دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 Clouds analysis in heavy and super heavy precipitations in the southern coasts of Caspian Sea بررسی ابرهای مولد بارش‌های فوق سنگین و سنگین سواحل جنوبی خزر 1 22 18551 FA حمید نوری استادیار اقلیم شناسی، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران حسنعلی غیور استاد هیدرولوژی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ابوالفضل مسعودیان استاد اقلیم شناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران مجید آزادی استادیار اقلیم شناسی، پژوهشکده هواشناسی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2016 06 14 <strong>Extended abstract</strong> <strong>1- Introduction </strong> The cloudiness effects on the climate in the southern coasts of Caspian Sea through increasing of humidity, precipitation and cloudiness cooling. Spreading of Caspian Sea in the north of area and Elborze Mountains in the south of area cause suitable conditions to generate heavier precipitation in the southern coasts of the Sea when low pressure systems pass from area or high pressure systems are located in around of Caspian Sea. The previous researches showed that convective clouds are the most important cause to generate heavier precipitation but non   <br />  convective clouds can produce this group of precipitation if they accompany with convective clouds. In this research, kinds of low clouds which produce heavy and super heavy precipitation events were studied.   <strong>2- Methodology</strong> Precipitation events are computed on the basis of daily precipitations (1982 to 2003). Precipitation events were divided into 2 groups heavy and super heavy precipitations after sorting with regard to 25 and 50 percent probability. Then, the classes were grouped into two classes convective and non convective clouds based on clouds synoptic indices. Clouds synoptic indices 2, 3, 8 and 9 show convective clouds as well clouds synoptic indices 4, 5, 6 and 7 show non convective clouds. Convective and non convective clouds which generate heavy and super heavy precipitation events analysis and compare were used METEOSAT 5 images were used to survey and determinate clouds location in different geographic places.   <strong>3- Discussion</strong>  Precipitations in the southern coasts of Caspian Sea are different from of the rest of places in Iran both amount and duration. Synoptic and dynamic conditions particularly sea surface temperature over the Sea and cold advection from north to south can be the most important factors to produce the clouds. The previous studies have indicated that the main cause to generate heavier events is convective clouds. The results show that the area is divided into 3 regions on the basis of formation conditions of clouds and its daily and monthly regimes in general. The first region is the west and middle coasts of Caspian Sea. Cumulonimbus clouds (type 3 and then 9) produce heavier precipitation and the frequency of convective clouds in heavy group is less than super heavy group. Frequency maximum is at 03 and 15 o'clock GMT in different months for heavy precipitations group. The second region is the east coasts of Caspian Sea. The convective clouds are the main cause to generate heavier precipitation events and its frequency is more than non convective clouds. The most frequency of convective and non convective clouds is between 03 and 15 o'clock GMT. The third region includes mountainous parts in the middle of area. Cumulonimbus clouds (type 3) which are locally and not spread produce heavier precipitations.     <strong>4- Conclusion</strong>  convective precipitations particularly cumulonimbus clouds are the main cause to generate heavy and super heavy precipitation events originally in the southern coasts of Caspian Sea even though non convective have been spread throughout of sky. Non convective clouds have the main role in heavy precipitation than super heavy precipitation. Cloudiness percent and monthly regime aren’t similar in different regions as cloudiness in the west region is more than the east and mountainous places. The frequency maximum is 03 and 12 GMT for convective and non convective clouds respectively.   اقلیم سواحل جنوبی خزر تحت تاثیر فراوانی ابرناکی در این منطقه است. در این پژوهش انواع ابرهای پایین به وجود آورنده رویدادهای بارشی سنگین و فوق سنگین سواحل جنوبی خزر بررسی و مقایسه شده‌اند. به این منظور با استفاده از بارش روزانه و پس از مرتب نمودن داده‌ها بر حسب سیر نزولی و لحاظ احتمال وقوع ۲۵ و ۵۰ درصد، گروه‌های بارشی فوق سنگین و سنگین و با در نظر گرفتن شناسه همدید ابر‌ها، گروه‌های بارشی همرفت و غیر همرفت تفکیک شدند. تصاویر ماهواره متئوست پنج ( METEOSAT5 ) برای مشاهده ابر‌ها و بررسی مکانی آن‌ها در زمان رخداد گروه‌های بارشی در نواحی مختلف جغرافیایی استفاده شد. در یک نگاه جامع می‌توان بر اساس شرایط تشکیل انواع ابر‌ها و رژیم روزانه و ماهانه آن‌ها، منطقه مورد مطالعه را به سه بخش کلی تقسیم کرد. ناحیه اول شامل سواحل غربی و میانی خزر و کوهستان‌های غربی است. این بارش‌ها، همراه با ابرهای کومولونیمبوس نوع ۳ و بعد نوع ۹ هستند. در این ناحیه، فراوانی ابرهای جوششی در رویداد‌های بارشی سنگین، کمتر از فوق سنگین است. در گروه بارشی سنگین، بیشینه فراوانی ابرهای پوششی و جوششی در ماه‌های مختلف از ساعت ۰۳ تا ۱۵ GMT تغییر می‌کند. ناحیه دوم، سواحل شرقی منطقه است. ابرهای جوششی عامل اصلی پدید آورنده بارش‌های سنگین‌تر این ناحیه هستند و فراوانی آن‌ها بیش از ابرهای پوششی است. بیشترین فراوانی ابرهای جوششی و پوششی از ساعت ۰۳ تا ۱۵ GMT دیده می‌شوند. ناحیه سوم شامل کوهستان‌های میانی منطقه مورد مطالعه است. ابرهای جوششی کومولونیمبوس نوع ۳ که اغلب دارای فراگیری محدود و محلی بارش هستند، عامل اصلی ریزش بارش‌های سنگین‌تر این منطقه محسوب می‌شوند. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18551_b5afe15c40f098faeead538fb5ed76af.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 Site selection of the suitable areas for the physical development of Tehran megalopolis based on the climatic elements and geographic factors مکان‌یابی نواحی مساعد برای توسعۀ فیزیکی کلان شهر تهران بر مبنای عناصر اقلیمی و عوامل جغرافیایی 23 42 18552 FA فیروز مجرد استادیار اقلیم شناسی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران سمیه حسینی‌فر کارشناس ارشد اقلیم شناسی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران Journal Article 2016 06 14 <strong>Extended abstract</strong> <strong>1- Introduction </strong> Developing the cities and it’s influences on the spatial structure of megalopolises has always been one of the most important factors for the planners. Among the most important factors directing the development of the cities, are natural factors such as climatic ones which have been less considered in the country as yet because of various factors like economic benefits resulting from immethodical construction of the buildings. Since this carelessness has caused an unwise and easy-going development of Tehran megalopolis in unsuitable geographic directions, so this research intends to accomplish the optimum site selection for physical   development of Tehran megalopolis based on climatic elements and geographic factors.   <strong>2- Methodology</strong> Topographic maps of the region which mainly consist some parts of Tehran and Alborz provinces on a scale of 1:250,000 were prepared and the region boundary was defined on them. In the next step, the climatic data of six meteorological stations was taken from the Iranian Meteorological Organization and, after reconstruction, was considered through the similar time range of 1984 to 2005. Then, using ArcGIS software and on the basis of the climatic and geographic factors, various layers affecting the site selection including topography, digital elevation model (DEM), slope percent and aspect, solar radiation angle, temperature means (minimum, maximum and daily), mean diurnal temperature difference, 24 hrs. maximum precipitation, and mean wind speed were made and entered into the software. Pixels’ values in the climatic layers were calculated via spline interpolation method or regression equations. Then the resulted raster layers, after the reclassification of their pixels’ values, were weighed and overlayed using Spatial Analyst (SA) and Spatial Analytical Hierarchy Process (SAHP) models and thus the final maps of the physical development suitability of these two models were obtained. On the other hand, two Landsat ETM-7 images prepared from Iranian Space Agency and some geometric corrections were made on them using PCI (Geomatica) software in UTM WGS84 projection. Before geometric corrections, because of temporal differences of images, radiometric corrections were made on them too. radiometric  correction or normalization means the reconstruction of image values so that there is a linear and similar relation between pixels and their real radiations in the whole imaging area.  The result was the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map and the land use map. As the last step, the final site selection maps were presented via overlaying the NDVI and the land use maps with final maps of each two SA and SAHP models.   <strong>3– Discussion</strong> Based upon the distribution of the development suitability zones in the site selection maps, the most unfavorable areas have been developed in the high slope sections of the north of the region in the SA model. According to this model, about 8500 km² of the region has not any  special limitation for the development. In the SAHP model too, the most important limitation in the way of the development is the high slope sections of north of the region. The most suitable areas with almost 1400 km²area stands in the south, west and the submontanes of north and northwest of the region. Partly suitable areas with the area equal to 5300 km²have been developed in the central and southern parts of the region. The comparison of the final maps of two models reveals that the most suitable areas in the SAHP model have lesser extent than in the SA model.   <strong>4– Conclusion</strong> Considering the bare land expansion which is mainly developed in the south of region and overlaying it with suitability zones of the SA and SAHP models and in order to protect the vegetation cover specially in the western parts of the region, among the three suitable zones for physical development of the city, the south direction is the most favorable direction and the western and southwestern regions respectively stand in the next precedences. In order to get a more comprehensive study in this regard, the other natural factors such as geologic, geomorphologic, hydrologic and human factors must be taken into account too.   گسترش شهر‌ها و تأثیر آن‌ها بر ساختار فضایی کلان شهر‌ها، همواره از مسائل مورد توجه برنامه‌ریزان بوده است. یکی از مهم‌ترین عواملی که در جهت‌دهی به این توسعه نقش بارزی ایفا می‌کند، عوامل طبیعی از جمله عوامل اقلیمی است که تاکنون در کشورمان بدلایل مختلف از جمله منافع اقتصادی ناشی از ساخت و سازهای بی‌رویه، کمتر مورد توجه بوده است. از آنجا که این بی‌توجهی باعث توسعه نامعقول و لجام گسیخته کلان شهر تهران در جهات نامناسب جغرافیایی شده است، بنابراین، تحقیق حاضر بر آن است که بر مبنای عناصر اقلیمی و عوامل جغرافیایی به مکانیابی بهینۀ نواحی مناسب برای توسعۀ فیزیکی کلان شهر تهران بپردازد. در این تحقیق برخی از عناصر اقلیمی و عوامل جغرافیایی دخیل در مکان‌یابی کلان شهر تهران، انتخاب و نقشه‌های مربوطه بر اساس آمار ایستگاه‌های منطقه و سایر اطلاعات، با استفاده از نرم افزار ArcGIS به روش میانیابی یا با استفاده از معادلات رگرسیونی، تهیه شدند. سپس لایه‌های رستری به دست آمده، پس از بازطبقه بندی ارزش‌های یاخته‌های آن‌ها، با استفاده از دو مدل تجزیه و تحلیل مکانی ( SA ) و تجزیه و تحلیل سلسله مراتبی مکانی ( SAHP )، وزن دهی و تلفیق شدند و بدین ترتیب نقشه‌های نهایی هر کدام از دو مدل فوق به دست آمد. در گام بعد با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای منطقه و انجام تصحیحات مختلف هندسی و رادیومتریک بر روی آن‌ها، نقشه‌های شاخص پوشش گیاهی ( NDVI ) و کاربری زمین تهیه گردید. سپس هر یک از این دو نقشه‌ با نقشه‌های نهایی دو مدل SA و SAHP تلفیق و در ‌‌نهایت، نقشه‌های تناسب توسعۀ فیزیکی به دست آمد. نتیجۀ تحقیق نشان داد که با در نظر گرفتن پهنه‌های اراضی بایر و تلفیق آن با پهنه‌های تناسب و به منظور حفظ پوشش گیاهی، توسعۀ شهر به سمت جنوب مطلوب‌تر از سایر جهات است. مناطق غربی و شمالغربی در اولویت‌های بعدی قرار می‌گیرند. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18552_57b62b40fbe790517fa1f0ff8e50cebe.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 Landslide hazard zonation using AHP model and GIS technique in Khoram Abad City پهنه‌بندی خطر زمین‌لغزش با استفاده از مدل AHP و تکنیک GIS در شهرستان خرم‌آباد 43 60 18553 FA رامین حاتمی فرد دانشجوی دکتری ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران سیدحجت موسوی دانشجوی دکتری ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران مسعود علیمرادی کارشناس ارشد ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2016 06 14 <strong>Extended abstract</strong> <strong>1- Introduction </strong> The increasing growth of urban and rural development has caused some natural anomalies in the Earth's inhabitants. Mass movements, especially landslides, are one of the most damages of them that have had the increasing momentum together human manipulation in natural systems in recent decades. So that it is one of the principal geomorphic processes in the mountainous areas. Landslide phenomenon occurring in many parts of the world and Iran in the favorable conditions causes the destruction of vegetation, orchards, farmlands, and even human casualties. According to estimates, landslides have imposed much financial damages about 500 milliard Rials to Iran, annually. Burying of Abikar village of Charmahal-o-Bakhtiari Province in spring 1997 year is one of the clear samples of landslide human damage. Among these, the Lorestan Province is one of the most susceptible sites of landslide occurrence in Iran. The occurrence about 274 landslides in Lorestan Province, with extent 1400km² equivalent %4.8 of its area confirm this claim. Since the exact predication of landslides occurrence isn’t possible by human sciences, thus, we can prevent from the damages of this phenomenon by identification of landslide susceptible areas and prioritizing them. Landslide hazard zonation maps can help the environmental designers and engineers to select a suitable place for development projects implementation. The results of these studies can be used as fundamental information by environmental managers and planners. The purposes of this study are the recognition of effective factors in landslide and the zonation of Khoram Abad City in terms of the occurrence of this phenomenon using the AHP model and GIS technique. Therefore, selection of criteria and standards, providing of factors raster layers, determining of relative and final weight of factors, overlaying of layers and preparing landslide hazard zonation map are the major objectives of this research to determine sensitive sites that have the maximum occurrence probability of landslide.  <strong> </strong> <strong>2- Methodology</strong> The studied area is Khoram Abad City, center of Lorestan province, which has been located in the 32^o, 45<strong>َ</strong> to 34^o North latitude and 47^o, 30<strong>َ</strong> to 49^o East longitude (Fig. 1). At first, study area was investigated and determined its extent using satellite images of Google Earth and 1:50000 topographic maps. Then, according to Geological, Geomorphologic, Hydrological, Climatic, Human and Environmental characteristics of study area and using comparative studies and results of other researchers, 5 criteria, 13 sub-criteria and 77 classes were identified to achieve the goals. The needed Layers of landslide hazard zonation were prepared using Arc GIS 9.3 software. These layers are elevation class, slope, aspect, distance from stream, stream density, distance from way, distance from fault, distance from settlement, lithology of Earth material, landuse, land unit, isohyets and isotherm maps (Fig. 2). Also, effecting factors were evaluated through AHP model, and their weights were determined. Finally, the landslide hazard zonation map of study area was presented using weight exertion of factors in their layers and integration of them by Arc GIS software. In the end, the presented model and zonation map were compared with observed landslide, and landslide index values and model accuracy were calculated.   <strong>3- Discussion</strong> The AHP is a structured technique for dealing with complex decisions that was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1980 year. It provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, for representing and quantifying its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals, and for evaluating alternative solutions. First step in AHP is the decomposing of decision problem into a hierarchy of more easily comprehended sub-problems, each of which can be analyzed independently. Overall form of hierarchy can be as following: Goal, criteria, sub-criteria, alternative. Goal, criteria, factor, sub-factor, alternative. Present study has been used first structure for landslide hazards zonation of Khoram Abad City that its result include figure (3). Once the hierarchy is built, the various elements are evaluated by comparing them to one another two at a time, with respect to their impact on an element above them in the hierarchy. The AHP converts these evaluations to numerical values that can be processed and compared over the entire range of the problem. These evaluations are converted to numerical values between 1 and 9 by Saaty (1980) that have been presented in table (1). The obtained result of weighting, comparative matrixes and relative weight calculation of factors affecting landslide hazard zonation in study area is presented in tables (2) to (6).  In the final step of the process, numerical priorities are calculated for each of the alternatives. These numbers represent the alternatives' relative ability to achieve the goal, so they allow a straightforward consideration of the various courses of action. The obtained results of final weight calculation of priorities have been showed as equations (4) to (9).   <strong>4- Conclusion</strong> Once the significant of criteria matrix is confirm, final weight of factors is multiplied in their layers to prepare zonation map. For correct application of the obtained weights, and presentation of final model, Raster Calculator and Weighted Sum methods have been used respectively. Figure (4) is final result that shows landslide hazard zonation map in Khoram Abad City. Results of integration of landslide hazard zonation map with observed landslide map and calculation of landslide index have been showed in table (9). The values of mentioned index represent the ascending trend of this index from very low risk to very high risk zone. The ascending trend illustrates the accuracy of landslide hazard zonation model. The results of table (9) show that very low risk zone busies %16.8 of Khoram Abad City area, but is included %10.4 of landslide area. Furthermore, very high risk zone is included %6.17 of Khoram Abad City area and %7.9 of landslide area.   <strong>5. Discussion and Conclusion </strong> The landslide phenomenon is one of environmental hazards which occur in Khoram Abad City in most times. Therefore, creation of one regional strategy is very necessary to reduce its damages and maintains natural and human resources. Furthermore, landslide hazard zonation map can help research centers in environmental management and planning. In this study, GIS technique and AHP model have been used to achieve goals. The results showed that integration of GIS technique and AHP model is a mighty method for preparation of landslide hazard zonation map in study area. According to effective factors in landslide occurrence, the study area was zoned as various layers. Finally, landslide occurrence zones were recognized from very low risk to very high risk. The investigations showed the zones of very high and high risk are often coinciding with settlement sensitive areas. This represents the factors such as unsuitable site selection of the settlement centers and communication ways and the changing of landuse by humans in Khoram Abad City. Among the effective factors, sub-criteria of distance from way, distance from stream, stream density and distance from fault, respectively, with weights 0.2043, 0.1717, 0.1545 and 0.1076 have been identified as the most important factors in the development of landslide in study area. The role of other factors reduces according to their weights in landslide that has been showed in table (3). According to presented model and final zonation map, about 25.51 percent (1603.8 Km²) of the Khoram Abad City area have the occurrence of very high risk (%6.17 equal to 387.9 Km²) and the occurrence of high risk (%19.34 equal to 1215.9 Km²). The great extent is showing the landslide occurrence importance in the future that doubles the necessity of its management issues. The results obtaining accuracy evaluation of the model, illustrate ascending trend of the landslide index from very low risk to very high risk zone.   در سال­های اخیر با افزایش خسارات ناشی از وقوع زمین­لغزش، بشر در صدد کاهش زیان­های آن برآمده است. از آنجا که پیش‌بینی زمان دقیق وقوع زمین­لغزش از توان علمی انسان خارج است، بنابراین، با شناسایی مناطق مستعد زمین­لغزش و رتبه­بندی آنها می‌توان تاحدودی از خطرات ناشی از رخداد این پدیده جلوگیری نمود. هدف از این پژوهش شناسایی عوامل موثر در زمین­لغزش‌ و پهنه‌بندی شهرستان خرم­آباد به لحاظ وقوع این رخداد، با استفاده از مدل AHP و تکنیک GIS است. در این راستا، ابتدا با توجه به موقعیت زمین­لغزش­های به وقوع پیوسته، مطالعات تطبیقی و نتایج سایر محققان، 5 معیار، 13 زیرمعیار و 77 کلاس برای این مهم شناسایی شد. سپس با استفاده از مدل AHP عوامل مربوطه ارزیابی و تعیین وزن گردید. در پایان لایه­های رستری عوامل در محیط نرم‌افزار Arc GIS تهیه و تلفیق گردید. نهایتاً مدل و نقشه پهنه­بندی خطر زمین لغزش منطقه تهیه و ارائه گردید. برای تأیید نتایج، مدل ارائه شده با رخدادهای مشاهده شده مورد ارزیابی مقایسه­ای قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان می­دهد که در بین عوامل موثر، زیرمعیارهای فاصله از جاده، فاصله از آبراهه و تراکم آبراهه به ترتیب با اوزان 2043/0، 1717/0 و 1545/0 به عنوان مهمترین عوامل در ایجاد زمین­لغزش در منطقه مطالعاتی شناسایی شده­اند. براساس مدل ارائه شده، حدود 51/25 درصد (8/ 1603 کیلومترمربع) از مساحت شهرستان خرم‌آباد دارای خطر وقوع بسیار زیاد (17/6 درصد) و خطر وقوع زیاد (34/19 درصد) است. نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی دقت و صحت مدل تهیه شده، روند صعودی شاخص زمین­لغزش از پهنه خطر خیلی کم به سمت پهنه خیلی زیاد را نشان داده و نشان دهنده دقت لازم مدل مزبور است. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18553_90d8dc8b319c3a35277d042e0b299573.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 Study and comparison of erosion and sediment yield in sub basin of Veladareh catchment (Ardabil province) بررسی و مقایسه فرسایش و تولید رسوب در زیر حوضه‌های حوضه آبریز ویلادره (استان اردبیل) 61 74 18554 FA عقیل مددی استادیار ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران Journal Article 2016 06 14 <strong><br clear="all" /> </strong> <strong>Extended abstract:</strong> <strong>1-Introduction</strong> <strong> </strong>Veladareh basin is located in the eastern site of Sabalan volcanic massive and north of Sarein town in the north west of Iran. The length of Veladareh River is 37.75 kilometer and its drainage basin area is 37.3 square kilometer. This basin is part of Qaraso and the Arax river basin. Veladareh basin is located at 38° 10' 17" to 38º 13' 21" northern latitude and 47º 58' 10" to 48 º 9” eastern longitude. The purpose of this study is investigation of erosion and sediment estimating in the Veladareh basin.   <strong>2- Methodology</strong> <strong> </strong>Aim of this study is estimation of erosion rate in the Veladareh basin. For arrive to above aim the Veladareh basin was divided to four sub-basins. Erosion rate was estimated on one of the sub basins using by Erosion Potential Method (E.P.M).   In order to perform a conservation soil and nominate struggle methods with erosion and decrease of sediment yield must be estimated total volume of yearly sediment rates. To achieve this goal estimated 4 erosion factors include Erosioncoefficient of basin (Ψ), Land use index (), Susceptibility of rocks to erosion<strong>)</strong> Y) and mean gradient of basin (I) in the four sub basins.   <strong> </strong><strong>3– Discussion</strong> Base of four above agents we are estimated Erosion intensity coefficient from formula 1 in the work units (Refahi, 1375: 257). Z = Y.  (Ψ+  ). Just as show in table 3 and fig. 6, erosion intensity coefficient is different between .62 in the north Erdymosa catchment and .77 in the Arandareh catchment. Between the four above effective agents role of gradient is higher than others agents, that is caused erosion intensity is different in this basin. Erosion intensity in Arandareh catchment has 2 erosion classes and in the others sub basins have 3 erosion classes. For estimate of yearly especial erosion in E.P.M method is used fomola2 (refahi, 1375: 259). <strong> = </strong> T. H . π . Just as show in table 4, especial erosion in the whole Veladareh basin is 777.7 m3/km/y or 10.3 ton per hectare. Arandareh catchmen between sub basins has higher especial erosion (1099 m3/km2/y or 14.3 ton per hectare) than that others catchments, because of high branching ratio, high erosion coefficient and high gradient; but Erdymosa catchment has lower especial erosion(660 m3/km2/y or 8.6 ton per hectare), because of low gradient. To estimate of annual erosion rates in basin area is used formola4 (Refahi, 1375: 261): Just as show in table 4, whole basin can produced 29008 m3 sediments during year. The highest produced sediment was related to Arandareh catchment (10331 m3/y) because of setting in mountainous area, high gradient and high area (9.4 km2). The lowest rate of produced sediment was in north Erdymosa sub basin (5676 m3/y), because of gentle gradient and low area (7.8).   <strong>4– Conclusion</strong> <strong> </strong>Conclusions of study show that violence of erosion is intense in Arandareh subbasin (upper part of the basin) due to high gradient in this part. But in the lower part of basin (Veladareh, Erdymosa and north Erdymosa subbasins) rate of erosion is low; because in this part gradient is few. Rate of especial erosion in whole of basin and per catchments of Arandareh, Veladareh, Erdymosa and north Erdymosa in order to arrange have been calculated 10.3, 14.3, 8.7, 8.6 and 8.6 ton in hectare in year. Potential of sediment discharge in whole of basin and sub basins in order to arrange have been estimated 29008, 10331, 7912, 5676 and 5179 cubic meter in the year. Excessive of especial erosion and potential sediment discharge in Arandareh catchment, than others sub basins is much of gradient and susceptibility of rocks.  Whereas in the others catchments (Veladareh, Erdymosa and north Erdymosa) factor of gradient decrease effect of others agents in viewpoint of sediment yield and have been decrease a potential sediment discharge in these catchments.   حوضه آبریز ویلادره در استان اردبیل و شرق توده آتشفشانی سبلان و در شمال شهر توریستی سرعین واقع شده است. طول رودخانه ویلادره 75/35 کیلومتر است که حوضه‌ای را به مساحت 3/37 کیلومتر مربع زهکشی می‌نماید. در سال‌های اخیر به دلایل متعدد میزان فرسایش در حوضه آبریز ویلادره چای افزایش یافته است. برای آگاهی از میزان فرسایش و نیز جلوگیری از فرسایش خاک و کاهش رسوب‌زایی این مطالعه انجام شده است. هدف کلی تحقیق، بررسی میزان فرسایش و تولید رسوب در حوضه و پی بردن به مناطق حساس از نظر فرسایش است. برای رسیدن به هدف فوق از روش پتانسیل فرسایش(ای پی ام) استفاده شده است. ابزارهای گردآوری اطلاعات، انواع نقشه‌ها، روش مشاهده و منابع کتابخانه‌ای هستند. در این مطالعه با استفاده از روش ای پی ام ( Erosion Potential Method ) میزان فرسایش در هر یک از زیر حوضه‌ها (4 زیر حوضه) بررسی شده است . نتایج مطالعه نشان می‌دهد به دلیل شیب زیاد در قسمت‌های بالا دست حوضه، (حوضه آیران‌دره)، در این قسمت شدت فرسایش زیاد است (شدید)؛ اما در قسمت پایین دست حوضه (حوضه‌های ویلادره، اردی موسی و شمال اردی موسی) به علت شیب کم که باعث کاهش سرعت جریان آب می‌شود، شدت فرسایش زیاد نیست (متوسط). میزان فرسایش ویژه در کل حوضه 3/10 تن در هکتار در سال و در زیر حوضه‌های آیران دره، ویلادره، اردی موسی و شمال اردی موسی به ترتیب 3/14، 7/8، 6/8 و6/8 تن در هکتار در سال محاسبه شده است. توان رسوب دهی سالانه در کل حوضه مورد مطالعه 29008 متر مکعب در سال، و برای هریک از زیر حوضه‌های فوق‌الذکر به ترتیب 10331، 7912، 5676 و 5179 متر مکعب در سال به دست آمده است. علت زیاد بودن فرسایش ویژه و توان رسوب دهی در زیر حوضه آیران‌دره نسبت به حوضه‌های دیگر شیب زیاد و حساسیت سنگ‌ها نسبت به فرسایش است. در حالی که در دیگر حوضه‌ها عامل شیب اثر عوامل موثر دیگر را در تولید رسوب کاهش داده و باعث پایین آمدن توان رسوب دهی آنها شده است. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18554_4a80530f2d5bcd81921b6eeee4140680.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 Spatial analysis and site selection post centers using Geographical Information System (Case study: zone 5 & 6 of Isfahan city) تحلیل فضایی و مکان‌یابی مراکز پستی با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (مطالعۀ موردی: مناطق 5 و 6 شهر اصفهان) 75 92 18555 FA علی زنگی‌آبادی دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران حسین کیومرثی کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2016 06 14 <strong>Extended abstract</strong> <strong>1- Introduction </strong> In recent decades, rapid growth of urban population,rural-urban migrations & urban regions natural population growth, made very difficults for big cities & metropolises of our country. Before of this time Cities that had little growth, with very new difficults faced. One of the Maine needs of urban populations is fine access to urban sevices. Accabilitiy is one of the Maine characterizes of a good city and can divide to diver shape of access such as activities, goods, resources and services.   <strong>2- Methodology</strong> Primary, Effective alternatives of post center site selection converted for information layer with shape file format.       In next stage, best buffer for any layers determined and for each considered range weigth between 1(lowest value) & 5(higthest value). Because the entire information layer that used isn't equall effect in post center site selection and because to be many Layers, compare & determine value of each seems very difficult, so AHP technique used for weigthing and combaine layers. The export of this stage is land zoning for locating post centers in 5 ranges with amount of goodness: very much, much, mediane, low & very low. So, in order to determining poor regions, network analysis tools in GIS environment used and 750 meters of standard buffer access for exist centers designed and with period rank planning, the best sites for construction post centers in 3 periods(low, mediane & long) determined.   <strong>3- Discussion</strong> In case study (zone 5 & 6 of Isfahan city), that 5 post services center exist, bad spatial distribution & locating near of the maine roads, created very difficults for settelers for access to this services. So in this research primary effective factor in post center site selection distincted that involved information layer such as radiant access, access to roads, nearest to attractive centers such as: educations, military, cultural, religious centers, center of regions and far from exists post centers. So using analytical hierarchy process technique compared these layers and for each layers one weigth in base amount of important considered. That far from exist post center gained highest value and radiant access of each center post gained lowest value.  Then weigthed sub alternatives form each aleternatives for amount of importance using analytical hierarchy process technique. The weigths that gaind for each alternative and sub alternative used in stage of combining in GIS environment and finaly leveling of area survingfor amount of goodness achived in order construction new post centers. Because the goal of research is construction post center ranking, so with attention to amount of lands goodness, with considering 750 meters access buffer, new post centers in 3 period (low, mediane, high times) porposed.   <strong>4- Conclusion</strong> Results of this research shows that exist post centers in zons 5&6 of Isfahan city, haven’t good distribution and don’t considered exist alternatives for post centers site selection in their locating and exist center instead locating in center of neighborhoods & zones of city and corporate with other land uses, located near the maine roads that this forther more condemn extera finances for citizens, caused more attract people to near of this roads and created terafic challenges. So in order to doing exist standards with determine buffers with750 meters for each center, in one term with low, mediane & long periods, oltimately 10 new post center in optimal sites porposed that in low period 2 center, median period 3 center and finaly in long period 5 new post center porposed   رشد و گسترش سریع ارتباطات، سبب تغییر در سلسله مراتب نیاز به خدمات پستی شده است؛ به گونه‌ای که به تدریج از ارزش پایین‌ترین سطوح سلسله مراتب یعنی صندوق‌های پستی کاسته شده و در مقابل بر اهمیت سطوح بالاتر یعنی مرکز پستی افزوده شده است. از این رو با گذشت زمان، روزبروز بر اهمیت مراکز پستی افزوده می‌شود. بدیهی است در این رهگذر، مکان‌یابی بهینه مراکز پستی اهمیت بسیاری داشته باشد. در این پژوهش مراکز پستی مناطق 5 و 6 شهر اصفهان به منظور تعیین میزان کمبودها و نیز مکان‌یابی بهینه مراکز جدید مورد نیاز، بررسی شده است. نتایج حاصل نشان می‌دهد مراکز موجود در این مناطق از توزیع نامناسبی برخوردارند و اکثر آنان در مجاورت خیابان‌های درجۀ یک شهری قرار گرفته‌اند که مشکلات متعدد دیگری مانند افزایش هزینه‌های دسترسی و نیز مشکلات ترافیکی را به وجود آورده‌اند. بنابراین، در این پژوهش با بهره‌گیری از فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی( AHP ) در محیط GIS به منظور پهنه‌بندی سطح مناطق 5 و 6 برای ایجاد مراکز پستی و نیز استفاده از قابلیت تجزیه و تحلیل‌های شبکه ( Network Analysis )، در مجموع 10 مرکز جدید مورد نیاز در دوره‌های زمانی کوتاه، میان و بلند مدت در مکان‌های مناسب با تعیین شعاع دسترسی 750 متر به منظور رسیدن به استانداردهای مطلوب پیشنهاد شده است. بر این اساس، در دوره کوتاه مدت 2 مرکز، میان مدت 3 مرکز و بلند مدت 5 مرکز در مکان‌هایی که از طریق تلفیق لایه‌های در محیط GIS به عنوان مکان‌های مناسب شناخته شد، تعیین گردید. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18555_29eafaba92f4137727678ecd9337f254.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 Producing land cover maps using remote sensing and decision tree algorithm (Case study: Bakhtegan national park and wildlife refuge) تهیه نقشه‌های پوشش اراضی به کمک سنجش از دور با استفاده از خوارزمیک درخت تصمیم‌گیری (مطالعه موردی: پارک ملی و پناهگاه حیات وحش بختگان) 93 110 18556 FA یوسف رفیعی دانشجوی دکتری برنامه‌ریزی محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران سیدکاظم علوی‌پناه استاد سنجش از دور، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران بهرام ملک‌محمدی استادیار برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران مجید رمضانی‌مهریان دانشجوی دکتری برنامه‌ریزی محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران حسین نصیری کارشناس ارشد سنجش از دور و GIS، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2016 06 14 <strong> </strong> <strong> </strong> <strong><br clear="all" /> </strong> <strong>Extended abstract</strong> <strong>1- Introduction </strong> Land cover mapping is essential in the management of natural resources and environment, land use plan preparation and land capability determination and is considered as one of the main sources in preparing development<strong>.</strong> National parks and protected areas are important part of Earth's ecosystems and are safe zones for wildlife. These areas have many environmental functions. Since land use and cover changes in each region can  largely effect on ecological functions and processes, Inform of the latest status of this regions plays an essential role in the quality of their management. Bakhtegan national park and wildlife refuge that contain Neyriz wetland, in the east Shiraz, Fars province, has been studied in this paper (Fig 1).   <strong>2- Methodology</strong> This paper aimed at improving classification accuracy and image quality improvement processing them based on a model of decision tree algorithm by combining the results of maximum likelihood algorithm. In this paper, a new model was developed for new land cover mapping of Bakhtegan national parks and wildlife refuge. In general, the process of investigation is shown in Figure 2.           <strong>Fig 1: Area of study</strong>     <strong>Fig 2: Land</strong><strong>cover</strong><strong>mapping</strong><strong>process</strong><strong>in this</strong><strong>study</strong>     Two kinds of data sources were used to land cover mapping for 2010 in this region: (1) TM images of landsat satellite from early summers of 2010and (2) Digital elevation model (DEM). The radiometric correction was applied on images by using histogram matching method. Histogram matching is a method in image processing for color adjustment by using the image histogram.     <strong>3- Discussion</strong> Model function is branch that consists of four levels of decision making that ultimately five types of cover including agricultural land, pasture, water, salt and barren land will determine. In this article, DEM, vegetation indices and water index is used to raise the accuracy of decision tree classification algorithm. With model-based decision tree algorithm, regional land use map for 2010 with high accuracy were obtained (Fig.3). To evaluate the accuracy of image classification, the GPS ground control points had been harvested from the area were used. Overall accuracy, users and producer’s accuracy, and Kappa statistics were extracted from the error matrix. User and producer accuracy of classification is high and between 82 to 97 percent. Overall accuracy of  classification is 92.72 % and Kappa statistic value obtained 90.73%. Areas of each class were calculated in square kilometer and percentage (Fig 4).       <strong>Fig 3: Land cover map of study area with DT algorithm</strong>     <strong>Fig 4: Classes area and</strong><strong>ratio </strong>   <strong><br clear="all" /> </strong> <strong>4- Conclusion</strong> In this study land cover map of Bakhtegan national parks and wildlife refuge was prepared through development of a model based on decision tree algorithms and its combination with classification results of maximum likelihood. The results of this study indicate that vegetation indices separate vegetation cover from no vegetation cover and agricultural lands from range lands with high accuracy. The amounts of water index and ​reflective values of band 4 separated the water from other classes well. In the final stage, bare lands separated by using maximum likelihood classification results and the values ​​of the slope and altitude. This indicates the high flexibility of the DT-based algorithm model by using different sources of data and different algorithms. The results show that using combination methods and auxiliary data in images classification greatly increases the classification accuracy   در اختیار داشتن نقشه­های کاربری اراضی جدید در بسیاری از زمینه­ها از جمله مدیریت منابع طبیعی و برنامه‌ریزی برای سرزمین از اهمیت بسیاری برخوردار است. پارک‌های ملی و پناهگاه‌های حیات وحش از مهمترین سرمایه­های اکولوژیکی کشور ما به شمار می­روند. از این رو اطلاع بهنگام از وضعیت آنها نقش اساسی در کیفیت مدیریت چنین مناطقی دارد. داده­های سنجش از دور یکی از مهمترین و بهترین منابع در تولید و به روز رسانی نقشه­های کاربری و پوشش اراضی به شمار می‌روند. در این پژوهش، به منظور به روز کردن و تهیه نقشه کاربری اراضی جدید پارک ملی و پناهگاه حیات وحش بختگان از تصاویر سال 2010 سنجنده TM ماهواره لندست استفاده شد. برای طبقه­بندی تصویر از مدلی جدید بر پایه تلفیق نتایج حاصل از خوارزمیک حداکثر احتمال با طبقه­بندی درخت تصمیم‌گیری استفاده شد. به این منظور یک مدل با استفاده از پردازش شاخص­های پوشش گیاهی، آب و داده­های جانبی در خوارزمیک درخت تصمیم تعریف و اجرا شد. صحت­کلی72/92 درصد و صحت­های بالای کاربر و تولید کننده حاکی از قابلیت بالای خوارزمیک درخت تصمیم در تهیه نقشه­های کاربری اراضی است. در نتیجه استفاده از این خوارزمیک می‌توان دقت طبقه­بندی را از طریق استفاده از داده­های جانبی در طبقه ­ بندی تا حد زیادی افزایش داد و نقشه‌های کاربری و پوشش اراضی را با کیفیت بهتر تولید نمود. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18556_af087a044e4ccbcb275c92607e97daaf.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 Strategic Planning for Tourism Development by SWOT Method (Case Study: Shiraz City) برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی توسعه‌ی گردشگری با روش SWOT (مطالعه موردی: شهر شیراز) 111 132 18557 FA زهره هادیانی استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران محسن احدنژاد استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران شمس‌اله کاظمی‌زاد کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران حکیمه قنبری دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2016 06 14     <strong><br clear="all" /> </strong> <strong>Extended abstract</strong> <strong>1- Introduction </strong> Nowadays, tourism as a dynamic industry and unique characteristics includes an important part of economic activities and production in the developed and developing countries. This industry covers all the phenomena and relationships resulting from the interaction of tourists, suppliers and vendors of tourism products, governments and host communities, in the process of attracting and welcoming of tourists. Results and achievements of the tourism industry involve considerable results such as aspects of employment and its impact on development and economic    -social functions mentioned in a region or country. For the city of Shiraz that has numerous cultural attractions and historical and natural potential, development of tourism industry can be very helpful.   <strong>2- Methodology</strong> The methodology of this research was based on descriptive-analytical methods. For collecting information and data required, documentation and field studies such as interviews and using these data, the attractions, facilities, services and tourism situation in region has been investigated. Then, the SWOT analysis matrix was used for data analysis and presentation of tourism development strategies in the Shiraz city.   <strong>3- Discussion</strong> The Shiraz city due to good weather and having historical and unique civilization sites is one of tourism centers in national and international levels. These city due to Persepolis neighborhood, each year hosts a large number of domestic and foreign tourists. Moreover, Shiraz has valuable natural potential. But so far, this city failed to their real position in tourism field, especially in terms of attracting tourists and the number of tourists to achieve stability coefficient. In this paper, SWOT strategic planning process has been used for analyzing the functioning of tourism in Shiraz. A four-stage process of strategic planning including: first, external (opportunities and threats) and internal (strengths and weaknesses) factors evaluation matrix; second, analysis of strategic factors; third, external and internal matrix and matrix of quantitative strategic planning and finally, appropriate strategies for development of tourism in the city of Shiraz, has designed and presented. Moreover, after consideration of relevant information, the major external and internal factors were identified in the matrix were evaluated. Number of external factors determined to be 19. From this amount, 9 factors cause tourism opportunities of Shiraz and 10 threatened it. Firstly, the factors that led to the opportunity and then those that threaten the Shiraz tourism sector are located in the matrix. Number of domestic factors also determined to be 22 including the strengths and weaknesses of tourism in Shiraz. So that, firstly 11 strength factors and then 11 weakness factors of tourism are placed in the matrix, then using the expert viewpoints and comments of those interviewed, individual affecting factors were heightened. Finally, by adjusting the strategic planning and internal and external factors that are the base in the strategies planning, the SWOT matrix was extracted and accordingly, quantitative strategic planning, appropriate strategies and priorities matrices of tourism development are identified.   <strong>4- Conclusion</strong> In the present study, using strategic planning process, the abilities and functions of tourism and develop these functions, the action and determine strategies to provide practical solutions for Shiraz tourism development. In this process, with assessment capabilities and opportunities of Shiraz tourism, findings indicate that tourism planning strategies acceptable in this city, conservative strategies would be planned in first priority and second priority planning aggressive strategies. Thus, first WO primary strategies and then SO strategies were selected in the SWOT matrix priorities. In fact WO₂ conservative strategy with 6.16 scores represents the best strategy on tourism development will be considered in Shiraz. To achieve this, the strategy to familiarize hotels and travel agencies managers with new methods of advertising and marketing of tourism, increase awareness of tourism interested in the unique attractions of Shiraz city and surrounding areas. Consequently increase the number of tourists and increase tourists to stay in the city is practical. However SO₁ invasive strategy with 7.3 scores is considered as the most effective strategy for the conservative strategy. To achieve goals and enjoying the tourist development strategy, strengthening and increasing the amount of facilities and services offered alongside the importance of tourism attractions and resources in national and international levels, with the aim of attracting more tourists, especially the satisfaction of foreign tourists in order to introduce position of historic -civilization sites of Shiraz to other countries are recommended with the aim of attracting even more foreign tourists and create sustainable employment and income on the other hand   شهر شیراز یکی از مراکز جذب گردشگر در سطح ملی و بین‌المللی در کشور ایران است. این شهر به دلیل نزدیکی به تخت جمشید، هر ساله میزبان تعداد زیادی از گردشگران داخلی و خارجی است. علاوه بر این، شیراز دارای آب و هوای مناسب و پتانسیل‌‌های طبیعی با ارزشی است. لیکن تاکنون این شهر نتوانسته به جایگاه واقعی خود در عرصه جذب گردشگران دست یابد. در پژوهش حاضر به روش توصیفی - تحلیلی، با بکارگیری فرایند برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی، ضمن پی‌جویی توانمندی‌ها و کارکردهای گردشگری شهر شیراز و به منظور توسعه این کارکردها، اقدام به ارائه‌ راهکارها و تعیین راهبردهای کاربردی در جهت توسعه گردشگری شده است. بر این اساس، ابتدا فهرستی از نقاط قوت، ضعف، فرصت‌ها و تهدیدها شناسایی شد. سپس برای مشارکتی کردن برنامه‌ریزی آتی در ناحیه مورد مطالعه، از تکمیل پرسشنامه توسط مردم، مسئولان و گردشگران استفاده گردید، برای وزن‌دهی به تک تک عوامل تأثیرگذار نیز از روش دلفی استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان دهنده آن است که راهبردهای قابل قبول در برنامه‌ریزی گردشگری شهر شیراز، در اولویت اول راهبردها محافظه کارانه است و راهبردهای تهاجمی در اولویت دوم برنامه‌ریزی قرار می‌گیرد. بدین منظور، نخست راهبردهای اولیه WO و سپس راهبردهای SO در ماتریس SWOT در اولویت انتخاب قرار گرفتند. در واقع راهبرد محافظه‌کارانه‌ی 2 WO با امتیاز 16/6 نشان دهنده بهترین راهبرد در توسعه‌ گردشگری شهر شیراز تلقی می‌شود. برای دستیابی به این مهم، آشنا کردن مدیران هتل‌ها و دفاتر خدمات مسافرتی با روش‌های نوین تبلیغات و بازاریابی گردشگری، در اولویت است و موجب افزایش آگاهی علاقمندان به گردشگری از جاذبه‌های منحصر به فرد این منطقه می‌گردد. و به تبع افزایش تعداد گردشگران و افزایش مدت زمان اقامت گردشگران در شهر عملی می‌گردد. در عین حال راهبرد تهاجمی 1 SO با امتیاز 3/7 به عنوان مؤثرترین راهبرد پس از راهبرد محافظه کارانه، قلمداد می‌شود. برای نیل به تحقق اهداف و توسعه گردشگری با بهره‌گیری از این راهبرد، تقویت و افزایش میزان ارائه امکانات و خدمات در کنار جاذبه‌ها و منابع گردشگری دارای اهمیت در سطح ملی و بین‌المللی، با هدف جلب رضایت بیشتر گردشگران به ویژه گردشگران خارجی به منظور معرفی جایگاه واقعی کارکردهای تاریخی - تمدنی و فرهنگی شهر شیراز به سایر کشورها با هدف جذب هر چه بیشتر گردشگران خارجی و ایجاد اشتغال و درآمد پایدار پیشنهاد می‌شود. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18557_bbb3a51776d43eb6c83482a945d947a0.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 A Study on the Satisfaction Rate of Foreign Tourists in Iran بررسی جامعه شناختی عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه گردشگری در ایران (با رویکرد جذب گردشگران خارجی) 133 146 18558 FA جعفر هزارجریبی دانشیار علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران ملک محمد نجفی استادیار علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2016 06 14 <strong> </strong> <strong> </strong> <strong><br clear="all" /> </strong> <strong>Extended abstract</strong> <strong>1-Introduction</strong>  Tourism and journey industry are one of the most varied industries in the world. Tourism as a social-cultural phenomenon is considered as the widest form of human transportation. Increasing growth of 20^th century has made many pundits to call it as tourism century. This industry has many effects on economic, social and cultural areas such as foreign exchanges, incomes, engagement, prices; dispense of incomes, migration, distribution the jobs, customs and arts. Considering the significance of tourism, the main goal of this essay is the satisfaction of foreign tourism in to the Iranian hosts in the extension of tourism industry. In this research the basic main is to persuade the tourism.    <strong>2- Methodology</strong>  In order to achieve this aim, we have two attributive ways (based on a historical study) and ground study. Statistic society of this research includes of foreign tourism from five continents of the world that with the economic, social, cultural and sport goals travel to the Iran. 385 tourism was been chosen as a best individual for evaluation from satisfactory from 6 introduce, resident, the general behavior, clean the street from anything, percept driver license, respect to the others and precept in the clean the street from individuals.   <strong>3– Discussion</strong>  The results of the study showed that level of tourist satisfaction and the willingness of tourists to travel have high status. So the operators of public participation in protecting the global environment, cultural heritage and nature as an effective agent can help to develop the country's tourism industry. Achieving sustainable development in the countries involved in planning and implementing projects is essential. In this respect, we can organize tourism activities. In addition, many of the problems of agriculture and industry, social, economic and eliminates the problem of youth employment. Development of tourism in Iran, the government has an important role in the overall policy of the Government in this regard would be helpful. To investigate possible solutions should be considered from different perspectives of the tourism industry Charhandyshy for each of them and the obstacles in the way.   <strong>4– Conclusion</strong>  As a results 86% from tourism were very satisfy to the Iranian person and 95% like to travel to the Iran again. And the correlation coefficient between two variety the sense of satisfactory and the tendency to the travel to the Iran for second time is the considerable correlation r=582% and observe meaningful surface (p=0.000). Because this coefficient is positive and show the right relation between two variety, to the attention the measure of appointment coefficient (R²=0.34) about 0.34% from variety like to travel to the Iran again. So, when ascendant the measure of the sense of satisfaction of tourism than to the Iranian people increased the tendency to the travel to Iran for second time.   صنعت مسافرت و جهانگردی به عنوان بزرگترین و متنوع‌ترین صنعت در دنیا به حساب می‌آید. پدیده گردشگری که خود به صورت یک پدیده اجتماعی- فرهنگی مطرح است به بزرگترین تحرک و جابجایی انسان‌ها اطلاق می‌شود. رشد روزافزون و شتابنده آن موجب شده که بسیاری از صاحب‌نظران قرن 20 را قرن گردشگری بنامند. این صنعت بر حوزه‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی مانند مبادلات خارجی، درآمدها، اشتغال- قیمت‌ها- توزیع درآمدها، مهاجرت، تقسیم کار، آداب و رسوم و هنرها مؤثر است. با توجه به اهمیت گردشگری هدف اصلی این مقاله تبیین جایگاه، رضایتمندی گردشگران خارجی نسبت به میزبانان (ایرانیان) در توسعه صنعت گردشگری است. در این تحقیق شاخص عینی سنجش توسعه گردشگری میزان تمایل مجدد گردشگران خارجی برای سفر مجدد به ایران است برای رسیدن به اهداف تحقیق از دو روش اسنادی (با مطالعه پیشینه و مبانی نظری تحقیق) و میدانی (پیمایشی) استفاده شد. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را گردشگران خارجی از پنج قاره جهان تشکیل می‌دهند که با اهداف اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و تفریحی به ایران مسافرت کرده‌اند. تعداد 385 گردشگر به عنوان افراد نمونه انتخاب شدند برای سنجش رضایتمندی از 6 معرف، مکان اقامت، برخورد عمومی مردم، تمیز بودن خیابان‌ها، رعایت قوانین و مقررات رانندگی، احترام به حقوق دیگران، رعایت نظافت از سوی مردم استفاده شده است. طبق نتایج 86% از گردشگران دارای رضایت خوب و زیاد به مردم ایران داشته‌اند که 95% دارای تمایل خوب و زیاد برای سفر مجدد به ایران هستند. ضریب همبستگی بین دو متغییر احساس رضایت و تمایل به سفر مجدد همبستگی قابل ملاحظه 582%= r و سطح معنی داری (000/0= p ) مشاهده می‌شود چون این ضریب مثبت است نشان دهنده رابطه مستقیم میان این دو متغییر است. با توجه به مقدار ضریب تعیین (34/0= R2 ) حدود 34/0 درصد از تغییرات تمایل به سفر مجدد گردشگران توسط رضایت آنان به ایرانیان قابل تبیین است. بنابراین، هر چه میزان احساس رضایت گردشگران نسبت به مردم ایران بالا رود تمایل به گردشگری به سفر مجدد به ایران نیز افزایش می‌یابد. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18558_f499fbd7e03028e14d2ad879b657be44.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 Analysis of Annual Precipitation Changes in Northwest of Iran تحلیل تغییرات بارش سالانه شمال غرب ایران 147 162 18559 FA حسین عساکره دانشیار اقلیم شناسی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0000-0001-7699-0547 رباب رزمی کارشناس ارشد اقلیم شناسی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران Journal Article 2016 06 14 <strong><br clear="all" /> </strong> <strong>Extended Abstract</strong> <strong>1-Introduction</strong> Climate change could be studied by detection of amount and tempo-spatial pattern of climatic elements.  Precipitation is one of important climatic elements that could be studied. Precipitation is one of the most variant climatic elements that could have negative consequences on environment, society, economic and even culture of human society. Accordingly the changes and looking for change and variability of precipitation take the attention of climate experts. This is because of the importance of this sort of studies on climate forecasting and water resources management as well as environmental, economical and agricultural planning.       Precipitation as one of fundamental elements in climate has increased by 0.1% in middle and high latitude especially during 20^th century. Meanwhile in subtropical lands (Northern latitude of 10-30 degree) decreasing in precipitation by 0.3% has been reported, also there are increasing by 0.2%-0.3% in tropical regions (Mosmann et al. 2004). In addition there are negative trends of precipitation in Mediterranean basin since 1950s. Because of this spatial differ in precipitation changes and in order to precise exploring the changes, a dozen of studies have been accomplished.   <strong>2- Methodology</strong> In this paper long term and oscillatory behavior of precipitation in the Northwest of Iran has been evaluated. The area under investigation is about 12654.4 square kilometers and contains four province including west and east Azarbayjan, Ardabil and Zanjan. It occupied about 7.7% of all country. The average elevation of northwest of Iran is about 1830 meters above sea level. The highest area is about 4500 meters above sea level.  In order to do this research, daily precipitation data of 260 stations during 1966-2005 have been analyzed. The length of recorded data have been used in this study wasn’t equal, so it had created a map for every single day using the stations that was available. This stage has been accomplished by Kriging interpolation method. Accordingly 15052 daily precipitation maps by 100*100 pixel resolution were created. To create the 40 annual maps, these maps were used. So the investigated area was covered by 5374 pixels. Finally the matrix of data by dimensions of 5374*41 has been established. The analyses of two approaches were accomplished on this matrix. They are as follow:      1- The trends of annual precipitation have been analyzed using linear non – parametric regression model. 2-annual cycles of precipitation have been estimated using spectral analyses. The cycle that has largest difference with null continuum, is chosen as the significant cycle. Finally, all result of above two stages is presented in related maps.   <strong>3– Discussion</strong> Annual precipitation of northwest of Iran  is about 360.9 mm. precipitation mean is spatially different from 200 mm (northeast of area in Dashte-Moghan) to 800 mm (in southwest of area. Accordingly spatial coefficient of variations is about 24.1%. The area with low precipitation is most extending than the area with high precipitation. For example about 58.8% of northwest of Iran has achieved the precipitation lower than its spatial average. The annual precipitation of northwest of Iran (except of small parts in southwest and north) during the studied period has experienced decreasing trend. The amount of decrease in about 84.5% of area is about 3 mm per year. This kind of trends has been occurred especially in eastern and southern halves. Across west to east and toward the mountains the amounts of trend is decreased. About 16.8% of area is covered by Non –significant trends that contain Dashte-Moghan and western mountains.  The region under increasing trends is about 8% of the area in which the trends is about 5-9 mm per year. In the 58%-71% of the area, precipitation has experienced the values more than long term average during the first three decades. Meanwhile during the forth decade the area with precipitation lower than long term average has increased by 72%.  By using spectral analyses technique on precipitation data, significant oscillations in 2-3, 3-5, 5-11 and 11 years have been discovered. Major area experienced 5-11 years oscillations. As it has reported by many experts these oscillations periods are due to macro-scales circulations between atmosphere and hydrosphere e.g. quasi binomial oscillation is related to ENSO phenomenon.       <strong>4– Conclusion</strong> Based on what discovered in this paper it has been cleared that long-term mean of precipitation in 84.5% of northwest of Iran has been decreased. The increased trends values of precipitation are happened in southwest. The decreasing in precipitation is due to last decade in which the area with low precipitation has increased by 72%.Spectral analyses showed significant oscillations in 2-3, 3-5, 5-11 and 11 years. Major area experienced 5-11 years oscillations. As it has reported by many experts, these oscillations periods are due to macro-scales circulations between atmosphere and hydrosphere e.g. quasi binomial oscillation is related to ENSO phenomenon.   بارش یکی از متغیرترین عناصر اقلیمی است که تغییرات آن می‌تواند تبعات منفی محیطی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و حتی فرهنگی برای جوامع بشری داشته باشد. ازاین رو مطالعه تغییرات بارش یکی از کانون‌های توجه اقلیم شناسان است. به ویژه افراز تغییر و تغییرپذیری از اهمیت شایان توجهی برخوردار بوده، می‌تواند نقش مهمی در پیش بینی‌های اقلیمی و در نتیجه مدیریت منابع آب و برنامه‌ریزی‌های بهینه محیطی، اقتصادی و کشاورزی داشته باشد. در تحقیق حاضر تلاش شده است تا رفتار میانگین طولانی مدت (تغییر) و نوسانی (تغییرپذیری) بارش در پهنه شمال غرب ایران ارزیابی گردد. بدین منظور از داده‌های 260 ایستگاه همدید، اقلیم شناسی و باران سنجی وابسته به وزارت نیرو و سازمان هواشناسی کشور طی دوره آماری 2005 - 1966 (40 ساله)، استفاده شد. با برازش مدل رگرسیون خطی به روش ناپارامتری، روند بارش بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که بارش سالانه دارای رفتاری کاهشی بوده است. روند کاهشی عمدتاً حاصل کاهش بارش طی دهه آخر بوده است. طی دهه چهارم بر خلاف دهه‌های قبل وسعت پهنه‌های کم بارش بیش از پهنه‌های پر بارش بود. این روند کاهشی 72 درصد از پهنه را در بر گرفته است. با تحلیل طیفی مشاهدات بارش، چرخه‌های معنی دار بارش سالانه در پهنۀ شمال غرب ایران شناسایی شد. براین اساس، چرخه‌های سینوسی معنی دار 3-2، 5-3، 11-5 و 11 سال به بالا آشکار گردید.گسترۀ وسیعی از پهنه متاثر از چرخه‌های سینوسی 11-5 ساله است. طبق تجارب جهانی، وجود این چرخه‌ها را می‌توان به تاثیر عوامل کلان مقیاس اقلیمی – اقیانوسی نسبت داد. برای مثال چرخه‌های3-2 ساله را عمدتاً به تغییرات دو سالانه ( QBO ) الگوی بزرگ مقیاس گردش عمومی جو و جریانات مداری و چرخه‌های 5-3 ساله را به پدیده انسو نسبت داده‌اند. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18559_eb999d0a7bb29dfe63889113a25a34f1.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 Position analysis of Shahriar official city based on passive defense principles تحلیل موقعیت شهرک اداری شهریار براساس اصول پدافند غیرعامل 163 176 18560 FA حسن کامران دانشیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران حسن حسینی‌امینی کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران* Journal Article 2016 06 14 <br /> <br /><strong>Extended abstract</strong> <br /><strong>1- Introduction </strong> <br />The issue of passive defense has a long history especially in construction of urban spaces as well as public buildings. The accuracy of this claim can be found in Initial wars of Islam and defensive measures such as digging ditches, making a fort. Considering the improvement in technology and its effect on the development of WMD, the need for improvement in considerations of passive defense for reducing casualties of war is more felt.Since Iran is a country with strategic objectives and strategies such as: authoritarianism, self-seeking, preservation of territorial integrity, political independence, the pattern of local development, etc. and also due its location in the Middle East and having <br />  <br />unique geopolitical, geostrategic, geo-economic opportunities, applying a defensive consideration in urban development is very important. In this study, hazard zones in the country were identified and also sensitive buildings of Shahriyar were determined. Doing so, we can prevent financial and physical damages, of parts which are more prone to damage, before the occurrence of war. <br />  <br /><strong>2- Methodology</strong> <br /> This study is applied and the general approach is descriptive-analytical. The studied area is the zone of Shahriar in general and its official area in particular and the population was a number of experts in the public sector (municipalities), private sector (consulting engineers and engineering offices), government sector (Government agencies) and the public.   <br />In order to better recognize the current status and understand the necessity to investigate the passive defense preparations, raw data were collected from the latest census of the country in 2006 and considering the comprehensive studies of Shahriar and getting the relevant maps from the urbanization and housing ministry, the location of the official cite of Shariar was determined in natural, economic and social dimensions and finally, using the matrix table, different levels of decision-making process in devising developmental projects were specified and presented. <br />  <br /><strong>3- Discussion</strong> <br />Assessing Shahriar official city based on passive defense principles <br />After having matrix stage and assessing all internal centers and the official region and based on the results obtained, we found that 7 areas of the town center have vital importance in Shahriar, 14 areas have sensitive importance and ultimately, 25 centers are important. Thus, based on the results obtained, we can notice the significance of the centers of this area and we can investigate the application of passive defense principles in these centers. The passive defense principles include:  downsizing, dispersion, locating, decentralization, camouflage, strength, coverage, land preparation, defense preparation, deception, cover, etc. It can be claimed that passive defense principles were not considered in Shahriar official cite and what is more important in urban passive defense is downsizing, dispersion, locating, and decentralization. Considering the aggregation of all official units in this town, the town in its entreaty composes a unique goal for the enemy, that if regulated, dispersion, decentralization and passive defense principles egress from a unique goal and they form defense urbanization. Based on the findings of the study, the weaknesses of this town in comparison to passive defense principles are as follows: <br /> <br />  <br /> <br />  <br /><strong>Weaknesses of passive defense</strong> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />Passive defense principles <br /> <br /> <br />The current status of Shahriar official city <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />Downsizing <br /> <br /> <br />Mass construction <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />dispersion <br /> <br /> <br />Accumulation <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />locating <br /> <br /> <br />No <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Decentralization <br /> <br /> <br />Intense focus <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />Camouflage <br /> <br /> <br />Easy to access and view <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />Strength <br /> <br /> <br />Average <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Coverage <br /> <br /> <br />Easy to access and view <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />land preparation <br /> <br /> <br />No <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />defense preparation <br /> <br /> <br />No <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />Deception <br /> <br /> <br />No <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />Cover <br /> <br /> <br />No <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />Source: Author's <br />  <br /> <br />  <br />Thus, the only positive point or only the main objective which resulted in the aggregation of these centers in one town is the easy access for public and based on the interviews and field studies, it was revealed that in the past, due to the dispersion of each center in different areas of the city, accessing them was rather time-consuming considering the distance. While, with the accumulation of these centers in one area, their accessibility is easier in terms of traffic and time. <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>4- Conclusion</strong> <br />Shahriar is a city of the Tehran province and is situated in its west part. It has wide fertile lands and gardens and in addition to the juncture role, it is a dormitory, service provider and a good kitchen garden for Tehran and near cities. Thus, paying special attention to citizens and their service needs, user distribution approach and sensitive and important facilities should not be ignored by planners. Thus, in this attempt, focusing on comprehensive studies on Shahriar and field studies, we try to identify important, sensitive and vital objectives of the city. Considering the input and output of the matrix table, the main areas of the city which should be decentralized include:    <br />Governor (86 points), the gas office (86 points), Tehran South West Water (78 points), gasoline stations (78 points), Army Barracks (Kalhor) (78 points), water and sanitation (75 points), police (74 points). And it is suggested that each of these centers be transferred to one of the surrounding areas of Shahriar including Vahidieh, Ferdosieh, Andishe, Baghestan, Akhtarabad, Ja᾿farie, Amirieh, Fararat and etc. It is emphasized that considering the high cost of this centralization, the vital areas be transferred in the first stage and in order to pass the crisis.   بحث پدافند غیر عامل به خصوص بکارگیری ملاحظات پدافند غیر عامل در ساخت فضاهای شهری و همچنین ساختمان‌های عمومی تاریخچه‌ای طولانی دارد. صحت این ادعا را می‌توان در جنگ‌های صدر اسلام و تدابیر دفاعی همچون حفر خندق، ساخت برج و بارو و ... جستجو نمود، با توجه به پیشرفت تکنولوژی و تأثیر آن در گسترش سلاح‌های کشتار جمعی نیاز به پیشرفت در ملاحظات پدافند غیر عامل در کاهش تلفات بیش از پیش احساس می‌گردد. با توجه به این که کشور ایران دارای اهداف و خط‌مشی‌های راهبردی مثل اقتدارگرایی، عزت‌طلبی، حفظ تمامیت ارضی، استقلال سیاسی، الگوی پیشرفت بومی و ... است و همچنین به دلیل قرارگیری در خاورمیانه و موقعیت‌های منحصر به فرد ژئوپولیتیک، ژئواستراتژیک، ژئواکونومیک و ... بکارگیری ملاحظات پدافندی در ساخت شهر‌ها بسیار مهم است. این پژوهش از نوع کاربردی است و متغیرهای مورد بررسی شامل شناسایی ساختمان‌های اداری حیاتی، حساس و مهم شهر شهریار، به منظور کاهش خسارت‌های ناشی از حملات دشمن است. روش جمع‌آوری اطلاعات عمدتاً کتابخانه‌ای و با توجه به نوع تحقیق از مطالعات میدانی (مصاحبه) نیز استفاده شده است. در این مقاله از روش ماتریسی برای بررسی انطباق مکانی سازمان‌های اداری شهریار با اصول پدافند غیر عامل استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان دهنده عدم رعایت اصول پدافند غیر عامل در شهرک اداری شهریار است بدین طریق می‌توان اقدامات پیشگیرانه‌ را قبل از وقوع بحران برای کاهش خسارات جانی و مالی در مهم‌ترین ساختمان‌های شهر، جایی که این تلفات از بقیه نقاط شهر بیشتر است، انجام داد. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18560_643bc4dc168bd5b1b350f908fbcff822.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 Spatial Location - Analysis urban parks of Noorabad city by GIS Technique تحلیل مکانی- فضایی پارک‌های شهری شهر نورآباد با استفاده از GIS 177 192 18561 FA جمال محمدی استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران حسین پورقیومی کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران یاسر زارعی کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2016 06 14 <strong> </strong> <strong> </strong> <strong><br clear="all" /> </strong> <strong>Extended abstract</strong> <strong>1- Introduction </strong> planning and urban green spaces location in our country as an important element of the user and the environment can Signify Greatly Them an- made environments, as Favorable community and with reduce the damaging effects of expansion of industry and improper use of the technology and raise the level of aesthetics cause increase the quality of life and identity of its residents. It can also improve the chaotic scenes so that the importance of the intuitive user and its compatibility with the environment should be balance and obviously it to unite the city's landscape and visual composition is necessary. Thus there is a need for existence of parks and green    spaces as an existence needing of communities for improve quality life of people living and as a major factor increasing a good balance in the environment should be the top priority in urban planning development. Noorabad City has been flourishing in this research study. The time now is facing a severe shortage of urban green spaces. This research wants to consider and analyze the green space land use of Noorabad city with contributed existence analysis in GIS And finally locate new green spaces, however small step to be taken to solve the problems of city's green spaces.   <strong>2- Methodology</strong> The research method used is descriptive analysis, That use city map with scale of 1/5000 through a detailed study of the city and the observed field Collect the required information using GIS software and to help analyze hierarchical Data processing and analysis were performed according to the standards of urban planning and in the end will determine the appropriate location for urban green space.   <strong>3- Discussion</strong> Consideration of green areas of the Noorabad city frequented that area of green space is 302,061square meters that this is include rate of about 1/6percentage of legal limit of the city. The city's per capita green space isalso5/8square meters. Therefore, the need to locate a new green space for the city should be felt. In this survey to locate new green space has been used from Layers of this information: 1) Proximity to Training centers 2) Distance from existing urbanparks3) proximity the center of the area 4) Proximity to residential centers5) Proximity to cultural and sport centers 6) Distance from troublesome user7) Distance from the main network 8) Access to sub Network 9) Located in the Good Land use.  Next, we discuss the value of information layers, giving the value of the parameters is done in, Expert Choice software. First, the criteria and sub-criteria in the site selection of urban green space were determined. Then paired comparison matrix formed .Then criteria and sub-criteria are compared to two barges. After obtaining the relative weights of criteria and sub-criteria, The final weight is obtained by multiplying the values in sub criteria then with Enter final weight to data table's the criteria for location information maps from this tables were generated. After determining the weights of criteria and sub criteria, consistency in judgment was investigated. If the consistency index be less than or equal to 1/0 consistency in judgments is accepted. Otherwise, the judgment should be revised. The following table shows the information criteria rating:   Name of standard Proximity to cultural centers proximity the center of the area Proximity to residential centers Distance from the main network Proximity to sub Network Distance from troublesome user Distance from existing urban parks Proximity proximity to Training centers land use <strong>privilege</strong> 0.063 0.114 0.107 0.107 0.128 0.068 0.124 0.062 0.234 <strong> </strong>   After determining the weights of criteria and sub criteria turn to enter the weight and composition of the GIS layers appears. The process of composing the layers using index overlay model were carried out that. Finally the studding area in terms of creating new green space is classified into seven categories. In the next phase of site selection pattern matching can be done with ground realities. In This study determining the optimal location in the GIS software these locations were observed field. Finally the model results match the actual location of the study area and considering all the parameters affecting the site selection process and the amount of land needed to create an urban park finally found many place to create new green space (below shape).       <strong><br clear="all" /> </strong> <strong>4- Conclusion</strong> Although green space as one of the indicators of sustainable urban development and be remembered, the criteria for recognition of Healthy City. But its lack is felt strongly in the city Noorabad. And spatial distribution of urban parks Noorabad this reflects the low number of parks in the city and its distribution is unfair. So that in most parts of the city center. We have the most coverage. While in other parts of the city are faced with a lack of green space. Thus the need for proper planning to solve the current problems of the city's landscape is felt also results of this study indicate Effectiveness of GIS in urban planning, especially in urban green areas location.   امروزه آلودگی­های صنعتی اثرات مخرب زیادی بر محیط زیست شهری و زندگی ساکنان آن وارد کرده است. به منظور تعدیل اثرات مخرب این آسیب­های زیست محیطی مؤثرترین و در عین حال ساده­ترین راه توسعه فضای سبز است. سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی با برخورداری از انواع توابع تحلیلی، امکان تلفیق داده­های مکانی و غیرمکانی و همچنین مدیریت و تحلیل توأمان آنها را فراهم نموده است که می­تواند به عنوان ابزاری در دست برنامه­ریزان شهری باشد. در شهر نورآباد که در این مقاله بررسی شد کمبود شدید فضای سبز شهری و توزیع ناعادلانه آن به شدت احساس می­شود. این پژوهش با ارائه الگوی مناسب و با استفاده از تحلیل سلسله مراتبی ( AHP ) و مدل همپوشان شاخص‌ها ( IO ) به دنبال توزیع بهینه فضای سبز در شهر نورآباد است، برای رسیدن به این منظور با استفاده از نرم افزار GIS و پس از طی کردن مراحل جمع­آوری داده­، تهیه لایه اطلاعاتی جدید، طبقه­بندی و ارزش­گذاری لایه­ها و نهایتا وزن­دهی و همپوشانی لایه­های اطلاعاتی به اولویت بندی زمین‌های شهر نورآباد برای ایجاد فضای سبز جدید پرداخته‌ شد. در نهایت، زمین‌های این شهر را از لحاظ قابلیت ایجاد پارک شهری جدید به هفت دسته تقسیم بندی گردید که پس از تطابق این نقشه با واقعیت زمینی، زمین­های دسته شش و هفت برای ایجاد فضای سبز جدید مناسب تشخیص داد شد. همچنین نتایج این تحقیق نشان دهنده توانمندی‌های سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی در مکان‌یابی انواع خدمات شهری از جمله فضاهای پارک‌ است. روش تحقیق پژوهش حاضر توصیفی- تحلیلی است. اطلاعات مورد نیاز این پژوهش از طریق مشاهده میدانی، مطالعه طرح‌های جامع و تفصیلی شهر نورآباد، نقشه­های 2000/1 وضع موجود و تفضیلی این شهر و همچنین مشاهده میدانی به دست آمده است. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18561_ccd4a6e146e538ee8dddf2c58e2e2e45.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 23 3 2012 11 21 Analyzing long term trend of potential evapotranspiration in the Southern parts of the Aras river basin تحلیل روند بلندمدت تبخیر تعرق پتانسیل در حوضه جنوبی رود ارس 193 210 18562 FA مرضیه اسمعیل پور دانشجوی دکتری اقلیم شناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران یعقوب دین‌پژوه استادیار اقلیم شناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2016 06 14 <strong>Extended Abstract</strong> <br /><strong>1- Introduction</strong> <br />Potential evapotranspiration () is one of the most important component of hydrological cycle for irrigation systems scheduling, preparing input data for water balance hydrological models, and assessment of hydrological effect of climate change. One of the major issues of human societies in the present century is global warming due to green house gases increasing and water resources crisis. As a result, climate change may have significant effects on some of the hydrological parameters such as runoff, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and groundwater. Also, evapotranspiration is most important component of hydrological cycle after precipitation and usually crop water requirement <br />  <br /> determined using. Any change in climatological parameters due to global warming will affect evapotranspiration too. Eventual global warming may increase dry conditions in the world with increase of evapotranspiration and intensification of desertification. Therefore, Earth’s global warming may change the hydrological cycle components and global water resources will re-distribute in the time and place. This may intensify desertification in arid and semi arid countries such as Iran. <br />  <br /><strong>2- Methodology</strong> <br /> In this study  values computed using the Blaney- Cridle method for the 6 synoptic stations located at southern part of Aras river basin in the period 1986-2008 (23 years). Furthermore, trend of  and some meteorological variables (precipitation, maximum temperature and minimum temperature) which affect it were analyzed in both annual and seasonal time scales. Data used for  computing involves: mean daily temperature, minimum relative humidity, wind speed (m/s) and sunshine hours. For trend computing, the effects of autocorrelation cofficients until 31 lags were included. Then trend analysis was performed with conventional MK method (for series with insignificant autocorrelation) and modified MK (for series with significant auto correlation). Mann – Kendall method is one of the most commonly used non parametric tests for considering trend in different hydrological and climatological variables. Test statistic Z was obtained from Mann-Kendall equations compared with normal Z in significance level. If Mann-Kendall test statistic absolute value, Z, was more than 1.645 then the trend (increasing or decreasing) considered being significant in 10% level. If it was more than 1.96, trend considered being significant in 5% level and if it was more than 2.33 then trend level will be 1%. In addition to trend test, slope of trend line also estimated using the Sen’s slope estimator. <br />  <br /><strong>3- Discussion</strong> <br />Results indicated that variation trend of  as one of the main components of hydrological cycle at southern part of Aras river basin has spatial and temporal variations. Among all stations, Khoy experienced the most sever significant increasing trend (P<0.05) at annual time scale. At this station strong decreasing trends detected for minimum relative humidity, which was stronger than other stations. At this station some parameters related to air temperature  and wind speed showed increasing trends. trend line slope estimated about 25 mm/year at the mentioned station. Increasing insignificant trends detected for   at Makoo and Ahar stations at annual time scale. At this station decreasing trend for relative humidity experienced. Other station’s  trend was detected to be decreasing (but insignificant). At seasonal time scale, combinations of both positive and negative trends observed for stations. Khoy station’s seasonal  trend for all seasons was positive (autumn was significant at 5% level) and at Parsabad station was negative (but insignificant). Among considered parameters, trends of sunshine hours at all stations were significant at both seasonal and annual time scales. Minimum, maximum and mean air temperature in annual time scale at all stations had increasing trends. Trends of autumn precipitation at all stations were decreasing. Decreasing trends observed for wind speed at all stations (except Jolfa and Parsabad) at annual time scale. <br />  <br /><strong>4- Conclusion</strong> <br />Results showed that among all stations, Khoy had highest significant increasing trend which is due to significant increase in wind speed, sunshine and significant decrease in relative humidity values. Maximum value of trend line slope at this station observed at annual time scale which was estimated equal with 25 mm/year. Among all stations the strongest decreasing trend slope belonged to Parsabad station (at annual time scale) equal with 8.4 mm/year. Among parameters which their effects considered on evapotranspiration more variation related to autumn sunshine hours in Ardebil station which is about 3.7 hours/year. The most decreasing precipitation trends observed at Ahar and Parsabad station which the slope of trend line was about 2.4 mm/year. تبخیر- تعرق پتانسیل () یکی از مهمترین اجزاء چرخه هیدرولوژیکی برای برنامه‌ریزی سیستم‌های آبیاری، آماده سازی داده‌های ورودی برای مدل‌های هیدرولوژیکی بیلان آب و ارزیابی اثرات هیدرولوژیکی تغییر اقلیم است. در این مطالعه مقادیر با استفاده از روش بلانی- کریدل برای 6 ایستگاه واقع در بخش جنوبی حوضه رود ارس در دوره آماری 2008-1986 محاسبه شد. افزون بر این، روند تغییرات و برخی از مهمترین متغیرهای هواشناسی موثر بر آن در دو مقیاس فصلی و سالانه تجزیه و تحلیل شد. برای این کار از آزمون ناپارامتری مان کندال پس از حذف اثر خودهمبستگی داده‌ها استفاده شد. برای محاسبه شیب خط روند از روش تخمین گر Sen استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که روند  در ایستگاه‌ها و مقیاس‌های زمانی مختلف متفاوت است. در بین ایستگاه‌های مورد مطالعه خوی شدیدترین روند افزایشی معنی دار (P<0.05) را در مقیاس سالانه برای تجربه کرده بود. در این ایستگاه روند تغییرات حداقل رطوبت نسبی کاهشی و شدیدتر از سایر ایستگاه‌ها بود. در این ایستگاه پارامترهای مربوط به درجه حرارت هوا  و سرعت باد روند افزایشی نشان دادند. شیب خط روند  در این ایستگاه معادل 25 میلیمتر در سال به دست آمد. روند  در ایستگاه‌های ماکو و اهر نیز در مقیاس سالانه افزایشی (ولی غیرمعنی دار) بود. در این ایستگاه روند نزولی رطوبت نسبی هوا تجربه شده است. روند  سالانه سایر ایستگاه‌ها کاهشی (ولی غیر معنی دار) بود. در مقیاس فصلی ترکیبی از روندهای مثبت و منفی در ایستگاه‌های مورد بررسی مشاهده شده است. روند  ایستگاه خوی در همه فصول سال مثبت (و در پاییز معنی دار در سطح 5%) و در ایستگاه پارس آباد منفی (ولی غیر معنی دار) بوده است. در بین پارامترهای مورد بررسی، تعداد ساعات آفتابی در تمام ایستگاه‌ها و در دو مقیاس فصلی و سالانه دارای روند افزایشی است. حداقل، حداکثر و میانگین درجه حرارت هوا در مقیاس سالانه در همه ایستگاه‌ها روند صعودی دارد. بارش فصل پاییز در همه ایستگاه‌ها روند نزولی دارد. روند سرعت باد در همه ایستگاه‌ها (بجز جلفا و پارس آباد) در مقیاس سالانه صعودی است. https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18562_ce1c6ab8c1deaf34bbf2b7a4b865e0d9.pdf