دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 1 2021 03 21 Evaluation of Empirical Methods to Estimate Streamflow in Ungauged Basins (Case Study: the Sefidroud Watershed) ارزیابی روش‌های تجربی برآورد جریان در حوضه‌های بدون ایستگاه نمونة پژوهش: حوضة سفیدرود بزرگ 1 24 25447 10.22108/gep.2021.125717.1369 FA محسن ناصری استادیار، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، پردیس دانشکده‌های فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران بنفشه زهرایی دانشیار، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، پردیس دانشکده‌های فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران حامد پورسپاهی سامیان محقق پسادکترا مؤسسۀ آب دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران مریم خدادادی محقق، موسسه آب دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران ندا دولت ابادی دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، پردیس دانشکده‌های فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2020 10 30 Extended Abstract: 1- Introduction: Estimation of discharge in ungauged basins is of prominent importance in hydrologic and water resource management studies; however, it is not possible to determine the runoff coefficient in different watersheds without streamflow data. In many study areas of the country (unit of hydrological basis and balance of water resources in the studies of the Ministry of Energy), there is no hydrometric station to measure the surface flow out of the area. Several methods have been introduced to estimate the discharge of ungauged basins, which can be classified into three main categories. The first category contains the methods that make a relation between precipitation and the produced runoff (such as the Inglis and De’Souza and the Indian Department of Irrigation (IDOI) methods). The second category includes the methods that estimate annual runoff deficit and predict the yearly runoff accordingly (such as Turc, Langbein, Coutagine, and Khosla methods). The third category covers the methods that take into account the physiographic characteristics of basins to estimate runoff (such as the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Justin, and Lacey methods). The SCS Curve Number (CN) method is also among the most common methods of estimating runoff produced by rainfall and considers various conditions in its formulations; nonetheless, determining the CN and its initial absorption coefficient is still challenging. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficiency of different empirical methods in the estimation of runoff in watersheds with different hydrologic and physiographic characteristics and climatic conditions in addition to giving some insights on the selection of the proper runoff estimation methods in ungauged basins. 2- Methodology: In this study, the application of empirical methods in the calculation of the outgoing discharge from various areas in the Sefidroud watershed was investigated. The Sefidroud watershed has a total number of 11 areas, 10 of which have hydrometric stations in their outlets. For these ten sub-basins, the observed annual runoff was compared with the results yielded by the aforementioned empirical methods, and the efficiency of each method was assessed accordingly for each sub-basin. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Standard Deviation (SD), Correlation Coefficient, and the Centered Root Mean Squared Deviation (CRMSD) were used to analyze the data. The runoff estimation methods investigated in this study included Khosla, Lacey, Inglis De’Souza, Coutagine, Turc, ICAR, IDOI, Justin, and the SCS-CN methods. Moreover, the authors of the present study tried to find the optimized value of the initial absorption coefficient in the SCS-CN method in order to obtain a reasonably accurate estimation of runoff for each sub-basin. 3- Discussion: The results of the present study indicated that the Khosla and the SCS-CN methods with an initial absorption coefficient of 0.05 and 0.2 showed the poorest performance in all sub-basins. Moreover, the Inglis De’Souza method was not applicable in Iran’s sub-basins due to its different approach in dealing with plains and highlands. Because the study areas in the catchments of Iran are all a combination of plains and elevations and sometimes include a combination of several plains and several elevations with different characteristics. The optimized values of the initial absorption coefficients varied between 0.0006 and 0.25, which implies that a specific value of initial absorption cannot be used in all of the sub-basins to achieve the best accuracy in the estimation of runoff. Comparison between the results yielded by other methods (i.e. Turc, Coutagine, IDOI, ICAR, and Justin) with the observed streamflows indicated that the choice of the best method depends on the error index used for comparison. In other words, the Justin method had the best performance in terms of correlation with the observed runoff in the Sefidroud watershed. But, in terms of the RMSE error index, the IDOI method generally performs better. Finally, the Coutagine method had a good performance in terms of both correlation and RMSE in the main study areas. 4- Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the Justin method is recommended for areas that have a high altitude and temperature gradient and at the same time have a high flow coefficient. The IDOI method performs best for sub-basins that have a high runoff to rainfall ratio. As this ratio decreases below 0.2, the IDOI method is likely to produce poorer results. The Coutagine method showed a moderate performance in most of the studied areas, which suggests that it can be employed to produce conservative results in many areas under study. Keywords: Empirical Methods, Runoff Estimation, Ungauged Basins, the Sefidroud Watershed. References: - Dalavi, P., Bhakar, S. R., Bhange, H. N., & Gavit, B. K. (2018). Assessment of Empirical Methods for Runoff Estimation in Chaskaman Catchment of Western Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(5), 1511-1515. - Golshan, M., & Ebrahimi, P. (2014). Estimation of the Runoff by Empirical Equations in Dry and Mid-Dry Mountainous Area without Stations (Case Study: Madan Watershed, Qazvin Province-Iran). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology, and Life Sciences, 3(3), 97-106. - Gupta, B. L., & Gupta, A. (1992). Engineering hydrology. New Delhi: Standard Publishers. - Hawkins, R. H., Ward, T. J., Woodward, D. E., & Van Mullem, J. A. (2009). Curve Number Hydrology: State of the Practice. American Society of Civil Engineers. - Hong, Y., Adler, R. F., Hossain, F., Curtis, S., & Huffman, G. J. (2007). A First Approach to Global Runoff Simulation Using Satellite Rainfall Estimation. Journal of Water Resources Research, 43(8), 1-8. - Horvat, B., & Rubinic, J. (2006). Annual Runoff Estimation - An Example of Karstic Aquifers in the Transboundary Region of Croatia and Slovenia. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 51(2), 314-324. - Inglis, C. C., & De’Souza, A. J. (1930). A Critical Study of Runoff and Floods of Catchments of Bombay Presidency with a Short Note on Losses from Lake by Evaporation. Technical Paper, 30. - Jaafar, H. H., Ahmad, F. A., & El Beyrouthy, N. (2019). GCN250, New Global Gridded Curve Numbers for Hydrologic Modeling and Design. Journal of Scientific Data, 6(1), 1-9. - Khopade, D. K., & Oak, R. A. (2014). Estimation of Runoff Yield for Nira Deoghar Catchment Using Different Empirical Equations. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 3(6), 75-81. - Khosla, A. N. (1949). Appraisal of Water Resources Analysis and Utilization of Data. Proceedings of United Nations Scientific Conference on Conservation and Utilization of Resources. - Khosravi, K., Mirzai, H., & Saleh, I. (2013). Assessment of Empirical Methods of Runoff Estimation by Statistical Test (Case Study: BandakSadat Watershed, Yazd Province). International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 1(3), 285-301. - Langbein, W. B. (1949). Annual Runoff in the United States. Washington DC, USA: US Geol. Survey Circular 52. - Lewis, D., Singer, M. J., & Tate, K. W. (2000). Applicability of SCS Curve Number Method for a California Oak Woodlands Watershed. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 55(2), 226-230. - Meresa, H. (2019). Modelling of River Flow in Ungauged Catchment Using Remote Sensing Data: Application of the Empirical (SCS-CN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Hydrological Model (HEC-HMS). Journal of Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 5(1), 257-273. - Plummer, A., & Woodward, D. E. (1998). Origin and Derivation of Ia/S in the Runoff Curve Number System. International Water Resources Engineering Conference, ASCE, Reston, USA, 1260–1265. - Raghunath, H. M. (2006). Hydrology, Principles, Analysis, and Design. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers. - Rawat, K. S., Singh, S. K., & Szilard, S. (2020). Comparative Evaluation of Models to Estimate Direct Runoff Volume from an Agricultural Watershed. Journal of Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 1-15. - SCS (1985). National Engineering Handbook, Section 4: Hydrology. US Soil Conservation Service, USDA, Washington, DC. - Shi, Z. H., Chen, L. D., Fang, N. F., Qin, D. F. & Cai, C. F. (2009). Research on the SCS-CN Initial Absorption Ratio Using Rainfall-Runoff Event Analysis in the Three Gorges Area, China. Catena Journal, 77(1), 1-7. - Sobhani, G. (1976). A Review of Selected Small Watershed Design Methods for Possible Adoption to Iranian Conditions. (n.p). - Turc, L. (1955). Le bilan d’eau des sols: relations entre les précipitations, l’évaporation et l’écoulement. Journées de l'hydraulique, 3(1), 36-44. - Varshney, R. S. (1979). Engineering Hydrology. New Chand and Bros. با توجه به اهمیت و نقش میزان جریان در مطالعات منابع آب، در این پژوهش روش‌های تجربی برآورد جریان رودخانه در مناطق بدون ایستگاه آب‌سنجی بررسی شده‌اند. عملکرد این روش‌ها در تخمین جریان سطحی خروجی از محدوده‌های مطالعاتی حوضة سفیدرود بزرگ که ایستگاه آب‌سنجی دارند، بررسی شده است. جریان سطحی تخمینی براساس روش‌های تجربی مختلف با جریان سطحی مشاهداتی ثبت‌شده در ایستگاههای آب‌سنجی مقایسه و نتایج از منظر شاخص‌های آماری همچون خطا ارزیابی شده است. انتخاب این حوضه با توجه به گستردگی جغرافیایی، تنوع اقلیمی و ویژگی‌های فیزیوگرافیک متنوع آن صورت گرفته است. روش‌های جاستین، کوتاین، سازمان تحقیقات کشاورزی هندوستان، دپارتمان آبیاری هندوستان، تورک، لازی، خوسلا، انگلی- دی‌سوزا و SCS-CN مربوط به سازمان حفاظت خاک آمریکا در این پژوهش بررسی شده‌اند. نتایج در محدوده‌های مختلف حوضة سفیدرود حاکی از عملکرد بهتر روش‌های دپارتمان آبیاری هندوستان، جاستین و کوتاین بوده است. در پایان با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، روش جاستین برای محدوده‌هایی با گرادیان ارتفاعی و دمایی شدید و در عین حال ضریب جریان زیاد توصیه می‌شود. روش سازمان آبیاری هندوستان نیز برای محدوده‌های دارای نسبت زیاد رواناب به بارش عملکرد قابل قبولی داشته است؛ اما هرچه نسبت رواناب به بارش کمتر از 2/0 باشد، عملکرد این روش ضعیف‌تر می‌شود. روش کوتاین در بیشتر محدوده‌ها عملکردی متوسط دارد که بر این اساس این روش به‌مثابة انتخابی محافظه‌کارانه توصیه می‌شود.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25447_d9e4b579c41570244db388588b7c182f.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 1 2021 03 21 Analysis of Physiographic Characteristics of Zagros Sub-basins in Relation to Karstization Conditions بررسی خصوصیات فیزیوگرافی زیرحوضه‌های زاگرس در ارتباط با شرایط کارستی‌شدن 25 44 25159 10.22108/gep.2020.124848.1350 FA غلامحسن جعفری دانشیار ژئومورفولوژی دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران فروزان ناصری کارشناسی ارشد گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران Journal Article 2020 09 12 Introduction The external processes of the earth and the resulting forms are basically a function of the climatic conditions prevailing in each region (Ramesht & Kazemi, 2007). There is a special connection between the climate and the shape of the roughness. In other words, in each realm, the main face of the rugged forms is under the influence of an evolving system and that system has functioned as a prevailing climatic condition in that land (Mahmoudi, 2007, p. 19). Karst geomorphology studies the specific morphological and hydrological features of soluble rocks (mostly carbonate), (Zanganeh Asadi et al., 2002). Climate change is one of the characteristics of the Quaternary period that has led to changes in shaping systems and consequently in the land form (Nematollahi, 2003, p. 12). The change has occurred intermittently (Jafar Beigloo et al., 2014). In the cold periods of the Pleistocene in the northwestern part of the Zagros region, a glacial and adjacent glacial process, and in the southeast of the eastern part, the river process have been the causes of changes in the face of roughness. But now the northwestern part of Zagros has mountainous weather. For this reason, the adjacent glacier process at the level of the hills and the river process in the thalwegs are considered to be the main elements of the formation (Alaeetalaghani, 2012, p. 135). The present study aimed to investigate the physiographic characteristics of Zagros sub-basins in relation to karstization conditions. Methodology Drainage systems and river landscapes react in various ways to the physical characteristics of the catchment. In this paper, according to karst characteristics and the effect of dissolution on the basin in terms of physiographic characteristics, sub-basin shape parameters such as slope and roughness coefficient, along with topographic parameters in Arc Map 10.3 environment were extracted. Basic parameters including environment, area, minimum and maximum, the height and length of the canals of the basins were estimated. The results were entered into Excel 2013 software and their status was analyzed at different altitudes and climates. Results The most important factor for creating karst is the presence of carbonate dissolved masses. Therefore, in this study, calcareous areas were first identified in Zagros. In general, limestone in Zagros was approximately 43% of its area, equivalent to 121270.8 km2, which was the highest in the middle of Zagros. Due to the vast amount of the study area and its placement in the wet currents and the Mediterranean and Sudanese cyclones, the western slopes of Zagros received more rainfall and humidity than the eastern slopes (Alijani, 2003). According to the precipitation and temperature maps of Zagros, the annual precipitation varied between 250 to 900 mm and the annual temperature varied from -1 to 26 ° C. In order to study the conditions of Karsts of Zagros, temperature and precipitation maps were classified. The values of these parameters were classified into five classes according to the conditions of the basins. Parameters such as the ratio of rippling, slope, circle ratio, form factor, basin length, and elongation were placed in the best possible condition. This coefficient was closer to the 1. Geometrically, the basin was closer to the circle. In square-shaped basins, the shape and form factor of the basin was equal to one. 4. Conclusion In general, the study of the physiographic characteristics of the sub-basins in the climatic classes showed that when the karstification conditions become more climatically favorable, the shapes and landforms become circular and take on an elongated shape. Due to the climatic differences of the classes and the shape of karst landforms, terms such as water-water basin and glacial-water basin can be used. This means that in higher areas where the climatic conditions are favorable and very favorable for the karstification system, under the influence of the glacier, the dissolution action was more concentrated and in-depth, and karst-glacial forms were created. And at lower altitudes, due to the greater role of runoff in the karst-fiction process, the dissolution was at a higher level than the depth. The roughness coefficient was reduced and the shape of the karst complication was closer to the circle. Keywords: Karst, Climate, Quaternary, Glacier, Dissolution. References - Alaei Taleghani, M. (2012). The Geomorphology of Iran. Tehran: Qoms Publications. - Alaei Taleghani, M., & Rahimzadeh, Z. (2010). Investigation of Karst Evolution in Zagros Region. National Conference on Applied Research in Iranian Water Resources, 313-323. - Alijani, B. (2003). Iran Climate. Tehran: Payame Noor Publications. - Alizadeh, A. (2014). Principles of Applied Hydrology. Mashhad: Imam Reza University Publications. - Chen, W., Zhang, Y., Qin, H., Zhu, D., & Wang, X. (2015). The Karst Geomorphologic Regionalization in China. Springer.‏ - Chorley J. R., Stanley A. S., & David E. S. (2010). Geomorphology. Translated by Ahmad Moghimi, Tehran Publishing. - Darvishzadeh, A. (1991). The Geology of Iran. Tehran: Publication of knowledge Today. - Ebrahimi, B., & Seif, A. (2015). Utilization of GIS to Evaluate the Potential for Expansion of Zagros Carbonate Rocks based on Geological and Climatic Water Factors. Journal of Earth Sciences, 25(98), 333-348. - Farajzadeh, M., & Ahmadabadi, A. (2009). Assessment and Zoning of Iran's Tourism Climate Using the Tourism Climate Index (TCI). Journal of Natural Geography Research, 71, 31-42. - Ford, D., & Williams, P. D. (2013). Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons. - Ghorbani, M. S., & Onagh, M. (2002). Investigation of the Effect of Quaternary Climate Change on the Evolution of Shahou Karst Northwest of Kermanshah. National Conference on Applied Research in Iranian Water Resources, 312-300. - JafarBeigloo, M., Yamani, M., Abbasnejad, A., Zamanzadeh, S. M., & Zahabunazuri, S. (2014). Reconstruction of Quaternary Glacial Snow Boarders in Bidkhan Mountain (Kerman Province). Geography (International Scientific-Research Quarterly of the Geographical Society of Iran), 40, 107-93. - Jafari, Gh. H., & Hazrati, N. (2018). Quaternary Snow Reconstruction of Iran Zagros Geomorphic Unit. Quarterly Journal of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 28, 33-49. - Kazemi, M. (2012). Investigating the Factors Affecting the Geomorphological Evolution of Karst in Gamasiab Mountain with Emphasis on Lapieh Evolution (South of Nahavand). Sarzamin Geographical Quarterly Journal, 33, 107-126. - Khezri, S., Shahabi, H., & Mohammadi, S. (2017). Evaluation and Zoning of Karst Evolution of Saholan Mahabad Cave Catchment Using Hierarchical Analysis Method. Journal of Quantitative Geomorphological Research, 1, 21-39. - Mahmoudi, F. (2007). Climatic Geomorphology. Tehran: Payame Noor Publication. - Mazidi, A., Karam, A., & Koravandpour, M. (2016). Karst Development Potential Using Fuzzy Logic (Case Study: Susan Plain and Izeh Plain Basin). Quantitative Geomorphological Research Journal, 2, 130-141. - Moghimi, H. (2012). Karst Hydrology. Tehran: Payame Noor University of Tehran Press. - Motiei, H. (1993). Geology of Iran: Zagros Stratigraphy. Tehran: Geological Survey of Iran. - Negaresh, H., & Khosravi, M. (1998). Generalities of Geomorphology of Iran. Sistan and Baluchestan: Zahedan University Publishers. - Nematolahi, F. (2003). Investigation of Geomorphic Features of Namdan Plain. MA Thesis, Islamic Azad University of Najafabad, Isfahan. - Qasimifar, E., & Naserpour, S. (2011). Climate Zoning of Zagros Region. Tehran: Sepehr Publications. - Romey, C., Rochette, P., Vella, C., Arfib, B., Andrieu-Ponel, V., Braucher, R., & Mattioli, E. (2014). Geophysical and Geomorphological Investigations of a Quaternary Karstic Paleolake and its Underground Marine Connection in Cassis (Bestouan, Cassis, SE France). Journal of Geomorphology, 214, 402-415. - Yamani, M., Shamsipour, A. A., Jafari Aqdam, M., & Bagheri Seyed Shekari, S. (2013). Investigating the Effective Factors in the Development and Zoning of Chele Basin Karst Using Fuzzy Logic and AHP, Kermanshah Province. Journal of Earth Sciences, 88, 66-57. - Zahedi, M., & Bayati Khatibi, M. (2014). Hydrology. Tehran: Samt Publication. - Zanganeh Asadi, M. A., Ghaior, H., Ramesht, M. H., & Velayati, S. (2002). Karst Landscapes of Akhlamad Basin and its Environmental Management. Geographical Research Journal, 42, 101-87. - Žebre, M., Stepišnik, U., Colucci, R. R., Forte, E., & Monegato, G. (2016). Evolution of a Karst Polje Influenced by Glaciation: The Gomance Piedmont Polje (Northern Dinaric Alps). Journal of Geomorpholo بیشترین تأکید ژئومورفولوژیست‌ها بر این است که با شناسایی و بررسی اشکال زمین‌شناختی، تأثیراتی را بررسی کنند که این‌گونه اشکال از اقلیم گرفته‌اند یا برعکس بر آن اثر گذاشته‌اند. کارست به‌مثابة یک سیستم ژئومورفولوژی همواره متأثر از اقلیم و تغییرات آن بوده است. با توجه به پراکندگی سنگ‌های کربناته در زاگرس با استناد به منابع اسنادی مانند نقشه‌های زمین‌شناسی لایة مدل رقومی ارتفاع و نقشه‌های توپوگرافی، نخست زیرحوضه‌های واقع در این نوع لیتولوژی در نرم‌افزار Arc GIS تفکیک و سپس پارامترهای فیزیوگرافی مورد نیاز زیرحوضه‌ها در همین نرم‌افزار و همچنین در Mapper Global برآورد شد. در ادامه اطلاعات دما و بارش از پایگاه داده‌های 49سالة اسفزاری استخراج و داده‌های فیزیوگرافی و اقلیمی در نرم‌افزار MATLAB تجزیه‌ و تحلیل و روابط رگرسیونی مورد نیاز برآورد شد. نتایج حاصل از بررسی پراکندگی و خصوصیات فیزیوگرافی زیرحوضه‌های کارستی در طبقات اقلیمی زاگرس نشان داد شرایط مختلف اقلیمی موجب تغییر عملکرد انحلال و درنتیجه تغییر شکل فیزیوگرافی زیرحوضه‌های کارستی شده است؛ به این صورت که در مناطق مرتفع‏تر به دلیل دمای پایین‌تر، عمل انحلال بیشتر در عمق متمرکز شده تا در سطح، و اشکال کارستی- یخچالی ایجاد کرده است و در ارتفاعات پایین‌تر به دلیل تأثیر آب فراوان بر فرایند کارستی- فیکاسیون، انحلال در سطح بیشتر از عمق شده، ضریب ناهمواری کاهش یافته و شکل عارضة کارستی به دایره نزدیک‌تر شده است. زمانی که شرایط کارستی- فیکاسیون ازلحاظ اقلیمی مساعدتر باشد، شکل حوضه‌های کارستی از حالت دایره‌ای خارج می‌شود و بیشتر حالت کشیده به خود می‌گیرد.

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دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 1 2021 03 21 Determination of Maize Agronomic Calendar Based on Climatic Potential in Southern Iran تدوین تقویم زراعی کشت ذرت دانه ای براساس توان اقلیمی آن در جنوب ایران 45 60 25422 10.22108/gep.2021.125664.1367 FA زینب ابراهیمی قلعه لانی دانشجوی دکتری آب و هواشناسی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران جواد خوشحال دانشیار آب و هواشناسی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران حجت اله یزدان پناه دانشیار آب و هواشناسی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2020 10 28 Introduction: Maize is the third most widely-used product in the world, which is classified as a tropical and subtropical cereal. Among maize varieties, the single cross hybrid 704 has high efficiency and yield. Environmental conditions, climatic factors, in particular, considerably affect the growth of maize and its phenological responses, among which temperature and light are two very important variables affecting growth rate and eventually influence the bio-production rate and product yield. The best method to optimally use the environment without spending major costs is an adaptation to climatic conditions. This adaptation is achieved by determining agricultural climates and recognizing these climates within agricultural climatic zones and is a valuable tool for controlling climatic potentials for crop production. The present study research aims to find the thermal requirements of single cross hybrid 704 in Darab, Zarghan, Rudan and Arzoieh climates to define the thermal requirements of various stages of growth for its planting potential in southern Iran. Methodology: To conduct the present study, the minimum, maximum, and average temperatures of 61 synoptic weather stations were obtained from the Iran Meteorological Organization, the statistical period of which varied from 1 to 30 years (1986-2016) and were examined in terms of validity. The statistics and information on the 10 main stages of single cross hybrid 704 phenology, which have been recorded in the Agricultural Meteorological Research and Monitoring Farm of Darab, Zarghan and Rudan, Arzooieh stations from 2001 to 2017, were given. These stages include planting, germination, greening, three-leaf, leafing, male catkin emergence, male clustering, silking, milk, and ripening. Date, the number of days, average temperature, and daily heat index were determined based on cumulative growing degree-day of single cross hybrid 704 in each phenological stage in Darab, Zarghan, and Rudan Arzooieh stations (statistical period 2001-2017). Then, the authors take into account the starting planting date in each region by reaching the average daily temperature of 15°C and the average temperature above 10°C after planting to meet the required growth temperature and avoid damage to the plant. To do this research, the average temperature (over 20 years) was calculated by MATLAB software for all days of the year based on the solar calendar. Then, 15-day averages were obtained for all months of the year. The relationship between temperature and altitude in linear regression was calculated by SPSS software. Hot inhibitor temperature (above 38°C) and cold inhibitor temperature (below 10°C) were determined and plotted. Cumulative growing degree-day of plant and the number of days in each phenological stage were calculated for all stations and the relevant maps were plotted. Finally, the map of desirable areas was combined with the land use map, height, and slope in terms of temperature supply. Discussion: According to the information obtained, the starting date of maize planting was plotted as a zoned map for all southern regions of the country in the GIS environment. The thermal requirements for planting during the year are met in a part of the southern shores and Shahdad Desert with an altitude of less than 500 m with very hot and humid weather as explained in the climate of the region. In other regions, this crop is provided depending on the climate, hot/cold, and low/high latitude, from the first half of February to the second half of May. This research has been done by developing a crop calendar for this product for the first and second planting in different regions. The first planting date in cold regions began with an altitude above 2000 m in the second half of May. In this region, due to the cold weather, maize can be selected only as the first crop. From the first half of June, maize planting begins in the regions with hot and temperate climates. After determining the planting time for maize in each region, the required days of maize from planting to ripening were calculated based on the total energy obtained in terms of growing degree-day in the southern region of Iran and mapped in 4 vital stages. The length of catkin emergence was 51-98 days, silking was 8-25 days, milk was 10-24 days, and ripening was 15-60 days. In some areas, the thermal requirement was not met for the milk stage and ripening, thus, the plant growth period would remain unfinished. The hot inhibitory temperatures in all coastal areas (except for Jask, Bandar Abbas, Khamir, Dayyer, and Bandar Lengeh) were possible from the second half of May to September. The cold inhibitor temperature in areas such as the high altitudes of Lalehzar in Kerman and the cities of Izadkhast, Eghlid, Safashahr, and Bavanat in the north of Fars province with a cold and temperate climate in mountainous and foothill areas, began from the second half of October. According to the maps, the study area was divided into 4 regions in terms of capacity to meet thermal requirements during the growing season including very favorable areas, favorable areas, partly favorable areas, and unfavorable areas. By integrating the layers of favorable areas for maize planting based on meeting the thermal requirements, height, slope, and land use in the study area, the final map was plotted. The results of the study showed that very favorable areas covered 12% of the study area and are very favorable in terms of temperature, topography, and land use. Concerning favorable areas, this region covered 8% of the total study area. In these areas, the topography and land use were partly suitable and the thermal requirements were met at all maize planting stages, but the length of the milk stage was longer. In partly favorable areas, sufficient growing degree-day is not met for full ripening. The partly favorable areas have covered 3% of the study area. In unfavorable areas, thermal conditions, land use, land slope, and altitude for this crop were not suitable. Conclusion: By comparing the results of this research and other studies conducted in this region and the reports of the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, it can be observed that this method has a similar outcome with other methods and models. About 23% of the study area is capable of maize planting. The farmer or promoter can select the most appropriate planting date for the crop by finding the place of maize planting on the maps and achieve the occurrence time of all phenological stages by finding the date. The reviews indicate that if the planting date is not adjusted in accordance to conditions of meeting the thermal requirements of the plant in its phenological phases in the study area, the plant is forced to change the length of each phase to acquire the required thermal units and this will disrupt the growth process and cause heat or cold stresses. Keywords: Favorable Planting Areas, Growing Degree-day, Plant Phenology, Thermal Requirement. References: - Angel, J. R., Widhalm, M., Todey, D., Massey, R., & Biehl, L. (2017). The U2U Maize Growing Degree Day tool: Tracking Maize Growth across the US Maize Belt. Journal of Climate Risk Management, 15, 73-81. - Birch, C. J., Hammer, G. L., & Rickert, K. G. (1998). Temperature and Photoperiod Sensitivity of Development in Five Cultivars of Maize (Zea mays L.) from Emergence to Tassel Initiation. Journal of Field Crops Research, 55(1-2), 93-107. - Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (2001). Growth Stages of Mono-and Dicotyledonous Plants BBCH Monograph. German Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA), p25. - Freeling, M., & Walbot, V. (1996). The Maize Handbook. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc: p. 197. - Malhotra, S. K. (2017). Diversification in Utilization of Maize and Production. Conference:Gyan Manthan- Perspective of Maize Production and Value Chain- A Compendium, 5, 49. - Mavi, H. S., & Tupper, G. J. (2004). Agro Meteorology Principles and Applications of Climate Studies in Agriculture. The Haworth Press. - McMaster, G. S., & Wilhelm, W. W. (1997). Growing Degree-Days: One Equation, Two Interpretations. Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87(4), 291-300. - Nigussie, S. D., Alemu, D., & Tibebe, D. (2011). Agro-Ecological Suitability for Hybrid Maize Varieties and its Implication for Seed. Proceedings of the Third National Maize Workshop of Ethiopia, p. 146. - Orhun, G. E. (2013). Maize for Life. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, 13-16. - Schwietzke, S., Kim, Y., Ximenes, E., Mosier, N., & Ladisch, M. S. (2009). Ethanol Production from Maize. Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, 63, 348. - Scott, M. P. (2009). Transgenic Maize. New York: Humana Press. - Staller, J. E., Tykot, R. H., & Benz, B. F. (2006). Histories of Maize. Elsevier Inc: Academic Press, p xxi. - Tiwari, Y. K., & Yadav, S. K. (2019). High Temperature Stress Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.): Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms. Journal of Plant Biology, 62(2), 93-102. - Yang, H. S., Dobermann, A., Lindquist, J. L., Walters, D. T., Arkebauer, T. J., & Cassman, K. G. (2004). Hybrid-Maize–Amaize Simulation Model that Combines Two Crop Modeling Approaches.Journal of Field Crops Research, 87(2-3), 131-154. ذرت سومین غلة پرمصرف مردم جهان است که در اقلیم‌های گرم کشت می‌شود. هدف پژوهش حاضر، تدوین تقویم زراعی ذرت رقم سینگل کراس 704 و تعیین مناطق مساعد این محصول در جنوب کشور براساس محاسبة نیازهای حرارتی آن برمبنای آمارهای فنولوژیک در چهار مزرعة تحقیقات کشاورزی داراب، زرقان، رودان و ارزوئیه طی سال‌های 1380 تا 1396 است. برای انجام این پژوهش، داده‌های دمایی 61 ایستگاه همدید در جنوب کشور (1375- 1395) از سازمان هواشناسی کشور گرفته شد؛ سپس رابطة بین میانگین 15روزة دما (متغیر تابع) با ارتفاع (متغیر مستقل) با استفاده از مدل رگرسیون خطی محاسبه و نقشه‌های تاریخ کشت اول و دوم این گیاه در جنوب کشور برای تمامی ماههای سال در محیط GIS ترسیم شد؛ در ادامه طول دوره‌های فنولوژیک و درجه روز رشد محاسبه و وقوع برخورد به دماهای بازدارندة رشد بررسی شد؛ درنهایت نقشة مناطق مساعد ازنظر تأمین درجه‌حرارت با نقشة کاربری اراضی، ارتفاع و شیب تلفیق شد. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده نشان می‌دهد در 73 درصد از منطقة مطالعه‌شده با توجه به تاریخ کشت تعیین‌شده، شرایط حرارتی برای کشت ذرت فراهم می‌شود؛ اما به دلیل محدودیت‌های توپوگرافی و اراضی نامناسب کشت، این پهنه به 23 درصد (59/91846 کیلومترمربع) از منطقه کاهش می‌یابد. مناطق بسیار مساعد، مساعد و نیمه‌مساعد به ترتیب 12، 8 و 3 درصد از منطقة مطالعه‌شده‌اند. کشاورزان می‌توانند با به‌کارگیری نقشه‌ها، بهترین تقویم‌های زراعی و مکان استقرار مزرعة خود را برای کشت محصول مدنظر انتخاب کنند

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دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 1 2021 03 21 Probabilistic Modeling in Investigating the Factors Affecting Knickpoints Case Study: Zagros Mountain Belt, Ghaleh Shahrokh Basin مدل‌سازی احتمالاتی در بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر ایجاد رودشکن‌ها نمونة پژوهش: کمربند کوهستانی زاگرس، حوضۀ قلعه شاهرخ 61 78 25430 10.22108/gep.2021.125425.1365 FA حامد ادب استادیار سنجش از دور، دانشکده جغرافیا و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران مهناز شیران ‌دکترای‌تخصصی ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده‌جغرافیا‌و‌علوم‌محیطی، ‌دانشگاه‌حکیم‌سبزواری، سبزوار،‌ایران. سیدمهدی پورباقر استادیار‌ژئومورفولوژی، گروه جغرافیا ،‌دانشگاه‌پیام‌نور،‌تهران،ایران. Journal Article 2020 10 24 Extended Abstract: Introduction: Rivers react to subsidence at their baseline by cutting and digging topographic features. The development of an upstream incision is often accompanied by a steep fracture called a river break (Loget & Van Den Driessche, 2009). The presence of river breaks in a geographical landscape is an indication of a steady-state in river systems. Therefore, the presence of knickpoints shows the system instability. The study of knickpoints can be used in the field of studies related to the evolution of valleys, identification of tectonic active areas and rock outcrops, river surface changes, erosion and sedimentation, and geomorphological changes in river systems. The basin studied in this study is located in the Qaleh Shahrokh-Chelgard area in the northeastern part of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. The reason for selecting this basin is the extensive activities of the Zagros fault along the northwest-southeast and the existence of a hydrographic network affected by the trend of faults and the potential for knickpoints. Methodology: In this study, the locations of knickpoints were detected from the Radiometrically Terrain-Corrected (RTC) model which is extracted from the active microwave sensor ALOS PALSAR with a spatial resolution of 12 meters (Logan et al., 2014) as input data to the MATLAB executive toolbox called Tec DEM. Tec DEM is an executable toolbox in MATLAB software and uses a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) as input for morphotectonics in the basin. Tec DEM tool can be used in a variety of fields in the analysis of surface anomalies, drainage network and surface dynamics of basins, production of base maps, incisions (local roughness), vertical dissection and drainage density of basins and sub-basins, determination of turning points or knickpoints, hypsometric analysis and slope and concavity index of canal profiles (Shahzad & Gloaguen, 2011). The determination of knickpoints according to the shape of the longitudinal profile of the river is done semi-automatically. In this study, these points in the study areas were investigated according to field observations. In this study, geological variables and geomorphic variables related to knickpoints were used to identify the knickpoints. Information layers including geology, distance from the fault, distance from the boundary of geological formations, surface roughness index, fractal dimension, base surfaces, local roughness, and the vertical dissection as predictor variables and the layers of knickpoints as the prediction variables were used for modeling. For geological and tectonic studies of the region, geological maps of 100,000 sheets of Chadegan and Fereydunshahr and 250,000 sheets of Shahrekord were used. A total of 8 raster layers were used to analyze and predict the possibility of the presence of a knickpoint in the study area. Since 8 layers have different units and are not suitable as direct input for logistic regression, the input parameters were normalized in the range of 0 to 1. Nominal layers, such as geological data, became sequential variables between 0 and 1. All of these layers were then re-sampled as a network format with a cell size of 195*195 m using the nearest neighbor method, to allow all layers to be combined. Then, a matrix of square cell structure was prepared for the study area. It consisted of a matrix of 273 rows and 273 columns representing a total of 39,650 cells. Of these, 74 cells were identified as knickpoint points. These areas were identified with code 1 (presence of knickpoint) and the rest of the cells that did not have knickpoints were recorded with code 0 (absence of knickpoint). Discussion: The probabilistic relationship of the presence of a knickpoint as one of the important results of the research was obtained by the logistic regression method. This relationship predicted the probability of the presence of knickpoints based on geological and geomorphic variables. The probability map of the knickpoints in the study area was obtained based on the statistical relationship. According to the results, there is a possibility of river knickpoints in the southwestern regions and parts of the northeastern Basin. The results of the probability ratio test to determine the statistical significance of each of the independent variables in the proposed model showed that the geology and the distance from the boundaries of the geological formations in the model were significant. The results of the Yuden index for the training dataset, validation, and test data were equal to 0.72, 0.76, and 0.66, respectively, which indicated the accurate information on the probability status of knickpoint points, especially for the test data of the model. The results of the Kappa agreement coefficient for training, validation, and test data were also equal to 0.62, 0.73, and 0.60, respectively, which indicated the agreement of both methods with the observed values of knickpoints. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that at the boundary of lithology, because of the presence of joints and cracks due to differences in the type of rocks, the probability of the presence of river break was more than other parts of the region. Although the presence of some relatively high slope knickpoints indicated active tectonics in that area, in the present study, the effect of the fault system or active tectonics in the formation of knickpoints was not statistically significant. Particularly, the reduction of local roughness index and baselines was associated with less tectonic activity, but in this study, the appearance of knickpoints has been associated with a decrease in these two factors. 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Origin and Interpretation of Knickpoints in the Big South Fork River Basin, Kentucky–Tennessee. Geomorphology, 114(3), 188-198. - Saadat, M., Khandelwal, M., & Monjezi, M. (2014). An ANN-Based Approach to Predict Blast-Induced Ground Vibration of Gol-E-Gohar Iron Ore Mine, Iran. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 6(1), 67-76. - Schumm, S. A., Dumont, J. F., & Holbrook, J. M. (2002). Active Tectonics and Alluvial Rivers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Shahzad, F., & Gloaguen, R. (2011a). TecDEM: A MATLAB Based Toolbox for Tectonic Geomorphology, Part 1: Drainage Network Preprocessing and Stream Profile Analysis. Computers & Geosciences, 37(2), 250-260. - Shahzad, F., & Gloaguen, R. (2011b). TecDEM: A MATLAB Based Toolbox for Tectonic Geomorphology, Part 2: Surface Dynamics and Basin Analysis. Computers and Geosciences, 37(2), 261-271. - Verdel, C., Wernicke, B. P., Ramezani, J., Hassanzadeh, J., Renne, P. R., & Spell, T. L. (2007). Geology and Thermochronology of Tertiary Cordilleran-Style Metamorphic Core Complexes in the Saghand Region of Central Iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 119(7-8), 961-977. - Viera, A. J., & Garrett, J. M. (2005). Understanding Interobserver Agreement: The Kappa Statistic. Family Medicine Research Series, 37(5), 360-363. - Wohl, E. E. (1992). Gradient Irregularity in the Herbert Gorge of Northeastern Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 17(1), 69-84. - Zhu, W., Zeng, N., & Wang, N. (2010). Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, Associated Confidence Interval and ROC Analysis with Practical SAS Implementations. NESUG Proceedings: Health Care and Life Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 19, 67. رودشکن‌ها از لندفرم‌های پرشیب رودخانه‌ای هستند که در تحول سیستم‌های رودخانه‌ای اهمیت دارند. این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر ایجاد رودشکن و تعیین مناطق مستعد ایجاد رودشکن در حوضۀ قلعه شاهرخ با استفاده از روش رگرسیون لجستیک باینری انجام شده است. بدین منظور عوامل مؤثر بر ایجاد رودشکن انتخاب شدند و سپس ارتباط آنها با پراکنش رودشکن‌ها بررسی شد؛ در ادامه متغیرهای تأثیرگذار و میزان تأثیر آنها بر رودشکن تعیین و مدل پیش‌بینی با رگرسیون لجستیک روی این متغیرها انجام شد. نتایج آزمون درست‌نمایی در مدل ارائه‌شده نشان می‌دهد زمین‌شناسی و فاصله از مرزهای سازندهای زمین‌شناسی در مدل معنادارند. تحلیل نتایج نشان می‌دهد با کاهش مقدار در شاخص‌های بریدگی و سطوح هم‌پایه، فاصله از مرزهای سازندهای زمین‌شناسی و با افزایش برش عمودی احتمال وجود رودشکن افزایش می‌یابد. دربارة سایر عوامل استفاده‌شده، رابطه‌ای دیده نشد. دقت 87درصدی داده‌های آزمون در نمودار راک بیان‌کنندة دقت زیاد مدل در تشخیص درست نقاط رودشکن در حوضة قلعه شاهرخ است. نتیجۀ شاخص یودن برای داده‌های آزمون 66/0 است که ارائة اطلاعات درست از وضعیت احتمال نقاط رودشکن به‌ویژه برای داده‌های آزمون مدل را نشان می‌دهد. نتیجة ضریب توافق کاپا برای داده‌های آزمون 60/0 است که تطابق و توافق هر دو روش را با مقادیر مشاهداتی نقاط رودشکن نشان می‌دهد. براساس نتایج این پژوهش، سازندهای زمین‌شناسی و توپوگرافی در رخداد رودشکن‌ها در منطقة مطالعه‌شده نقش مهمی دارند و رگرسیون لجستیک نیز، مدل مناسبی برای پیش‌بینی وقوع رودشکن است.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25430_090c390063f9525fd6399182d258fc0c.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 1 2021 03 21 Identification of Geomorphological Structures of Forest Areas Using Radar Images and Openness Analysis شناسایی ساختارهای ژئومورفولوژیک مناطق جنگلی با استفاده از تصاویر راداری و آنالیز بازشدگی 79 92 25579 10.22108/gep.2021.125389.1362 FA علی مهرابی استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران محسن پورخسروانی دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران Journal Article 2020 10 12 Introduction: The forest area of northern Iran is located in the Alborz structural zone. Because of active tectonics of the Alborz Zone, many morphotectonic structures have been developed in the forest area. Among these structures, we can mention the important faults that occurred in this region, such as the Caspian fault and the North Alborz fault, or numerous landslides. The study of geological and morphotectonic studies in forest areas is very difficult due to the presence of tree cover on the soil surface and the impediment to direct observation of the landform and the ground. Therefore, the use of conventional methods of geotechnical studies such as optical satellite image processing in these areas does not work. Compared to traditional methods, the use of radar data in ground-level studies is one of the relatively new approaches in the field of remote sensing science that takes advantage of more capabilities in this field. In addition to using radar data to determine the amount of displacement that occurred at the ground level due to various factors, this data can also be used to prepare a high-precision digital elevation model, a model that directly reflects bare surface properties and extracts very useful information, especially when the land is covered by forests and trees. Methodology: An openness technique expressing the degree of dominance or enclosure of a location on an irregular surface was developed by Yokoyama et al. (2002). This technique calculates an angular measure of the relationship between surface relief and horizontal distance. It uses the horizontal surface distance and elevation-related angle to compute the slope information of an irregular terrain surface at different positions, and the results can be used to identify the topographic features of the area. This method calculates the zenith and nadir angles at equally spaced locations in eight azimuth directions from the line of sight of the terrain. RRIM is a new 3D visualization approach proposed by Chiba et al. An RRIM is a multi-layered illumination-free image that can be used to simultaneously visualize topographic slopes, concavities, and convexities. The basic concept of an RRIM is to multiply three landform element layers: topographic slopes, positive openness, and negative openness. An RRIM is generated using an overlay of a red-colored slope map on the I-value map. The red color is used to describe the slope angle because it has been empirically demonstrated to provide the richest tone for human eyes. This overlay highlights the 3D topography on a single image, where the I-value performs an illumination role and the saturation of red describes the steepness of the topography. Results and Discussion: By performing radar interferometry technique on ALOS/PALSAR images, a digital elevation model of 12 meters from the study area was prepared. The shaded relief maps obtained from different elevation models have been compared. Based on the results, the RRIM model of an area along the North Alborz Fault shows evidence of displacement caused by this fault. The fault wall of the North Alborz fault has been identified. The fault line is marked with yellow arrows. It shows a range of 30 km that has been displaced. In order to identify the landslides occurring in the study area, a 12 m digital elevation model and the RRIM method were used. Landslide areas with yellow arrows are shown. These landslides occur mostly in areas close to the main waterways and in areas with a higher slope. The location of the 3 areas identified by this method is on the landslide map of the country and is approved. The red dots are the landslide ranges and the blue circles are the landslide positions identified in this study that are completely in agreement with the landslides. Conclusions: In forested areas, due to dense tree cover, the study of surface features and phenomena is limited. As a result, it is difficult to map topographically in these areas. But, radar images can be very helpful in such cases because they can capture data from under the cover of trees. The results of applying the interference method on the mentioned radar images led to the preparation of a digital elevation model of 12 meters above the ground in the study area. Since the common methods used in the display and analysis of geomorphology have shortcomings such as deformation of surface features, as a result of changes in the direction of lighting, in this study, the openness method and RRIM were used. These methods overcome the limitations of older methods and provide better capabilities. Field surveys conducted in the study area and adaptation of the identified landslides to the landslide location map of the country indicate the confirmation of the efficiency of the methods used in this study. Therefore, these methods can be used in similar areas. Keywords: Radar Images, Openness Analysis, RRIM, Geomorphological Structures, Forest Area. References: - Amarjargal, S., Kato, T., & Furuya, M. (2013). Surface Deformations from Moderate-Sized Earthquakes in Mongolia Observed by InSAR. Journal of Earth, Planets, and Space, 65(7), 713-723. - Bourgine, B., & Baghdadi, N. (2005). Assessment of C-Band SRTM DEM in a Dense Equatorial Forest Zone. Comptes Rendus Geosciences, 337(14), 1225-1234. - Chiba, T., & Hasi, B. (2016). Ground Surface Visualization Using Red Relief Image Map for a Variety of Map Scales. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2, 393-397. - Chiba, T., Kaneta, S. I., & Suzuki, Y. (2008). Red Relief Image Map: New Visualization Method for Three Dimensional Data. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37(2), 1071-1076. - Chiba, T., Suzuki, Y., & Hiramatsu, T. (2007). Digital Terrain Representation Methods and Red Relief Image Map, a New Visualization Approach. Journal of the Japan Cartographers Association, 45(1), 27-36. - Civico, R., Pucci, S., De Martini, P. M., & Pantosti, D. (2015). Morphotectonic Analysis of the Long-Term Surface Expression of the 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake Fault (Central Italy) Using ALOS/ PALSAR Data. Tectonophysics, 644, 108-121. - Doneus, M. (2013). Openness as Visualization Technique for Interpretative Mapping of Airborne Lidar Derived Digital Terrain Models. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 5(12), 6427-6442. - Eldhuset, K. (2017). Combination of Stereo SAR and InSAR for DEM Generation Using TanDEM-X Spotlight Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(15), 4362-4378. - Ferretti, A., Colombo, D., Fumagalli, A., Novali, F., & Rucci, A. (2015). InSAR Data for Monitoring Land Subsidence: Time to Think Big. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 372, 331-334. - Gabriel, A. K., Goldstein, R. M., & Zebker, H. A. (1989). Mapping Small Elevation Changes Over Large Areas: Differential Radar Interferometry. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 94(7), 9183-9191. - Ghazifard, A., Akbari, E., Shirani, K., & Safaei, H. (2017). Evaluating Land Subsidence by Field Survey and D-InSAR Technique in Damaneh City, Iran. Journal of Arid Land, 9(5), 778-789. - Hu, J., Ding, X. L., Zhang, L., Sun, Q., Li, Z. W., Zhu, J. J., & Lu, Z. (2016). Estimation of 3-D Surface Displacement Based on InSAR and Deformation Modeling. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 55(4), 2007-2016. - Lin, C. W., Tseng, C. M., Tseng, Y. H., Fei, L. Y., Hsieh, Y. C., & Tarolli, P. (2013). Recognition of Large Scale Deep-Seated Landslides in Forest Areas of Taiwan Using High Resolution Topography. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 62, 389-400. - Ozouville, N., Deffontaines, B., Benveniste, J., Wegmuller, U., Violette, S., & De Marsily, G. (2008). DEM Generation Using ASAR (ENVISAT) for Addressing the Lack of Freshwater Ecosystems Management, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. Journal of Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(11), 4131-4147. - Pinheiro, M., Reigber, A., Scheiber, R., & Jaeger, M. (2014). DEM Generation Using Large-Baseline Airborne InSAR, EUSAR 2014. 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, 3-5 June 2014. - Pourghasemi, H. R., Moradi, H. R., & Fatemi Aghda, S. M. (2015). Prioritizing Effective Factors in Landslide Occurrence and its Susceptibility Mapping Using Shannon’s Entropy Index. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology, 18(70), 181-192. - Yokoyama, R., Shirasawa, M., & Pike, R. J. (2002). Visualizing Topography by Openness: A New Application of Image Processing to Digital Elevation Models. Journal of Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 68, 257-265. - Yu, J. H., & Ge, L. (2010, April). Digital Elevation Model Generation Using Ascending and Descending Multi-baseline ALOS/PALSAR Radar Images. In FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges–Building the Capacity Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010. 15pp. شناسایی ساختارهای ژئومورفولوژیک و تغییرات سطح زمین در مناطق جنگلی به دلیل پوشش گیاهی و محدودیت دید سطح زمین به‌سادگی و با استفاده از روش‌های معمول پردازش تصاویر ماهواره‌ای و عملیات صحرایی امکان‌پذیر نیست. داده‌های راداری به دلیل ارائة اطلاعات دقیق و جزئی از سطح بدون پوشش زمین برای بررسی ویژگی‌های توپوگرافی و زمین‌شناختی بسیار مفیدند. هدف پژوهش حاضر، استفاده از تصاویر راداری ALOS/PALSAR برای تهیة مدل ارتفاع رقومی و کاربرد این مدل در بررسی مورفوتکتونیکی مناطق جنگلی شمال کشور است. نخست با اعمال روش تداخل‌سنجی راداری روی یک جفت تصویر ALOS/PALSAR، مدل ارتفاع رقومی 12متری از منطقة مطالعه‌شده تهیه شد؛ سپس از تکنیک‌های جدید نمایش سطح زمین شامل روش تحلیل بازشدگی و تهیة نقشة تصاویر قرمز برجسته و اعمال این تکنیک‌ها روی مدل ارتفاع رقومی یادشده برای تحلیل‌های مورفوتکتونیکی منطقه استفاده شد. زوایای زنیتی و نادیر به‌دست‌آمده از اعمال روش بازشدگی روی مدل ارتفاع رقومی بین 12 درجه تا 84 درجه تغییر می‌کند؛ علاوه بر این ارزش I برای محدودة مطالعه‌شده بین 27 درجه تا 56 درجه به دست آمد. مناسب‌ترین جهت آزیموت و زاویة میل برای نورپردازی به ترتیب 315 و 45 درجه تعیین شد؛ بنابراین با بررسی انجام‌شده روی نقشة تصاویر قرمز برجسته در محدودة مطالعه‌شده، 3 محدودة لغزشی شناسایی شد؛ همچنین شواهدی بر جابه‌جایی‌های رخ‌داده در سطح زمین ناشی از عملکرد گسل البرز شمالی تشخیص داده شد. مطالعات میدانی انجام‌شده در منطقه، نتایج حاصل از روش به کار گرفته در این پژوهش را تأیید می‌کند. با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده در محدودة جنگلی مطالعه‌شده، قابلیت کاربرد روش‌های جدید نمایش سطح زمین در تحلیل‌های مورفوتکتونیکی مناطق جنگلی به‌خوبی مشخص می‌شود.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25579_b1bbae344ffac2dff798d9c1e4fcaeca.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 1 2021 03 21 Redefinition of Dimensions and Qualities of the Garden Alley as a Pattern in Iranian Villages and Cities بازشناسی ابعاد و کیفیت‌های کوچه‌باغ به‌عنوان الگویی بومی در روستاها و شهرهای ایران 93 118 25580 10.22108/gep.2021.125035.1355 FA اصغر مولایی استادیار گروه شهرسازی دانشکده شهرسازی و معماری دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز Journal Article 2020 09 22 Introduction: The gardenalley is popular, poetic, and full of natural and literary feelings that has a prominent place in poetry and literature. Alleyways in traditional architecture and urban gardens are also considered authentic patterns, beautiful, artistic, poetic, and relaxing spaces. The pattern in the present era has been replaced by non-western and western-style urban architecture and decay. In traditional Iranian cities, most residential contexts had gardens that transformed residential textures into neighborhood gardens or a combination of buildings and green areas. Methodology: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the gardenalley as a model of urban design in Iranian cities. In this regard, the most important question of this article is: What is the position of gardenalleys in the design of local and urban contexts in Iran? The research method used in this research is historical-analytical with a logical reasoning approach based on documentary study methods. Library and case studies have also been carried out. Discussion: Evaluation criteria can be considered in the mentioned design with slight changes. These changes are limited to adding a literary component and separating function into two components: land use and activity, and access and movement. Therefore, the dimensions of the present research are historical, literary, spatial-physical, semantic, environmental, objective, mental, access, movement, use, activity, cultural, social, and spiritual-psychological perspectives. The resulting conceptual framework can be used to evaluate case studies from the perspective of users and clients. According to the results of the analysis of questionnaires and research surveys, the Sardrood Garden Alley had a high average score in terms of environmental quality. The average score of the respondents on the human and environmental qualities of the garden alleys was between 90% and 100%. This evaluation indicated the high human and environmental qualities in the garden alley pattern and showed the satisfaction of users in various human and environmental dimensions. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that garden alleys in the traditional Iranian architecture and urban design have been integral parts of the urban texture which are still considered as a part of many rural and urban contexts. The artificial texture of the villages and towns has been gradually established through garden alleys to the texture of the gardens and fields. With a humane, literary, and nature-based approach to the spaces of villages, towns, and cities, we can help to institutionalize the pattern of garden alleys through planning and designing strategies. These include: preserving the natural heritage of the gardens and the alleyways of the garden, observing privacy and ownership, streamlining the gardens with a catering garden pattern, urban design of the alleyways, creativity in the design of the garden alley, and anticipating the garden alley in urban recreation. Keywords: Garden Alley, Poetic Urban Space, Poetry and Literature, Pattern, Iranian Village and City. References: - Alavi, S. A., Ghasemi, A., & Ahmadabadi, A. (2013). Spatial Evaluation and Analysis of Urban Parks per Case Study of Tehran Region 6. Journal of Spatial Planning and Planning, 17(1), 127-150. - Ardalan, N., & Bakhtiar, L. (2011). Sense of Unity. Translated by Vandad Jalili. First Edition. Tehran: The Scientific Research Institute of Architecture. - Behzadfar, M. 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Tehran: Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. - Law on Environmental Protection and Improvement (1974). Environmental Protection and Improvement Law. Tehran: Environmental Protection Organization. - Masoudi, A. (2009). Recognition of the Persian Garden with Gha Shazdeh. First Edition. Tehran: Space Scientific and Cultural Institute. - Moshiri, F. (2013). Poetry Divan. (n.p). - Rahi Moayeri, M. H. (2012). Collection of Poems by Rahi Moayeri. Fifth Edition. Tehran: Negah Publication. - Rashed Mohassel, M. T. (2006). Sperm Birth Defects. Second Edition. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies. - Saeb Tabrizi, M. A. (2017). Saeb Tabriz Poetry Divan. Eighth Edition. Tehran: Negah Publication. - Salemi, M., Jozi, S. A., Malmasi, S., & Rezaian, S. (2019). Location-Based Planning as a New Approach to Nature Tourism (Case Study: Karkheh Protected Area in the North). Journal of Spatial Planning and Planning, 23(2), 31-50. - Shafiee Kadkani, M. R. (1987). Images of Imagination in Persian Poetry. Third Edition. Agah Publication. - Shafiee Kadkani, M. R. (2010). In the Alley of Gardens of Neshabour. Fifteenth Edition. Tehran: Sokhan Publication. - Shafiee Kadkani, M. R. (2010). In the Alley of the Gardens of Nashabour. Fifteenth Edition. Tehran: Nashr-e Sokhan Publication. - Shahcheraghi, A. (2011). Campus Paradigms Introduction to Recognition and Reconstruction of the Persian Garden. Second Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Jihad Publication. - Shahriar, M. H. B. (2007). Divan Shahriyar. Tehran: Negah Publication. - Vahidi, H. (1980). Gathas of Zoroastrian Minoan Poems. First Edition. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publication. کوچه‌باغ، مکانی خاطره‌انگیز، شاعرانه و فضایی روح‌نواز و یادآور باغ‌ها و کوچه‌های زیباست؛ همچنین در حوزة شعر و ادب، مفهومی آشنا و در معماری و شهرسازی سنتی، الگویی اصیل، فضایی زیبا، هنری و آرامش‌بخش محسوب می‌شود؛ الگویی که در دورة حاضر سبک‌های معماری و شهرسازی غیربومی و غربی جایگزین آن شده و در حال زوال است. مسئلة پژوهش حاضر، بی‌توجهی به باغ‌ها و فراموشی الگوی کوچه‌باغ‌ها در فرایند تحول بافت‌های مسکونی شهرها و روستاهای ایران در گذر زمان است. توجه به این امر در دورة کنونی از تخریب و نابودی باغ‌ها و کوچه‌باغ‌های موجود پیشگیری می‌کند؛ چنانچه بعضی از محله‌ها، شهرها و روستاهای ایران در حال حاضر از باغ‌ها و کوچه‌باغ‌های ارزشمندی برخوردارند که بازشناسی، حفاظت و توجه به آنها برای تعمیق این الگوی ایرانی مؤثر است. هدف و روش پژوهش بنابراین هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تبیین جایگاه کوچه‌باغ در شعر و ادب و معماری و شهرسازی ایرانی و ارتباط بین آنهاست. در این زمینه، مهم‌ترین پرسش مقاله این است که جایگاه کوچه‌باغ‌ها در طراحی بافت‌های محلی و شهری ایران چیست. روش پژوهش، تاریخی‌تحلیلی با رویکرد کیفی و کمی است که با شیوه‌های مطالعة اسنادی، کتابخانه‌ای و بررسی نمونه‌های موردی و توزیع پرسش‌نامه و تحلیل‌های آماری انجام شد. یافته‌های پژوهش نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد کوچه‌باغ‌ها در سنت معماری و شهرسازی سنتی ایران، بخشی جدایی‌ناپذیر از بافت‌های شهری بوده‌اند و هنوز هم بخشی از ارکان بافت‌های روستایی و شهری محسوب می‌شوند؛ چنانکه بافت مصنوع روستاها و شهرها با کوچه‌باغ‌ها به‌طور تدریجی به بافت باغ‌ها و مزارع متصل شده است. بررسی نمونة موردی کوچه‌باغ‌های سردرود با پرسش در قالب طیف لیکرت از مراجعان و کاربران نشان‌دهندة آن است که کیفیاتی چون هویت و اصالت، سرزندگی، آرامش، زیبایی، دسترسی مطلوب و تعلق خاطر بیشترین امتیاز را دارند. نتیجه‌گیری کوچه‌باغ از دوره‌های گذشته جایگاهی مهم در ادبیات و هنر معماری و شهرسازی ایران داشته و مکانی برای بروز احساسات انسانی و عاطفی بوده است. استفاده از کوچه‌باغ در شعر و ادبیات ایرانی، برای بیان فضایی آرمانی و عرفانی بوده و همچنین برای توصیف فضای عاشقانة شاعران و سرایندگان استفاده شده است. نگرش انسانی و ادبی و طبیعت‌محور به فضاهای شهری در روستاها و شهرها به احیای الگوی گمشدة کوچه‌باغ و آفرینش فضاهای شهری آرامش‌بخش کمک می‌کند. در این زمینه راهبردهای حفاظت از میراث طبیعی باغ‌ها و کوچه‌باغ‌ها، رعایت حریم و مالکیت، کارآمدسازی باغ‌ها با الگوی باغ پذیرایی، طراحی شهری کوچه‌باغ‌ها، خلاقیت در طراحی کوچه‌باغ و پیش‌بینی کوچه‌باغ در بازآفرینی شهری پیشنهاد می‌شود.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25580_b2bbc51e313488eff928ce484b442121.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 1 2021 03 21 Economic Evaluation of Agricultural Sector in Fars Province as a Result of Climate Change ارزیابی آثار اقتصادی تغییر اقلیم بر بخش کشاورزی استان فارس 119 136 25606 10.22108/gep.2021.122484.1290 FA مصظفی کریمی استادیار اقلیم شناسی گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران لیلا شریفی دانشجوی دکتری اقلیم شناسی کشاورزی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران مرتضی ترکمن دانش آموخته ی کارشناسی ارشد علوم اقتصادی، دانشکده اقتصاد، دانشگاه تهران Journal Article 2020 04 11 Extended Abstract: Introduction: Nowadays, due to the widespread effects of climate on various sectors of production, environmental factors, and human societies, climate change is recognized as one of the most important environmental challenges of the 21st century with serious economic consequences. According to the available evidence, climate change will occur in different parts of Iran and will inevitably affect the agricultural sector. Fars province is one of the most important agricultural areas in Iran. The occurrence of drought is one of the characteristics of climatic conditions in Fars province, which along with the lack of water resources has created restrictions for the production of agricultural products. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the economic consequences of agricultural activity due to climate change in this province. This study was conducted under a balanced greenhouse gas emission (B1) scenario according to the IPCC 2013 report and used an endogenous mathematical programming model up to 2100. Methodology: To simulate the effects of a policy or environmental change, it is necessary to compare the the current situation (reference condition) and the post-change situation. For this analysis to be valid, the policy analysis model should simulate the observed values as much as possible in the base year. For this purpose, the positive mathematical programming model (PMP) was used. In this model, the relationship between the economic variables in the agricultural sector with climatic parameters and strategies can be modeled. Therefore, a 28-year historical period from 1987 to 2015 was considered with the year 2009 as the base year of production and import due to the appropriate time interval between the beginning and end of the period and the special conditions of production and import. For this purpose, the environmental agro-zoning prepared by FAO was used. Based on the zoning of the ecological agro-zone, FAO has divided Iran's agricultural regions into 10 different regions. Given that Iran is a developing country with vast energy resources, it can be considered a growth model by pressing on natural resources. According to the climatic conditions proposed by the IPCC, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions is forecast for economic growth in the country. The greenhouse gas emission (SRES-B1) scenario used in this study was based on two global circulation models -- HadCM3 and IPCM4, with the highest population growth occurring in the middle of the century and rapid growth in the sector. According to this scenario, the CO2 concentration will not change much and the temperature will rise between 1.1 and 2.9 ° C. Discussion: According to the results of the study, the area under total crops will decrease by 0.017 percent compared to the base year (2009) to 1.388 million hectares in 2100. According to the results, the area under total crops will decrease by 0.017 percent compared to the base year (2009) to 1.388 million hectares in 2100. Also, the area under cultivation of wheat (1.8%), barley (0.4%), summer crops (1.4%), and legumes (1.2%) will increase. In contrast, the area under cultivation of potato crops (4.9%), onions (5.8%), sugar beet (5.8%), and cotton (3.3%) will decrease. Also wheat, rice, legumes, vegetables, potatoes, onions, tomatoes, sugar, cotton, red meat, milk, chicken, and eggs will have price increase by 28.43%, 25.34%, 12.8%, 24.67%, 27.8%, 25.45%, 22.28%, 23.27%, 19.8%, 39.45%, 18.25%, 23.54%, and 27.45%, respectively. These results show that the increase in the price of group 1 products is much lower than the second group, which according to the results of the study may be due to the further increase in the area under cultivation of group 1 products and changes in consumption of these products. Changes in the area under cultivation and consumption woul affect the export and import of such products with the import of wheat, barley, rice, corn, meat, legumes, and oilseeds declining while exports are slightly increasing. In contrast, sugar and cotton products would show an increase in imports compared to the base year of 2009. Also, according to the findings of this study, under a balanced greenhouse gas emission scenario, by comparing the area under cultivation, consumption will increase. In addition, with the export of some crops (about 5%), consumer welfare increases by 0.2% (39874 billion rials) and the welfare of producers as a result of higher prices of products and increase in their consumption increase by 0.9% (about 25127.3 rials). Conclusion: The results of this study show that the total area under cultivation of crops in Fars province will reach about 1.388 million hectares per year, which compared to the area under cultivation observed in the base year of 2009 shows a decrease of about 0.017 million hectares. It is necessary to mention that according to the statistics of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, the area under cultivation of the province's crops in 2019 was 1.3 million hectares, which has decreased by about 0.1 million hectares compared to the base year of 2009. But, according to the results of this study, by 2100, the area under cultivation will reach 1.388 million hectares, which compared to 2019, will increase by 0.088 million hectares. Given the equilibrium scenario used in this study, it is assumed that the amount of greenhouse gas emissions will have a steady trend over the next 8 decades. Therefore, this increase is not unexpected according to this assumption. Keywords: Climate Change, Emissions Scenario, PMP, Fars Province. References: - De Frahan, B. H., Lauwers, L., Van Huylenbroeck, G., & Van Meensel, J. (2020). Positive Mathematical Programming for Agricultural and Environmental Policy Analysis: Review and Practice. Handbook of Operations Research in Natural Resources, 5(20), 129-154. - Fischer, G., Shah, M. M., & Van Velthuizen, H. T. (2002). Climate Change and Agriculture Vulnerability: Special Report of the International Institute for Applied System Analysis. Johannesburg, 5(34), 360-371. - Gbetibouo, G. A., & Hassan, R. M. (2015). Measuring the Economic Impact of Climate Change on Major South America Crops. Journal of Global and Planetary Change, 3(47), 143-152. - Howitt, R. E. (1995). A Calibration Method for Agricultural Economic Production Models. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 46(2), 147-159. - Kassam, A., & Yuexe, P. (2008). Global Climate Change. Rome, 1(33), 21-29. - Kemfert, C. (2009). Climate Protection Requirements- The Economic Impact of Climate Change. Handbook Utility Management, 9(37), 48-54. - Korentajer, L., & Berliner, P. R. (2009). Use of Climatic Data for Estimating Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements of Dryland Wheat. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(113), 131-137. - Marchau, V. A., Walker, W. E., Bloemen, P. J., & Popper, S. W. (2019). Decision Making under Deep Uncertainty: from Theory to Practice. Springer International Publishing. - Mitchell, J. F., John, T. C., Gregory, J. M., & Tett, S. F. B. (2005). Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases as Sulphate Aerosols. Nature, 376, 501-504. - Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., & Midgley, P. M. (2018). Summary for Policymakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Parrado, R., Pérez-Blanco, C. D., Gutiérrez-Martín, C., & Standardi, G. (2019). Micro-Macro Feedback Links of Agricultural Water Management: Insights from a Coupled Iterative Positive Multi-Attribute Utility Programming and Computable General Equilibrium Model in a Mediterranean Basin. Journal of Hydrology, 569, 291-309. - Reddy, K. R., Hodges, H. F., & McKinion, J. (2000). Impact of Climate Change on Cotton Production: A South-Central Assessment. Boulder, Colorado: National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). - Redsma, P. (2014). Economic Impacts of Climatic Variability and Subsidies on European Agriculture and Observed Adaptation Strategies. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 14(1), 35-59 - Rey, D., Pérez-Blanco, C. D., Escriva-Bou, A., Girard, C., & Veldkamp, T. I. (2019). Role of Economic Instruments in Water Allocation Reform: Lessons from Europe. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2(18), 1-34. - Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G. K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., Midgley, P. M. (Eds.) (2013). Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Yue, S. (2010). Joint Probability Distribution of Annual Maximum Storm Peaks and Amounts as Represented as Daily Rainfalls. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 45(2), 315-326. به دلیل نقش کشاورزی راهبردی استان فارس در ایران، در این پژوهش وضعیت اقتصادی فعالیت‌های زراعی و دامی این استان با استفاده از الگوی برنامه‌ریزی ریاضی مثبت تا سال 2100 شبیه‌سازی شده است. برای این منظور از سناریوی انتشار متعادل گازهای گلخانه‌ای IPCC-2013 با توجه به شرایط اجتماعی-‌اقتصادی منطقه استفاده شد. این مطالعه طی یک دورۀ 28ساله (1394-1366) و با انتخاب سال 1388 به‌مثابة سال پایه انجام شده است. انتخاب سال 1388 به دلیل فاصلة زمانی مناسب این سال نسبت به شروع و پایان دوره و همچنین شرایط خاص تولید و واردات در این سال بوده است. براساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده سطح زیر کشت محصولات زراعی کل با کاهش 017/0درصدی نسبت به سال پایه (1388) به 388/1 میلیون هکتار در سال 2100 خواهد رسید. با توجه به نتایج، سطح زیر کشت گندم 8/1، جو 4/0، صیفی‌جات 4/1 و حبوبات 2/1 درصد افزایش و درمقابل سطح زیر کشت محصولات سیب‌زمینی 9/4، پیاز 8/5، چغندرقند 8/5 و پنبه 3/3 درصد کاهش داشته است؛ همچنین گندم، برنج، حبوبات، صیفی‌جات و سبزیجات به ترتیب به میزان 43/28، 34/25، 8/12، 67/24 و 6/10 درصد و سیب‌زمینی، پیاز، گوجه‌فرنگی، قند و شکر، پنبه، گوشت قرمز، شیر، گوشت مرغ و تخم‌مرغ به میزان 8/27، 45/25، 22/28، 27/23، 8/19، 45/39، 23/18، 54/36 و 45/27 درصد افزایش قیمت خواهند داشت. در یک جمع‌بندی کلی می‌توان بیان کرد افزایش سطح زیر کشت در آینده بیشتر متوجه محصولات گندم، جو و حبوبات است؛ بنابراین سیاست‌گذاری‌های بخش کشاورزی باید بر این محصولات متمرکز باشد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25606_18bf23c268227f675586cd61663b1043.pdf