people in a single room, the room in a dwelling unit density, the average number of rooms per household, and the average level of infrastructure. The results showed that these indices are in undesirable levels in compare with the main city and are in desirable level in relative to developing countries.   In this study, the qualitative indices of housing include history, types of building materials, structure status, the way of seizing, the land, and the type of housing have been identified. The results showed that the status of Jamshid Abad is relatively desirable, although there is a distance between Khoy city and Jamshid Abad.   The results also indicated that Jamshid Abad has better conditions in comparison to the developing countries. On the other hand, there exist some differences from the viewpoint of basic services accessibilities such as water, electricity, telephone, gas, bathroom, kitchen, etc, which are indices of housing quality.       4- Conclusion   Results generally indicated low standard of housing in the Jamshid Abad neighborhood in comparison to KHoy city. However, the condition of Jamshid Abad neighborhood is better in relative to informal settlements in developing countries according to the studied indices.   Since the mentioned settlement is a part of the country housing space, it is possible to some extent to accept the claim that the informal settlement conditions in Iran are better than that of the majority of the informal settlements in developing countries. 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