دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 3 2021 09 23 Assessing Planned Urban Housing in the City of Tabriz from the Perspective of Residents ارزشیابی مسکن شهری برنامه‌ریزی‌شده در شهر تبریز از نگاه ساکنان 1 30 25610 10.22108/gep.2021.126233.1376 FA عاطفه صداقتی استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه بجنورد، بجنورد، ایران محمد تقی پیربابایی استاد گروه شهرسازی دانشکده شهرسازی و معماری دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز فرشاد نوریان دانشیار دانشگاه تهران، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، تهران، ایران حامد بیتی استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2020 11 30 Extended Abstract 1-Introduction: Urban housing planners, following the presentation of a suitable and desirable model of urban housing, have not considered a model outside the category of consumer values and housing suppliers. They have always sought to identify values reflected in the consumer and producer preferences in the purchase and sale of a residential unit in an interactive way to take a more objective view of values by taking measures to use it in urban housing planning and design. The concept of ‘value’ in urban housing planning is a construct that, together with the essence of the society, can pave the way for the interaction of the benefits of the urban housing development model with the interests of their beneficiaries. As urbanization and urban planning issues have become more acute and studies have been conducted on urban housing development policies, aspects of their inefficiency such as creating price gaps between different types of housing in the city, non-compliance with ecological and climatic requirements, non-compliance with religious considerations, and religion (such as the discussion of aristocracy and respect for compatibility, proximity, neighborhoods, etc.), spatial separation of cities, social justice, etc. have become apparent. In Tabriz metropolis, with the increasing growth in the last decade, we are witnessing the development of various urban housing development programs and the growth of different types of residential neighborhoods, which in a similar way, has caused a high-value gap between different areas and neighborhoods of the city. The average house price in the metropolis of Tabriz is estimated to be very high and almost on par with the capital. In other words, the concept of value in housing planning in Tabriz has various features and a hidden market that can not reflect the pattern of an Islamic city. This has led to various different housing prices in the process of supply and demand. 2- Methodology: The present study aimed to assess the concept of value in housing planning in the city of Tabriz based on Islamic culture and perspective as well as Islamic realism using Allameh Tabatabai's value theory and the research strategy of post-mining. Since many of the features explaining the value of urban housing are not directly traded in the market, the basics of the Hedonic model have been used to quantify values. The explanatory model in the City of Tabriz (using three samples: Rushdie, Ashkan, and Chamran housing complexes) was tested and analyzed by correlation and regression (linear and quasi-logarithmic) models. Given that the data of the study are both quantitative and qualitative, the analysis model is covariance analysis or ANCOVA. In order to perform correlation analysis, the Spearman coefficient was used for ranking data and the Pearson coefficient was used for distance data. To identify the variables regarding value urban housing, multivariate linear regression was used. Rushdie town was a well-planned example that covered both villas and apartments. Chamran complex was also a manifestation of the planned apartment complex. Ashkan neighborhood was considered as a guided neighbor (according to the detailed and comprehensive plan of cities). 3– Discussion: The findings of the research showed that structural-physical and environmental categories related to the ‘access to land uses’ were most significant in explaining the variable ‘value of urban housing’ in Tabriz. Furthermore, in well-planned ones, such as in the Rushdie complex, many of the criteria were not met. It should be noted that although the same variables were included in the model in all three samples, due to different responses and inhomogeneous housing conditions in the samples, different results were obtained in the samples, but the structure of the variables was the same. In fact, the observations can be explained by a common structure. It should be noted that each sample, in terms of significant variables, by itself can not conceptually expand the structure of consumer and producer housing preferences. Allameh similarly believes that values have a fixed structure (innate tendency towards good and true Goodness and escape from wickedness) but they can accept different examples and the goodness of such examples is not absolute and definite. In line with the results, it should be added that the physical and structural features of a building and its environmental and local location are included in the calculations as ‘variable’. The results depend on the type of the selected house (apartment/villa), the type of selected area, etc., which could also be affected by the time period and spatial scale. However, these variables are pre-designed and their repetition and frequency do not necessarily indicate their superior preference. For example, some previous policies of urban housing planners and city managers have created values in cities that are not necessarily considered good. The value in the identified model does not necessarily have a positive semantic burden that should be considered as a credit structure in the housing planning process from now on. But these values, in fact, in a way summarize the cause-and-effect relationship in the city system. It is the urbanization and identification of existing disciplines that, as mentioned, are not necessarily considered valuable. The repetition of values and obtaining the coefficient in the developed Hedonic model show that these variables play a role in the existing structure of Tabriz housing planning and have formed some patterns. 4– Conclusion: Value is a cultural category and the housing planning derived from values is in fact linking urban housing development programs and policies with the culture that governs our society. From this perspective, in the process of housing planning, it is necessary to do more research reflection on the issue of its value and meaning in the society and from the perspective of expectations and preferences of individuals and beneficiarieswhich could lead to more achievable policies. Considering that the housing development model is context- and value-driven in a given society and that value is a cultural phenomenon, it is necessary to identify community values first and the plan for urban housing using the values as a guide. Islamic cities can become representatives of Islamic culture. According to the findings, in the city of Tabriz, it can be concluded that despite many similarities in the content of values, in terms of the value system, differences according to economic, environmental, social conditions, heterogeneous tendencies, and expectations of residents exist. Therefore, a single version cannot be developed to explain the concept of value in cities. People are more likely to choose areas that are closer to their expectations. However, it depends on their purchasing power; therefore, customer's preferences for housing characteristics (values) could be reflected in the spatial pattern of price and value of urban housing. The most important suggestion of studies based on the totality of what was discussed is that in the process of urban housing planning, before planning and formulating any urban development plan, a proper understanding of the values governing the society should be reflected on and the values should be more tangible. In this way, urban housing planning is looked at something more than mere housing development; instead, housing and its surroundings, along with the expectations and values of residents, are seen as an interactive set. Keywords: the Concept of Value, Planning for Urban Housing, Tabriz City, Islamic Perspective. References: - Adamowicz V., Chapman D., Mancini E. R., Munns W. R. Jr., Stirling A., & Tomasi T. (2008). Valuation of Ecological Resources. Boca Raton (FL): Taylor & Francis. - Babin, B. J., Darden, W. R., & Griffin, M. (1994). Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(4), 644-656. - Bae, C. H. C., Jun, M. J., & Park, H. (2003). The Impact of Seoul’s Subway Line 5 on Residential Property Values. Journal of Transport Policy, 10(2), 85-94. - Cohen, J. P., Danko, J. J., & Yang, K. (2019). Proximity to a Water Supply Reservoir and Dams: Is There Spatial Heterogeneity in the Effects on Housing Prices?. Journal of Housing Economics, 43, 14-22. - Cole, R. (2004). Buildings, Culture, and Environment. UK: Tylor & Francis Group. - Coley, M. C. (2005). House and Landscape Value: An Application of Hedonic Pricing Technique Investigating Effects of Lawn Area on House Selling Price. Athens: The University of Georgia. - Geoghegan, J. (2002). The Value of Open Spaces in Residential Land Use. Journal of Land Use Policy, 19(1), 91-98. - Glumac, B., Herrera-Gomez, M., & Licheron, J. (2019). A Hedonic Urban Land Price Index. Journal of Land Use Policy, 81, 802-812. - Jim, C. Y., & Chen, W. Y. (2006). Impacts of Urban Environmental Elements on Residential Housing Prices in Guangzhou (China). Journal of Landscape & Urban Planning, 78(4), 422-434. - Jim, C. Y., & Chen, W. Y. (2007). Consumption Preferences and Environmental Extenalities: A Hedonic Analysis of the Housing Market in Guangzhou. Geoforum, 38(2), 414- 431. - Kain J. F., & Quigley, J. M. (1975). The Value of Housing Attributes, In Housing Markets and Racial Discrimination: A Microeconomic Analysis. Natianal Bureau of Economic Research, 190- 230. - Kazakeviciute, A., & Banyte, J. (2012). The Relationship of Consumers Perceived Hedonic Value and Behavior. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 23(5), 532-540. - Kim, C. W., Phipps. T. T., & Anselin, L. (2003). Measuring the Benefits of Air Quality Improvement: A Spatial Hedonic Approach. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 45(1), 24- 39. - King, A. T. (1976). The Demand for Housing: A Lancasterian Approach. Southern Economic Journal, 30, 1077-1087. - Morancho, A. B. (2003). A Hedonic Valuation of Urban Green Areas. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 66(1), 35-41. - Noor, N. M., Asmawi, M. Z., & Abdullah, A. (2015). Sustainable Urban Regeneration: GIS and Hedonic Pricing Method in Determining the Value of Green Space in Housing Area. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, 669-679. - Palmquist, R. B., & Smith, V. K. (2001). The Use of Hedonic Property Value Techniques for Policy and Litigation. The International Yearbook of Environmental and Resource Economics, 2003, 115-164. - Rosen, S. (1974). Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets: Product Differentiation in Pure Competition. Journal of Political Economy, 82(1), 34- 55. - Sasaki, M., & Yamamoto, K. (2018). Hedonic Price Function for Residential Area Focusing on the Reasons for Residential Preferences in Japanese Metropolitan Areas. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, MDPI, Open Access Journal, 11(3), 1-18. - Schläpfer, F., Waltert, F., Segura, L., & Kienast, F. (2015). Valuation of Landscape Amenities: A Hedonic Pricing Analysis of Housing Rents in Urban, Suburban and Periurban Switzerland. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 141, 24-40. - Sheppard, S. (2010). Measuring the Impact of Culture Using Hedonic Analysis. Center for Creative Community Development, 28. - Sidawi, B. (1988). Understanding the Vocabulary of Islamic Architectural Heritage. GBER, 8, 26-39. - Straszheim, M. R. (1973). An Econometric Analysis of the Urban Housing Market. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research. - Van Der Kruk, R. (2005). Hedonic Valuation of Dutch Wetlands. Tinbergen Institue Research Series, Valkenburg a.d Geul. - Van Der Kruk, R. (2007). The Hedonic Price Method, In Sustainable Urban Development. New York: Taylor & Francis Group. مفهوم «ارزش» در برنامه‌ریزی مسکن شهری ازجمله مفاهیم اعتباری و برساختی است که در صورت هماهنگی با روح حاکم بر جامعه، زمینه‌ساز تعامل منافع حاصل از الگوی توسعة مسکن شهری با منافع بهره‌وران آنهاست. پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزشیابی مسکن شهری برنامه‌ریزی‌شده از نگاه ساکنان، در پی تبیین مفهوم ارزش در برنامه‌ریزی مسکن شهر تبریز مطابق با فرهنگ و اندیشة اسلامی حاکم بر جامعه با رهیافت واقع‌گرایی اسلامی مبتنی بر دیدگاه ارزش‌شناسی علامه طباطبایی و با تأکید بر نظریة اعتباریات وی و با استفاده از راهبرد پژوهش پس‌کاوی انجام شده است. از آنجا که بسیاری از ویژگی‌های تبیین‌کنندة ارزش مسکن شهری در بازار به‌طور مستقیم دادوستد نمی‌شوند، به‌منظور کمی‌سازی ارزش‌ها از مبانی اولیة مدل هدانیک بهره گرفته شده است. شاخص‌های ارزش مسکن شهری و مدل تبیینی در شهر تبریز (در قالب سه نمونة شهرک رشدیه، کوی اشکان و مجتمع چمران) مورد آزمون و تحلیل همبستگی و رگرسیونی (به شیوة خطی و شبه‌لگاریتمی) قرار گرفتند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد مقولة «ساختاری- فیزیکی» بنا در کنار مقولة «محیطی» مربوط به دسترسی به کاربری‌ها، بیشترین قدرت تبیین‌کنندگی متغیر ارزش مسکن شهری تبریز را دارند؛ حتی در نمونه‌های کاملاً برنامه‌ریزی‌شده در شهر تبریز (شهرک رشدیه) نیز، همة مقولات مؤثر ارزش‌بخش مسکن شهری پوشش داده نمی‌شوند. با عنایت به اینکه بومی‌بودن الگوی توسعة مسکن در محور ارزش‌های حاکم بر جامعه تحقق خواهد یافت و ارزش، یک مقولة فرهنگی است، ضرورت دارد شناسایی ارزش‌ها در هر جامعه روی دهد و برنامه‌ریزی مسکن شهری براساس آن هدایت شود؛ در این صورت شهرها در بازنمایی فرهنگ اسلامی موفق خواهند شد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25610_69da4ae8e37274c648d1a7b1d8a696d1.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 3 2021 09 23 A Content Analysis of Scientific-research Articles in the Field of the Quality of Rural Life in Iran (from 2010 to 2018) تحلیل محتوای مقاله‌های علمی‌پژوهشی حوزة کیفیت زندگی روستایی در ایران (بازة زمانی 1390-1398) 31 46 25763 10.22108/gep.2021.123871.1321 FA سمانه میرعلیجانی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران محمدامین خراسانی استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2020 07 11 Extended Abstract: Quality of life findings can be used to identify past strategy policies and design future policies. As such, the issue of quality of urban and rural life in recent decades has become one of the most important issues in Iran, so numerous seminars, conferences, and articles have been held and written to examine the quality of life. In recent years, experts have tried to look at this issue in Iran from a scientific point of view. The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the scientific research articles written on the quality of rural life in Iran during the years 2011 to 2019. The results of the study show that in terms of the gender status of the authors during the 9 years studied, out of 271 authors, 210 (77%) of them were men while 61 of them were women. Regarding the expertise of the authors, which was divided into 9 categories, the most specialized field was rural planning with 61.62% and urban planning with 9.23% while other fields had a small share. The organizational affiliation of authors was classified into six groups including State Universities, the Islamic Azad University, Payame Noor University, non-profit organizations, government institutions, and other institutions. Government institutions with a frequency of 233 (85.98%) had the highest level of organizational dependence suggesting a significant gap between the state universities and other institutions. Also, the number of authors and their articles showed that the highest number of authors (79.29%) have been co-outhors of one article. In other words, about three-quarters of the authors were present in only one article, which indicated the relatively low diversity of names in the published articles. To determine thematic trends and prevent dispersion, the topics presented in 20 categories were classified as follows. One of the most important topics for writers in the field of rural studies was the evaluation of the quality of life and its indicators with the frequency of 31 (32.63%) with the highest frequency among other topics. Other topics of interest to authors included dimensions, components, and levels of quality of life and the effects of the master plan on quality of life (5.26%); social dimensions of quality of life (7.37%), the spatial distribution of quality of life, the role of credits and targeted subsidies on quality of life, employment, income, and quality of life and tourism and quality of life (6.32%); factors affecting the quality of life and quality of life and housing (4.21%); satisfaction with the quality of life and the role of small towns and industrial towns on quality of life 3.16%; and agriculture and the quality of life (2.11%). Other thematic trends (1.05%), recived the least attention. Also, in the field of distribution of provinces studied by the authors, Kermanshah and Khorasan Razavi provinces with 10 articles were in the first rank,Fars province with 9 articles in the second rank, and Zanjan province with 8 articles in the third rank. Golestan, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Kurdistan were in the fourth rank with 7 articles, and Lorestan and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces were in the fifth place with 5 articles and other provinces were in the next positions. The results suggest that the discussion of rural studies, which has been less discussed so far, is important and should be given more attention to provide other researchers with such studies to provide a context for the development of villages. Keywords: Quality of Life, Quality of Rural Life, Scientific Research Article, Content Analysis. References: - Allahyari, M. S., Daghigh Masouleh, Z., & Eftekhary, H. (2015). Content Analysis of Specialized - Articles in Agricultural Extension and Education Sciences in Iran (2009-2013). Journal of Iranian Extension and Agriculture Sciences, 11(1), 229-248. - Anabastani, A. A., Rusta, M., Mohammadi, A., & Rafieian, S. (2015). Spatial Analysis of Factors Affecting the Quality of Life in Rural Settlements (Example: Simkan Section - Jahrom City). Journal of Regional Planning Quarterly, 5(18), 85-100. - Asa Burger, A. (2004). Media Analysis Methods. Translated by Parviz Ejlali. Media Studies and Research Center. - Askari, M., & Pourjouhari, A. (2016). Content Analysis and Implementation of Environmental Challenges in Iran and the World in the Last Fifteen Years (2001 to 2015- 2000 to 2014). Ecology, 42(4), 787-803. - Bardin, L. (1989). Lanalyse de Contenu. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. - Bashiri, B., & Khorasani, M. A. (2017). Content Analysis of Articles in the Quarterly Journal of Rural Research between 2015 and 2010. Journal of Rural Research, 8(1), 136-149. - Borys, T. (2001). Jakość Życia Jako Kategoria Badawcza i Cel Nadrzędny. In Wachowiak A. ed., Jak Żyć, Wybrane Problemy Jakości (pp. 17–41). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Fundacji „Humaniora. - Borys, T., & Rogala, P. (2008). Jakość Życia na Poziomie Lokalnym – Ujęcie Wskaźnikowe. Warszawa: UNDP. - Brauer, R., & Dymitrow, M. (2014). Quality of Life in Rural Areas: A Topic for the Rural Development Policy?. Bulletin of Geography, Socio–Economic Series, 25(25), 25-54. - Danayi, A., Shariat Panahi, M., & Mahdavi, M. (2018). Measurement of Quality of Life in Rural Areas (Bahmaei South Garmsiri Village in Bahmaei City of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Provinces). Journal of Human Geography Research, 50(3), 727-747. - Ebrahimzadeh, I., Shahraki, A. A., Shahnaz, A. A., & Manouchehri Myandoab, A. (2016). Progressing Urban Development and Life Quality Simultaneously. Journal of City, Culture, and Society, 7(3), 186-193. - El Din, H. S., Shalaby, A., Farouh, H. E., & Elariane, S. A. (2013). Principles of Urban Quality of Life for a Neighborhood. HBRC Journal, 9(1), 86-92. - Ghaedi, M., & Golshani, A. (2016). Content Analysis Method from Quantitative to Qualitative. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models, 7(23), 57-82. - Michalska-Żyła, A., & Marks-Krzyszkowska, M. (2018). Quality of Life and Quality of Living in Rural Communes in Poland. Journal of European Countryside, 10(2), 280-299. - Mirzaeian, B., Rahmani, B., Razavian, M., & Faraji Rad, A. (2016). Measurement of Quality of Life in Rural Settlements (Case Study: Central Part of Islamabad Gharb City). Journal of Territorial Geographical Quarterly, 13(49), 1-11. - Mohammadi, S., Tayeb Nia, S. H., Taba, B., & Davoodi, A. (2017). Analysis of the Effects of Rural Guide Projects on Improving the Quality of Life of Villagers (Case Study: Villages of Khavumirabad Section of Marivan City). Quarterly Journal of Human Resource Planning Studies, 12(2), 391-411. - Nevado-Peña, D., López-Ruiz, V. R., & Alfaro-Navarro, J. L. (2019). Improving Quality of Life Perception with ICT Use and Technological Capacity in Europe. Journal of Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148, 119734. - Rahim Bakhsh, F., Habib, F., & Gorgani, S. A. (2019). Investigating the Quality of Life in the Villages of Darban Astaneh and Baba Peshman in Lorestan Province. Housing and Rural Environment, 165, 129-140. - Rasoulzadeh Aqdam, S., Adlipour, S., & Ramezani, A. (2016). Meta-Analysis of Urban and Rural Quality of Life Research in Iran. Quarterly Journal of Lifestyle Sociology, 2(7), 129-164. - Soroush Mehr, H., Aezami, M., Yaeghoob, A., & Mehregan, N. (2017). Evaluation of Quality of Life in Iran Based on Fuzzy Logic. Journal of Social Welfare Scientific-Research Quarterly, 17(65), 69-102. مفهوم کیفیت زندگی، عنصری کلیدی در سیاست‌گذاری و بررسی سیاست‌های حوزة عمومی است و شاخص توسعة اجتماعی در نظر گرفته می‌شود؛ از این رو هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی مقاله‌های علمی‌پژوهشی منتشرشده در ارتباط با کیفیت زندگی روستایی ایران طی سال‌های 1390 تا 1398 است. بدین منظور تمامی مقاله‌های منتشرشده طی این سال‌ها ازنظر جنسیت و تعداد نویسندگان، تخصص نویسندگان، گرایش‌های موضوعی، محدوده‌های مطالعه‌شده، سهم استان‌ها و فصلنامه‌ها بررسی شده است. جامعة آماری پژوهش، تمامی مقاله‌های منتشرشده طی سال‌های 1390 تا 1398 شامل 95 مقاله بوده است. روش پژوهش، تحلیل محتواست و اطلاعات به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای گردآوری شده است. داده‌ها با نرم‌افزار Excel و spss محاسبه و نتایج به شکل شماتیک نمایش داده شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد از 95 مقالة منتشرشده، حدود چهارپنجم را مردان نوشته‌اند که حاکی از نیاز به مشارکت بیشتر زنان درزمینة تولید محتوای علمی دربارة کیفیت زندگی روستایی است؛ همچنین درزمینة تخصص نویسندگان، بیشترین تخصص به رشتة برنامه‌ریزی روستایی و درزمینة وابستگی سازمانی نویسندگان، بیشترین وابستگی به دانشگاههای دولتی مربوط است که از این بین، دانشگاه تهران سرآمد دیگر دانشگاههاست. از میان موضوعات مدنظر نویسندگان، بیشترین تعداد مقاله‌ها به ارزیابی کیفیت زندگی اختصاص دارد؛ همچنین دو فصلنامة پژوهش‌های روستایی و پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی روستایی توجه بیشتری به مقولة کیفیت زندگی داشته‌اند.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25763_7b9776386ca229659bcb85d83886fb50.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 3 2021 09 23 Effect of Sodium Sulfate Extraction on Aeolian Process (A Case Study of South of Eyvankey City) اثر استخراج سولفات سدیم بر رفتار فرایند بادی نمونة پژوهش: جنوب بخش ایوانکی شهرستان گرمسار 47 66 25906 10.22108/gep.2021.127198.1399 FA مجید کریم پورریحان گروه پژوهشی علوم زمین، مرکز تحقیقات بین المللی بیابان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران ناصر مشهدی استادیار مرکز تحقیقات بین المللی بیابان، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران اعظم بیگی کارشناس ارشد همزیستی با بیابان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2021 01 30 Extended abstract Introduction Lowlands, playas, and downstream portions of rivers in desert areas contain vast reserves of fine-grained sediments, such as silt and clay, as well as soluble materials including a variety of salts. Surfaces created by the combination of these materials can become periodically susceptible to wind erosion. Thus,they are considered to be major dust sources on a global scale. Depending on the spatio-temperial distribution and composition of salts and fine materials, some proportions of these areas areusually either covered by an evaporite salt crust or disperedsoil. Crust is a relatively thin consolidated soil surface layer or seal that is more compact and cohesive than the material immediately below it. When crusts are formed, particles are bound together and become less susceptible to abrasion by blowing soils compared tothe less stable material below the crust. Both crusted surfaces and dispersed soils are morphologically and geochemically dynamic and can respond rapidly to changes in the local environmental conditions. These changes can be natural, such as the frequencies of surfacedrying and flooding by rainwater or the changing groundwater levels, or can be the result ofanthroponic activitiesproviding salt resources for economic use. Over time, the continued operations of both mechanical and chemical processes on lowland surfaces ultimately lead to the decay of salt crust integrity. Crusts usually provide a protectionagainstan underlying ‘ﬂuffy’ layer of sedimentsrepresentingas salty sediments of dust-size fractions with notably low bulk densities. Wind erosion activity occurs particularly when the crust is disturbed or broken by different activities, such as salt extraction or vehicular trafﬁc flow. In all desert areas of Iransodium sulphate (Na2SO4) salts are deposited based on humidityand temperatureconditions, as well as groundwater levels and degrees of salt solubility (concentration). These areas usually occur between downstream of covered pediments and upstream of playas. Traditionally, these areas arevalued forsodium sulphate salt extraction,whichcontributes to the economy of the local population in several ways. The study area was the lowland area of Ivanki, which was one of the areas undergoing wide sodium sulfate extraction. According to the residents, this area providedsand sources forwind erosion and air pollution.It was often a source of emission made by the existingmaterials not only because of wind erosion, but also due tosodium sulfate extraction. This paper investigated the effect of sodium sulfate extraction on creating or exacerbating wind erosion through a collection of sediment samples taken at the sodium sulfate extraction site and their grain-size testing. Methodology The sodium sulfate extraction sites were identified based on local information and interpretation of satellite images. The areawas located in the southwest of Eyvankey City between covered pediments and internetworks of playa.It occupied an area of approximately 5000 ha. The sampling points were identified based on geological and geomorphological studies. SThe sampling wascarried out at the summer season. 4Four sites were considered for sampling;two sites asthe control sites and two sites forsodium sulfate extraction. In the control sites, only one sample was taken from the topsoil (natural land) without manipulation and extraction, whilethe samples in the other two sites were taken from 3horizons: a) soil samples fromthe degraded surfaces; b) samplesoriginated fromthe extraction horizon; and c) samples from the lower layers (without manipulation and extraction).Thus, 8 samples were totally collected.The obtained samples were granulated by the common dry-sieving method.Granulometric statistical analysis wasdone for each sample by using GRADISTAT software. Discussion According to the ambrothermic diagram, drought conditions prevailed in the region for about 7 months of the year. This drought couldthe aggravating wind erosionparameters, such as soil moisture and vegetation cover. The warm period corresponded to the warm seasons (spring and summer). Anemometer measurements showed that the study area was affected by erosive and strong winds blowing from the north, northwest, and east. Land cover studies revealedthat more than 60% of the soil surface in the control samples was preserved by the crust with particles larger than 2000 microns. However, after crust destruction for sodium sulfateextraction, the effect of crust cover was less than 45%. In other words, the soil surface lost 25% resistance to wind erosion. In the process of sodium sulfate extraction, the soil under the crust, which contained soil particles, along with a significant amount of powdered sodium sulfate particles, was exposed to wind erosion. Our studyshowed that the frequency percentage of vulnerable particles changedfrom about 10% in the surface layer in the control samples to about 50% in the middle and lower layers of the extracted areas. This meant that the region was about 5 times more sensitive to wind erosion. Studies on the statistical parameters of the samples demonstratedthat the average particle diameters significantly and regularly changed from very coarse sands (surface layers of the control samples or natural lands) to coarse sands (degraded surface layers),fine sands (middle layers), and finally very fine sands (bottom layers), which indicatedincreasedsensitivity to the wind erosion process from the surface layer (crust) to the bottom layer. Conclusion In this research, field observations, mechanical analysis of soil particle granulation, and investigation of wind characteristics showed that a very high potential ofdust emission from degraded crusts triggered by open extraction. Spatial changes and displacement of removal areas caused bysodium sulfate reduction duringthe extraction periodled tofurther environmental destruction and wind erosion intensification. The results revealeda significant complexity in the relationships ofthe ﬂux of dust emitted from thecrust degraded by sodium sulfate extraction and natural surface crust withthe threshold wind speed required for wind erosion, which suggests furtherresearch to be conducted in this regard in the future. Keywords:sodium sulphate, wind erosion, evaporative crust, granulometry, soil conservation References: - Anderson J. R. (2004). Sieve analysis lab exercise. University of Georgia. - Alcántara Carrió, J. & Alonso Bilbao, I. (2001). Aeolian sediment availability in coastal areas defined from sedimentary parameters. Application to a case study in Fuerteventura. Scientia Marina. - Arnold, A. & Zehnder, K. (1990). Salt weathering on monuments. In The conservation of monuments in the Mediterranean Basin: the influence of coastal environment and salt spray on limestone and marble. 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Soil Science Society of America Journal, 55(4), 1091-1097. پوسته‌های تبخیری خاک که از انواع فرایندهای فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی تشکیل شده‌اند، در تثبیت خاک در مناطق نیمه‌خشک و خشک نقش مهمی دارند. پایداری و یکپارچگی این پوسته‌ها با فعالیت‌های انسانی مانند تردد دام یا ماشین یا استخراج مواد معدنی به خطر می‌افتد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثر استخراج سولفات سدیم و تخریب پوستة تبخیری بر رفتار حفاظتی سطح زمین است. این پژوهش در منطقة ایوانکی انجام شد. در این راستا چهار نمونه از خاک (دو نمونه شاهد به‌عنوان اراضی طبیعی با پوسته‌های دست‌نخورده و دو نمونه از محل استخراج و برداشت سولفات سدیم به‌عنوان پوسته‌های تخریب‌شده در سه افق) بررسی و آزمایش دانه‌بندی شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد پوسته‌های دست‌نخورده حاوی بیش از 60 درصد ذرات بزرگ‌تر از 2000 میکرون هستند. درنتیجه این خاک‌ها دربرابر فرسایش بادی آسیب‌پذیر نیستند؛ در حالی که درصد این ذرات در پوسته‌های به‌هم‌ریخته به کمتر از 40 می‌رسد که به‌طور چشمگیری مقاومت برشی آنها را کاهش می‌دهد؛ از طرفی ازدست‌دادن این پوسته ضمن کاهش عمل حفاظت‌کنندگی پوسته، رسوبات ریزدانة زیر سطحی را در معرض فرسایش بادی قرار می‌دهد که حاوی بیش از 70 درصد ذرات آسیب‌پذیرند. نتایج نشان داد برداشت و استخراج سولفات سدیم در منطقه باعث فرسایش باد حدود 5 برابر بیشتر از زمان حفظ خاک با پوسته می‌شود.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25906_9996a9c50b1d65a660a4ed4785dae934.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 3 2021 09 23 Effects of Plants on the Parameters Involved in Thermal Comfort in Urban Space: A Case Study of Urban Green Wall in Tehran City چگونگی عملکرد گیاهان در تعدیل پارامترهای مؤثر بر آسایش حرارتی در فضای شهری نمونة پژوهش: دیوار سبز شهری در تهران 67 80 25852 10.22108/gep.2021.128810.1424 FA مریم آزموده استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی، قزوین، ایران Journal Article 2021 05 22 Abstract: The relationship between man and nature and its importance in the urban environment is one of the issues considered by theorists and planners in the field of urban space for a long time. However, human beings as the basis for this relationship have jeopardizing this vital interaction by making changes in cities for some time now. One of the significanr in human communication and the redidence in cities is his satisfaction by climate conditions. The outdoor thermal comfort is affected by the built environment, land cover, plant evapotranspiration, and other factors present at the site. In this study, among the ways of promoting thermal comfort in urban space, the use of plants is focused on. In this article, the effects of plants on temperature and relative humidity were firstly analyzed in a case study. Then, using Envi-met software, an existing urban block was simulated by placing hypothetical trees and another hypothetical block was simulated as well. According to the results, the air temperature in the places, which were very close to the nearly 50-cm plants, was obtained to be almost 0.5◦C lower than other places. In addition, the relative humidity within the studied limits was higher. Therefore, the effects of these two factors on improving the thermal comfort of urban microclimates, especially in hot seasons, could be well evidenced. 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Sustainability 12, 1961. ارتباط انسان و طبیعت و اهمیت بهره‌گیری از این ارتباط در محیط شهری، یکی از مسائلی است که همواره توجه برنامه‌ریزان حوزة فضای شهری را جلب کرده است؛ اما چندی است که انسان با ایجاد تغییرات در شهرها این تعامل حیاتی را به خطر انداخته است. یکی از عوامل مؤثر در این زمینه، احساس رضایتمندی انسان از شرایط حرارتی است. آسایش حرارتی در فضای باز علاوه بر شرایط اقلیمی، متأثر از محیط مصنوع پیرامون، پوشش‌های به‌کاررفته در زمین، تبخیر گیاهان و سایر عوامل موجود در سایت است. در این پژوهش از میان راههایی که برای ارتقای آسایش حرارتی شهری وجود دارد، بر بهره‌گیری از گیاهان از طریق تعدیل دما و رطوبت تأکید می‌شود. در این پژوهش نخست تأثیر حضور گیاهان در قالب یک نمونه دیوار سبز به‌صورت میدانی ازنظر تأثیر بر دما و رطوبت نسبی تحلیل شد؛ سپس با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Envi-met یک بلوک شهری موجود با استقرار درختان فرضی و یک بلوک فرضی با اضافه‌کردن پوشش گیاهی شبیه‌سازی شد. براساس نتایج، دمای هوا در نقاط نزدیک به فضای استقرار گیاهان و در فاصلة کمتر از 0.5 متر، حدود 0.5 درجه کمتر از سایر نقاط است؛ علاوه بر دما، رطوبت نسبی نیز در این محدوده بیشتر است که از برآیند تأثیر این دو عامل، آسایش حرارتی در میکرواقلیم‌های شهری اطراف گیاهان به‌ویژه در فصول گرم ارتقا خواهد یافت. بررسی انواع گیاهان نیز نشان داد تعدیل دما فارغ از نوع گیاه صورت خواهد گرفت.

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دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 3 2021 09 23 Why Does Precipitation Decrease in the South and Southwest of Iran in February Compared to Other Winter Months? چرا بارش‌ها در جنوب و جنوب غرب ایران در ماه فوریه نسبت به سایر ماه‌های زمستان کاهش می‌یابد؟ 81 104 26029 10.22108/gep.2021.125832.1370 FA حسن لشکری دانشیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران مهناز جعفری دکتری آب و هواشناسی سینوپتیک، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. زینب محمدی پسادکتری آب و هواشناسی سینوپتیک، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2020 11 05 Introduction Precipitation is one of the most important and complex climatic elements. This vital element, on which the lives of living organisms and fauna depend, has highly variable temporal and spatial distributions in the world. While limited areas of the planet have an excess precipitation, a large part of it is facing the shortage of this vital element. Therefore, its spatial distribution on the Earth is not at all satisfactory to the inhabitants. In the subtropical regions, this limitation is of great significance. For this reason, officials and users are so willing to receive more precipitation during the cooler months and minimize water loss from evaporation and transpiration. Winter precipitation can be very useful and effective in these areas. Several studies conducted on the trend of monthly precipitations in the cold periods of the year in the southern regions of Iran have found significant decreases in February precipitations compared to those of the two previous and following months recorded at most of the south and southwest stations. Considering that southern regions are among the few regions in Iran where the precipitation periods correspond to the cultivation periods, this problem was studied and analyzed as the main issue of this research. Methodology As stated, the purpose of this study was to identify the synoptic factors of decreasing precipitations in the southern half of Iran in February compared to March. To find the cause of this phenomenon, first, the data provided by the representative stations during the statistical period of 1986-2017 were selected. The ERA-Interim data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) with the spatial resolution of 0.5×0.5 degrees were used to investigate the synoptic patterns. For synoptic analysis, several samples were chosen from the statistical period. Moreover, various assumptions were examined to determine the cause of this phenomenon. To study moisture changes in February and March, changes in the moisture transfer from the Arabian and Oman Seas with negative values for the outflow of moisture fluxes and the relevant changes from the south and southwest regions of Iran with positive values of the inflow of moisture fluxes in the lower atmosphere were calculated. Displacements and fluctuations in pressure patterns and systems lead to significant changes in the meteorological phenomena. Therefore, due to the very important role of the Arabian subtropical high-pressure system in transferring moisture from the Arabian and Oman Seas to the Arabian Peninsula and towards Sudan low-pressure system, the locations and displacements of the high-pressure cores were extracted at the level of 850 hPa. Also, due to the more important role of Mediterranean troughs in the moisture advection transfer from these warm seas in the study area, their locations and depths were extracted from the selected samples at the level of 700 hPa in February and March within the statistical period. Subtropical jets play a crucial role in the dynamic structure of Sudan low-pressure precipitation systems. Therefore, another component studied in this research was the changes in the positions and structures of subtropical jets throughout the selected samples at the levels of 300 and 250 hPa in February and March. Discussion Winter precipitation in the southern part of Iran is of special importance due to its coincidence with the cultivation period and supplying part of the water needed for agriculture. The results obtained by Mohammadi & Lashkari (2020) and Esfandiari & Lashkari (2020) showed that the amount of precipitation and number of the input systems in this region in February compared to the months before and after it had significantly decreased. Evaluation of moisture flux A comparison of the amount of moisture released from the Arabian Sea with the moisture entering the region revealed the very significant difference of February precipitation, while the difference was very small in March, which was perfectly compatible in many cases. Hence, there must have been barriers to the transfer of moisture from the surrounding seas into the region in February. Evaluation of the position of Saudi Arabia In terms of the latitude, there was no significant difference in the positions of Arabian subtropical high-pressure systems between the two months. However, the oscillations of their cores were much more intense in terms of longitude. In some years, the cores had moved up to about 70 degrees east longitude. In March, the displacements of the cores were quite noticeable compared to those of the other two months. During this month, most of the cores were located in Oman and its eastern coast. An interesting phenomenon was that the high-pressure cores of all the sample years were located in Oman and sometimes in the waters of the Arabian Sea at a distance from the coast. 3. Evaluation of the position of Mediterranean troughs The axes of Mediterranean troughs did not show a significant difference in both the depth and longitudinal position. In this way, the troughs were in a good position in terms of transferring instabilities to the region every two months. They also had a suitable depth for transferring and injecting sufficient vorticities into the heating systems of this region. Evaluation of the position of the subtropical jets The longitudinal and latitudinal positions of the subtropical jets were very different in February and March. Three features could be seen in the axes of the February jets. First, the jets had significant northward displacements in all the selected samples and thus, the jets located at this latitude did not create suitable dynamic conditions for the instabilities of southern and southwestern Iran. Second, the longitudinal axes of the jets in this month had been shortened. Most of the jets were coming from the east and center of Egypt. Third, most of the axes tended to be orbital. This feature caused the jets not to have a suitable vorticity. The expansion patterns of the jets in March were completely different from those of February. During this month, the subtropical jets had relocated to lower latitudes and were distributed between northwestern Iran and southern Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the southern and southwestern parts were exposed to the instabilities caused by the subtropical jets. Another notable change was in the lengths of the subtropical jets. Most of the jets had started in the southwest-northeast direction at a distance from behind Egypt and over Chad and even farther back of it. The jets had a more meridional pattern in March compared to February. Conclusion The main purpose of this study was to find the cause of reduced precipitations in February compared to March in the southern regions of Iran. The results of this research revealed that the two factors of spatial displacement of the Arabian subtropical high-pressure system, especially at the level of 850 hPa and the lower layer of the atmosphere, and the displacements of subtropical jets in the northern and southern parts were the most important factors for lowering precipitations in February compared to the other months of the cold period of the year in the south of Iran. The subtropical jets showed a noticeable northward movements in February. This pattern of establishment had caused precipitation systems to enter the region from the south, move towards higher northern latitudes and western longitudes, and frequently enter Iran from the west in the form of integrated systems. At the same time, this had caused the Arabian subtropical high-pressure system to move westward and settle on the lands of eastern Saudi Arabia, preventing the entry of Sudanese systems into southern Iran and moving westward. Keywords: Precipitation anomaly, Moisture flux, Arabian subtropical high-pressure system, Mediterranean trough, Subtropical jet, South and southwest of Iran References: - Andreoli, R.V., Ferreira de Souza, R.A., Kayano, M.T., Candido, L.A.)2012(..Seasonal anomalous rainfall in the central and eastern Amazon and associatedanomalous oceanic and atmospheric patterns, International Journal of Climatology, Vol 32: 1193–1205. - Chang, C.P., Lu, M.M. (2012). 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Interdecadal variability of winter precipitation in Southeast China, Climate Dynamics, Vol 43: 2239–2248. چکیده بارش‌های زمستانة بخش جنوبی ایران به دلیل همزمانی با دورة کشت و تأمین بخشی از آب مورد نیاز زراعت اهمیت ویژه‌ای دارد. بررسی بارش ماهانة 30سالة ایستگاههای جنوبی ایران در این پژوهش و سایر پژوهش‌های انجام‌شده نشان داد مقادیر بارش و تعداد سامانه‌های ورودی به این منطقه در ماه فوریه نسبت به ماههای قبل و بعد کاهش محسوسی دارد. برای علت‌یابی این پدیده پیش‌فرض‌های مختلفی بررسی شد. شارش رطوبتی از دریاهای گرم اطراف و رطوبت شارش‌شده روی منطقه، موقعیت مکانی واچرخند عربستان و موقعیت محور ناوة مدیترانه‌ای در کل دورة آماری (1986- 2017) و در سال‌های نمونه و موقعیت محور جت جنب حاره‌ا‌ی فقط در سال‌های نمونه، از گزینه‌های پیش‌فرض مؤثر بر تغییرات بارشی سه ماه بودند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد جابه‌جایی مکانی واچرخند عربستان به‌ویژه در لایة زیرین وردسپهر و جابه‌جایی نصف‌النهاری جت جنب حاره‌ای، از مهم‌ترین عوامل در کاهش یا افزایش بارش‌های سه ماه نسبت به همدیگر در جنوب و جنوب غرب ایران بوده است. جت جنب حاره‌ای که مؤثرترین جت در تشدید ناپایداری‌های همرفتی بخش جنوبی ایران است، در ماه فوریه از منطقه دور است و جابه‌جایی شمال‌سوی کاملاً بارزی را نشان می‌دهد. همچنین سامانه‌های بارشی که از جنوب به منطقه وارد می‌شوند با جابه‌جایی شمالی‌تر و غرب‌سوتر، عموماً به‌صورت سامانه‌های ادغامی از غرب به ایران وارد می‌شوند. پدیدة دیگر، جابه‌جایی غرب‌سوتر و گسترش‌مداری‌تر واچرخند عربستان در ماه فوریه نسبت به دو ماه دیگر است. این الگوی گسترش واچرخند مانع جدی فرارفت رطوبت و گسترش سامانة سودانی روی منطقه است.

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دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 3 2021 09 23 Management Pattern of Natural Hazards with an Emphasis on the Sustainability of Urban and Rural Settlements (Case Study: Landslide in Rudbar Region) تدوین الگویی برای مدیریت مخاطرات طبیعی و پایداری نواحی شهری و روستایی نمونه: زمین‌لغزش در منطقة رودبار 105 128 25993 10.22108/gep.2021.126669.1387 FA بهرام ایمانی دانشیار گروه برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی اردبیل، ایران Journal Article 2021 01 02 Extand Abstract Introduction One of the main tasks of hazard knowledge is to study the situation and value of the human environment that is vulnerable to all types of natural and human hazards. Hazards in the environment are caused by the instability of the characteristics of natural environment (land surface, biological phenomenon, climate) and human environment (security, technology, etc.), which appear as dangerous events due to human interventions and infrastructures caused by urban-rural developments. In general, it is necessary to take several steps towards designing management models to achieve and formally apply the perspectives of risk knowledge and reduce and manage environmental risks. Establishment of a relationship between the various components of environmental hazards requires the researchers to formulate hazard trends through a model so that this complex and multidimensional process can be easily understood and implemented. This pattern would be a theoretical and simplified representation of the real world. For researchers, who try to understand and apply the principles of risk knowledge in urban and rural settings, this model is a theoretical tool consisting of concepts, hypotheses, and indicators that facilitate selection and collection of the information needed to achieve the basic goals. This research tried to study the risk of landslides in Rudbar in the form of a management model, including risk identification, risk and hazard assessment, zoning, etc., so as to manage and alleviate hazards in the urban and rural areas of Rudbar region. At the same time, the roles of central government and local management in lowering risks were evaluated by reviewing the required measures. The related institutions have a pivotal position in the development and risk management of this area and are capable of taking executive measures to reduce risks and vulnerability within their frameworks, provide sustainability of urban and rural settlements against geomorphological hazards, highlight the challenges ahead, especially from a managerial perspective, and define and present solutions in this regard. Research Methodology In terms of methodology, this paper was based on a quantitative method (assessment and zoning of landslide hazards using a network-derived decision model) and a qualitative method (development of an environmental risk management model with an emphasis on sustainability of urban and rural areas). In the first part, a library method, including a review of theoretical studies of hazard knowledge, landslide analysis, drawing and analysis of related maps, etc., was utilized to develop a management model for environmental hazards. In the second part, by combining the library and field methods, i.e., scientific observation and regional study, several interviews were done with the executive community (governorate officials and district municipality), scientific community (environmental risk experts and urban and rural planners), and local community (natives of Rudbar and adjacent villages) to formulate management components and analyze the current situation for developing a management model of environmental hazards in the study area. The landslide risk zoning process was designed and evaluated within the framework of a network-derived decision model. Assessing and interpreting risk levels via a management model are very important since development of a model highly depends on the evaluation. If the prevailing risk situation in a region is favorable, its management issue may either be eliminated or appear different from the expected disastrous conditions. Findings In general, environmental risk management requires interaction of geographical sciences with each other. Therefore, in the formulation and study of environmental risk management models in urban and rural areas, it is necessary to study geographical and other related sciences along with the knowledge of urban-rural planning and applied geomorphology. In this research, the position of each of them in the implementation steps of the environmental risk management modeling of Rudbar region was addressed. For formulating a conceptual model and routing the sustainable management of landslide hazards, various steps must be taken based on the mutual and effective roles of the academic community or researchers, the executive community or decision makers, and the indigenous community or local people with regard to demand resilience. A wide-range geosystem, including coastal and wind geosystems, etc., is associated with different geomorphic actions and reactions and therefore, each management style would be unique in nature. For example, the issues of resilience, prevention, risk preparedness, and special management capacity would generally require special areas. In this regard, the present research as a case study examined the most susceptible management model in the form of risk knowledge in 9 main steps (Fig. 3) through the implementation process. According to this proposed model, the first step began with the definitions, goals, and perspectives of risk and risk knowledge and the final step ended with a review of the measures taken with the objectives in mind. The scientific support of environmental risk management in the forms of a study and implementation requires a combination of theoretical, practical, technical, and executive studies. Conclusion Hazard knowledge is a broad and continuous set of theoretical and field studies of risk management and executive measures. The goals and prospects of this knowledge can be achieved to reduce and manage environmental risks by identifying and taking various steps in line with management models. Therefore, in this paper, an attempt was made to develop a natural hazard management model, especially for landslides, that controls urban and rural areas. In this regard, after applying the theoretical foundations of hazardology, the natural hazards were classified by determining the dominant hazards in the study area with the help of theoretical and field studies. These hazards were then analyzed and zoned. At this stage, by determining the effective elements in the occurrence of landslide risks, including slope, slope direction, lithology, land use, average annual rainfall, distance from faults, waterways, and residential centers, and weighting these elements in relation to each other, each element was zoned based on the experts’ opinions, study background, and field visits by using the network analysis method to assess the performance of urban landslide risks. The results showed that among the studied variables, the two factors of slope and lithology had the largest effective coefficients in the occurrence of landslide risk in Rudbar region. Only 22% of the areas with a slope class of less than 20% was within the specified range. This is while the appropriate slope range for urban construction based on sustainable urban planning standards is between 8 and 15 degrees. Among other hazardous elements playing a role in the urban landslide occurrence of Rudbar region, the lithological factor was shown to be vulnerable in terms of mass. In this region, the predominant lithological structure consisted of periodic Eocene volcanic rocks, sandstones alternating between shale layers, and Quaternary alluviums that were sensitive to human activities, such as construction of settlements, intercommunication routes, etc. In the next step, the results were evaluated and interpreted based on the status of urban and rural settlements so as to explore the areas of natural and human geographical capacities and components of risk reduction, while studying the hardware and software measures required by the central government of Gilan Province and Rudbar Municipality and reviewing services before and after the occurrence of danger, risk thresholds and resilience, and the residents’ levels of education. Finally, after achieving the knowledge of risks, the environmental risks were comparatively studied to properly manage them. Keywords: natural hazards, management model, network analysis process, environmental sustainability, Rudbar region References - Ayala, A. (2010). Applications of Geomorphology, Natural Hazards in Vulnerability and Disaster Prevention in Developing Countries. Translated by Reza Khoshraftar, Journal of Development of Geography Education, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 14-23. - Ayala, I. A. (2002). Geomorphology, Natural Hazards, Vulnerability, and Prevention of Natural Disasters in Developing Countries. Geomorphology, No. 47, pp. 107-124. - Dari, B. and Hamzeh, E. (2010). Determining the Risk Response Strategy in Risk Management by ANP Technique (Case Study: North Azadegan Oil Field Development Project). Industrial Management, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 75-100. - Geological Survey of the country: geological map with a scale of 1: 100000 Rudbar sheets. Mapping Organization of the country, topographic map with a scale of 1: 25000 Rudbar sheets. - Hosseinzadeh, R. (2004). Urban planning in line with natural hazards. Journal of Geography and Regional Development, No. 3, Fall and Winter 2004. - Iran Nejad Parizi, M. (1998). Research Methods in Social Sciences. Tehran: Modern Publications. - Karami, F. (2007). Geomorphological hazards due to the construction and development of rural roads with emphasis on mass movements and ditches (Case study: villages of Sarab city). Geographical space, 6th year, No. 16, pp. 85-55. - Moghimi, I. (2007). Urban Geomorphology. 3rd Edition, Tehran: University of Tehran Press. - Nakhaei Kamalabadi, I., Amirabadi, M. & Mohammadipour, I. (2010). Selection of Optimal Strategy Based on SWOT Analysis and Network Analysis Process Method (Case Study: Arak Petrochemical Company). Quarterly Journal of Industrial Management, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, 5th Year, No. 11, pp. 21-34. - Mónica, M., Tomás, G., & Silvia, A. D. (2009). An ANP Approach to Assess the Sustainability of Tourist Strategies for the Coastal NP of Venezuela. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 672-689. - Rahimi Harabadi, S. (2011). Geomorphological hazards of Sefidrood valley and its impact on urban development of Rudbar. Master's thesis in natural geography majoring in geomorphology, University of Tehran, under the guidance of Ebrahim Moghimi. - Ramezani, B. and Ebrahimi, E. (2009). Landslide and its stabilization strategies. Environmental planning, 2nd year, No. 7, pp. 110-118. - Roering, J. J., Kirchner, J. W., & Dietrich, W. E. (2005). Characterizing Structural and Lithological Controls on Deep-seated Landsliding: Implications for Topographic Relief and Landscape Evolution in the Oregon Coast Range. Geological Society of America Bulletin, No.117, pp. 654-668. - Rustaei, S. and Jabbari, I. (2007). Geomorphology of urban areas. Tehran: Samat Publications. - Saaty, T. L. (2005). Making and Validating Complex Decisions with the AHP/ANP. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp.1-36. - Sajasi Qedari, H., Rokanuddin Eftekhari, A. R., & Mahdavi, D. (2015). Sustainable development of tourism entrepreneurship with emphasis on rural areas. Tehran: Samat Publications. - Sakar, S., Kanungo, P., & Mehrotar, G. S. (1995). Landslide Zonation: a Case Study in Garhwal Himalaya. India. Mountain Research and Development, No. 5, pp. 301-311. - Sheeba, Kh. and Mohd, N. F. (2007). An Analytic Network Process Model for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Options. Waste Management, Vol. 28, No. …, pp.1500-1508. - Yamani, M., Ahmadabadi, A., & Zare, Gh. (2012). Application of vector support machine algorithm in landslide risk zoning (Case study: Darkeh catchment). Geography and environmental hazards, 1st year, 3rd issue, pp. 142-125 مدیریت مخاطرات محیطی ازجمله موضوعات محوری در دانش مخاطرات است و بر اقداماتی نظیر شناسایی، پهنه‌بندی و تفسیر نواحی مخاطره‌آمیز با هدف کاهش مخاطرات مبتنی است. تحقق اهداف و چشم‌اندازهای این دانش، نیازمند مجموعه اقدامات و مطالعات پیوسته‌ای در چهارچوب یک الگوی مدیریتی است که از گام‌های متعددی تشکیل شده است. به همین منظور نوشتار حاضر می‌کوشد با تدوین الگوی مدیریتی، مخاطرات طبیعی مسلط در منطقة رودبار را در هشت گام اصلی بررسی کند. در این زمینه در گام‌های نخستین، تعیین مبانی نظری مخاطرات و مخاطرات مسلط در منطقة مدنظر و طبقه‌بندی مخاطرات طبیعی انجام شد تا شرایط ارزیابی مخاطرات فراهم شود. در این مرحله به کمک روش تحلیل شبکه و تعیین معیارهای پیشنهادی در زمین‌لغزش، مسیر الگوی مدیریتی مخاطرات ادامه یافت. این معیارها در دو خوشة اصلی مخاطرات طبیعی و زیست‌محیطی طبقه‌بندی شد. در مرحلة بعد با تهیة لایه‌های اطلاعاتی از عناصر مزبور و ارزش‌گذاری آنها، این لایه‌ها در محیط ARCGIS تحلیل و نقشة نهایی پهنه‌بندی زمین‌لغزش در محدودة شهری و روستایی رودبار با درجات خطر کم ‌(4‌ درصد)، متوسط ‌(‌71 درصد) و زیاد (‌25 درصد) تعیین شد. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده در گام بعدی با وضعیت نواحی شهری و روستایی ارزیابی شد تا زمینه‌های مؤلفه‌های ظرفیت جغرافیای طبیعی و انسانی کاهش مخاطرات مشخص شود. در انتها ضمن مطالعة تمهیدات سخت‌افزاری و نرم‌افزاری مورد نیاز دولت مرکزی، شیوه‌های بازنگری در خدمات‌رسانی، آستانه‌های خطر و شیوه‌های مقاوم‌سازی و آموزش ساکنان مطالعه شد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25993_a696efbc523ac4f2c6344afe4bba0337.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 32 3 2021 09 23 Variation in the Spatial Factors Affecting Precipitation in Relation to the Decadal Changes of Annual Precipitation in Iran تغییرپذیری نقش عوامل مکانی مؤثر بر بارش در ارتباط با تحولات دهه‌ای بارش سالانۀ ایران‌زمین 129 146 25816 10.22108/gep.2021.127032.1395 FA حسین عساکره استاد اقلیم‌شناسی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0000-0001-7699-0547 سید ابوالفضل مسعودیان استاد اقلیم‌شناسی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران فاطمه ترکارانی دانشجوی دکتری اقلیم‌شناسی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران Journal Article 2021 01 16 Extended Abstract: Introduction Some mechanisms of climate change, particularly changes in precipitation, are the result of changes in local mechanisms, while some others are caused by the interaction of events on larger scales, e.g., regional, synoptic, hemispherical, or planetary scales. However, in all these changes, the reactions of spatial factors like geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) and topographic features, including altitude, terrain slope, and terrain aspect, on a local scale can be a proper signal of large-scale changes. In particular, numerous studies have shown that spatial variations, as well as temporal variability of precipitation, are in relation with spatial coordinates (longitude and latitude) and topography (altitude, terrain slope, and terrain aspect). Nevertheless, the fact that the temporal variation of precipitation is in relation with the roles of spatial factors has been neglected. Using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique, the present study aimed to provide inferences about the decadal changes in the overt and covert links of spatial factors with the precipitation climatology of Iran. Thus, using the national network data (Asfazari), 3rd version, the spatial distributions of precipitation for the last four decades were compared based on spatial factors. Also, an attempt was made to show the decadal variation of precipitation in Iran in relation to spatial factors, which could serve as an index of climate change as an essential field of research on precipitation. Data and Methodology Two datasets were employed to conduct this investigation; the 3rd version of Asfazari Precipitation Dataset and the data of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) related to Iran. The first dataset with the dimensions of 16801×205×167 and a resolution of 10 km was applied to study the temporal and spatial behaviors of precipitation within Iranian borders. The second dataset with a resolution of 10 km belonged to the US Geological Survey produced via ASTER satellite imagery with a global coverage. Based on the two above-mentioned datasets, the following steps and methods were taken and adopted to conduct the current study: 1- The average precipitation for the whole period (1969-2015) was calculated and its spatial relationships were examined. To investigate the variability of decadal precipitation, the average precipitation for each decade up to the decade of 2006-2015 was measured. Thus, the first 6 years (1969-1975) did not fit into the study decades to provide a comparison. Accordingly, the spatial characteristics of precipitation in Iran during the four decades of 1976-1985, 1986-1995, 1996-2005, and 2006-2015 were studied. Precipitation is considered as one of the elements, phenomena, and climatic processes, as well as an important indicator, in climate change tracking. One of the notable features of precipitation is its strong and often nonlinear relationship with geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) and topographic factors (altitude, slope, and slope direction). There are several ways to study this relationship. In this regard, we can refer to regression methods, control methods, ANN methods, etc. In recent years, the use of regression techniques (for example, Singh et al., 1995; Glazin, 1997; Alijani, 1373; Ghayyur and Masoudian, 1375; Mojarad and Moradifar, 1382; Asakereh, 1384; Razi'i and Azizi, 1387) has been in focus. Modeling the time series of climate like precipitation and chaotic spatial relationships of such nonlinear series are difficult and complex task due to atmospheric dynamics and its nonlinear relationships with spatial variables and since temporal change (variability) of precipitation in a continuous and chaotic system reflects a complex and nonlinear atmospheric behavior in the "geographical space". The spatial analysis showed that the relationships between precipitation and spatial factors had undergone a change on the tempo-spatial scale. Accordingly, complex algorithms, such as ANN methods, were more suitable for modeling these chaotic time series in a broad space like Iran. To study the characteristics of precipitation in Iran and compare the spatial relationships of precipitation in the current research, the spatial distribution of precipitation on the decadal scale and the decadal variability of precipitation were first investigated. Based on the selected spatial-topographic factors in all 16203 cells on the map of Iran as the ANN inputs, a model could be extracted to better fit the data. In this paper, the precipitation in Iran was regarded as the target variable to be compared with the model outputs. Results and discussion General characteristics of annual rainfall The spatial average of precipitation was about 250.5 mm. There was a very large spatial difference of precipitation in Iran. The spatial variability of precipitation was estimated based on geographic coordinates and topographic variables by using the ANN technique. Although the model’s error rate (88809.3) was noticeable, the correlation coefficient (0.95) showed that the estimated spatial distribution pattern of precipitation and the spatial distribution of real precipitation were very similar (90%). The absolute values of the model’s coefficients revealed that longitude, latitude, and altitude played the most important roles, respectively. The terrain aspect played the least important role in justifying precipitation. Decadal changes of precipitation The average precipitation in the country demonstrated a significant decrease from 268.1 to 220.3 mm from the first to the fourth decade. Nonetheless, the second decade had experienced a relatively significant increase and thus disrupted the general downward trend. The average precipitation anomaly was negative in the last two decades as well. This was evidence of the impact of the decreasing trend of precipitation in all regions of the country. Consequently, in the last two decades, 76.1 and 81% of Iran’s territory had received less precipitation than the long-term average precipitation between 1969 and 2015, respectively. The amounts of precipitation in the models fitted to each decade were compatible with the actual precipitation amounts. Therefore, the role of spatial factors in estimating rainfall had an acceptable capability. Decadal changes in the effects of spatial factors Assessment of latitude coefficients revealed that both the pattern and coefficient values were corresponding to the first, third, and fourth decades. It seemed that the negative values of latitude increased towards the last decade. For the second decade, which was associated with a relative enhancement in rainfall, the coefficients were different from those of the other decades. In this decade, coefficient variability was higher than those of the other decades. The average longitude coefficients of 10 neurons for the four studied decades were 1.76, 29.35, 0.91, and -1.19, respectively. The average altitude coefficients of neurons for these decades were about -2.87, -7.3, 0.1, and 3.75, respectively. Also, the average slope coefficients for the decades were almost similar to those of the altitude pattern (-2.29, 29.91, 0.3, and -0.22, respectively). However, the degrees of influence (coefficient values) and their signs were highly different for these two factors. Finally, the average coefficients for slope for the mentioned decades were about -0.71, 31.18, 0.34, and -2.83, respectively. Conclusion In this investigation, the diversity of spatial factors, such as geographical coordinates and topographic features, were found to have led to the spatial diversity of climatic elements like precipitation. In association with the temporal changes of precipitation, spatial factors played different roles in the process. Therefore, despite the relative stability of spatial factors, it could be inferred that these factors played different roles in the context of precipitation changes. To track the roles of geographical coordinates and topographic factors, i.e., altitude, terrain slope, and terrain aspect, in precipitation, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was utilized. The research findings could be presented in two categories as follows: Keywords: Iran, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), decadal variation, precipitation variability, spatial variable, topographic factor References - Alpert, P., Neeman, B. U., and Shay-El, Y. (1990). "Climatological analysis of Mediterranean cyclones using ECMWF data". TellusA, 42, 65-77. - Alpert, P., Osetinky, I., Ziv, B., & Shafir, H. (2004). "Semi-Objective Classification for Daily Synoptic System: Application to the Eastern Mediterranean Climate Change". International journal of climatology, 24:1001–101. - Asakereh, H. (2004). Spatial change modeling of climate data (A case study: Annual precipitation of Esfahan province). Geographical Research, 19(374), 213-231. - Asakereh, H. (2007). Spatio–Temporal Changes of Iran Inland Precipitation during Recent Decades. Geography and Development Iranian Journal, No. 10, pp. 145-164. - Asakereh, H. (2008). Kriging Application in Climatic Element Interpolation (A Case Study: Iran Precipitation in 1996). Geography and Development Iranian Journal, No. 12, pp. 25-42. - Asakereh, H. and Seifipour, Z. (2013). Spatial Modeling of Annual Precipitation in Iran. Geography and Development, 10(29), 6-9. - Asakereh, H., Jahanbakhsh, S., & Ashrafi, S. (2019). On the frequency changes of cyclones affecting precipitation in the Rood Zard basin, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geoscences, 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4523-9 - Bengtsson, L., Hodges, K. I., & Roeckner, E. (2006). "Storm Tracks and Climate Change". Journal of Climate, 19, 3518-3543. - Blender, R. & Schubert, M. (1999). "Cyclone Tracking in Different Spatial and Temporal Resolutions". American Meteorological Society: 377-384. - Flocas, H., Kouroutzoglou, j., Keay, K., & Simmonds, I. (2010). "On Cyclonic Tracks over the Eastern Mediterranean". Journal of Climate, Vol. 23, October 2010. - Geng, Q. & Sugi, M. (2001). "Possible Change of Extratropical Cyclone Activity due to Enhanced Greenhouse Gases and Sulfate Aerosols—Study with a High-Resolution AGCM". Journal of climate, No. 16. 2262-2274. - Glazirin, G. E. (1997). Precipitation Distribution with Altitude. Theoretical and applied climatology, Vol. 58, pp. 141-145. - Goudi, A. (1992). Environmental change. Oxford University Press, 3rd edition. - Lionello, P., Dalan, F., & Elvini, E. (2002). Cyclones in the Mediterranean region: the present and the doubled co_2 climate scenarios. CLIMATE RESEARCH, 147–159. - Maduako, I. D., Yun, Z., & Patrick, B. (2016). Simulation and prediction of land surface temperature (LST) dynamics within Ikom City in Nigeria using artificial neural network (ANN). Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS, 5(1), 1-7.‏ - Singh, P., Ramasastri, K. S., & Kumar, N. (1995). Topographical Influence on Precipitation Distribution in Different Ranges of Western Himalayes. Nordic Hydrology, Vol. 26, pp. 259-284. تنوع عوامل مکانی (نظیر موقعیت جغرافیایی و ویژگی‌های توپوگرافیک) موجبات تنوع مکانی عناصر اقلیمی ازجمله بارش را فراهم کرده است. همراه با تغییرات زمانی بارش، عوامل مکانی نقش‌های مختلفی ایفا می‌کنند؛ از این رو برخلاف ثبات نسبی عوامل مکانی، می‌توان استنباط کرد که این عوامل در بستر تغییرات بارش نقش‌های مختلف ایفا می‌کنند. به‌منظور ردیابی نقش عوامل مکانی نظیر موقعیت (مختصات جغرافیایی) و عوامل توپوگرافیک (ارتفاع، شیب و جهت شیب) در بارش، از مدل شبکة عصبی مصنوعی استفاده شد. یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر نشان داد از دهۀ اول (1355- 1364) به سمت دهۀ چهارم (1385- 1394) میانگین بارش کشور کاهش زیادی داشته است. در این میان دهۀ دوم (1365- 1374) افزایش نسبتاً زیادی را تجربه و روند عمومی کاهشی را مختل کرده است. میزان بارش حاصل از مدل‌های برازش‌یافته در هریک از دهه‌ها، الگوی تغییرات زمانی‌مکانی بارش واقعی را به‌خوبی بازتاب می‌دهد و توجیه می‌کند. براساس یافته‌های الگوی برازش‌یافته مشخص شد نقش بعضی از متغیرهای موقعیت جغرافیایی و عوامل توپوگرافیک از دهه‌ای به دهۀ دیگر بسیار تغییرپذیر بوده است و بعضی از متغیرها نقش‌های نسبتاً ثابتی داشته‌اند. این امر گواهی بر این واقعیت است که تغییر کاهندۀ اثر یک متغیر با تغییر فزایندۀ اثر متغیرهای دیگر جبران می‌شود و نیز متناسب با تغییرات دهه‌ای بارش شکل می‌گیرد. در این میان نقش عرض جغرافیایی تغییرات زیادی داشته است. بیشترین و کمترین نقش این متغیر به‌ترتیب در دهۀ اول و دوم بوده است. در دو دهۀ انتهایی، تغییر همزمان نقش عرض جغرافیایی با تغییر میزان میانگین دهه‌ای بارش بسیار چشمگیرتر از دو دهۀ دیگر است. این واقعیت را می‌توان به تغییراتی نسبت داد که در مسیر چرخندها رخ داده است. این تغییر مسیر چرخندها در مطالعات پیشین بررسی و تأیید شده است؛ علاوه بر این افزایش بارندگی در دهۀ دوم با ضریب‌های متفاوت از دهه‌های دیگر، نقش منحصربه‌فرد عوامل مکانی- توپوگرافیک را در دوره‌های پربارش و کم‌بارش نشان می‌دهد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25816_c3363c78dd1be52169d7aeb17d315550.pdf