دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 1 2022 03 21 Analysis of Forest Guard Staff’s Attitudes towards the New Environmental Paradigm Case Study of Golestan Province تحلیل نگرش کارکنان یگان حفاظت از جنگل‌ها به پارادایم جدید زیست‌محیطی مطالعة موردی: استان گلستان 1 20 25664 10.22108/gep.2021.122142.1284 FA احمد عابدی سروستانی دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مدیریت کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران محمدرضا شهرکی کارشناس ارشد اداره کل منابع طبیعی و آبخیزداری استان گلستان Journal Article 2020 03 15 Extended Abstract: Introduction: Today's environmental issues are deeply socialized and consequently, a responsible view of the environment is one of the hallmarks of many societies for moving towards sustainable development. Environmental attitudes are defined as a set of friendly (positive) and unfriendly (negative) feelings towards the environment and related topics. Environmental attitudes are strong predictors of environmental behaviors. Therefore, solving environmental crises depends on changing one’s attitude and perceived value to the environment. Two perspectives can be identified in terms of two paradigms regarding attitudes towards the environment. One view is referred to as the dominant social paradigm and the other is the new environmental paradigm. The new environmental paradigm points to the limitations that must inevitably be placed on human (economic) growth, namely the importance of maintaining a balance between nature and the development of a sustainable economy, or the need to rethink the belief that nature exists solely for the sake of human needs. This paradigm emphasizes the balanced relationship between humans and other species as well as sustainability in the use of natural resources. This paradigm consists of three dimensions, which include ‘growth restriction’, ‘rejecting anthropocentrism’, and accepting the ‘fragility of nature’s balance’. Given the importance of attitudes towards the environment and its role in dealing with nature, the question posed in this study is: which environmental perspective is common among societies? Some experts attribute environmental problems to people and believe that their views on the environment are not appropriate and their indifference to the environment is excessive and unjustifiable. But is this claim true, and is it just for ordinary people? In other words, do natural resource management and conservationists have a good view of the environment? This research was conducted to find the environmental views of forest guard staff in Golestan province. Methodology: This research was conducted using the survey research method. The study population consisted of the Forest Guard staff of the Golestan Province. Using the stratified random sampling method, 264 of them were selected in the counties of Golestan province. Data collection was done in 2018 using a questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire included questions about the demographic and occupational characteristics of staff including age, marital status, work experience, level of education, and place of residence. The second part consisted of 15 items related to the Environmental Attitude Index based on the new environmental paradigm. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by face validity and Cronbach's test, respectively. Discussion: The results of the study showed that the average age of respondents was 40.36 years. They had an average of 14.26 years of work experience. The majority of them (92%) were married. Also, 60.2% of them lived in cities, and the rest in rural areas. The average educational level of the study samples was above the high school diploma. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the structure of Forest Guard staff’s attitudes towards the new environmental paradigm derives from five factors including ecological equilibrium, growth restriction, technology-oriented, optimism about the future, and anthropocentrism, which explained 56.32% of the variance of the dependent variable. Among these factors, ‘growth restriction’ is the first priority and ‘no optimism about the future’ is the last priority. Married participants reject more anthropocentrism than singles, but singles are more skeptical about the future of the environment than married. The attitudes of Forest Guard staff were independent of age, marital status, and place of residence, but with increasing levels of education, their attitude towards the new environmental paradigm became weaker. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the environmental attitude of the study population could be assessed at a relatively appropriate level. However, this attitude was not strong enough. In addition, attitudes towards the new environmental paradigm is a multidimensional phenomenon with five dimensions including ecological equilibrium, growth restriction, technology-oriented, optimism about the future, and anthropocentrism. The dimensions revealed in the present study are consistent with those introduced for the new environmental paradigm in other studies, namely the rejection of human dominance over nature, ecological balance, and limited development. Using re-training and in-service programs to improve the environmental attitudes of Forest Guard staff are suggested. Keywords: Environment, Attitude, Conservation, Natural Resources. References: - Ai-He, H., & Greenberg, S. (2008). Motivating in Sustainable Energy Consumption in the Home. Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary. 5 p. - Albrecht, D., Bultena, G., Hoiberg, E., & Nowak, P. (1982). Measuring Environmental Concern: The New Environmental Paradigm Scale. The Journal of Environmental Education, 13(3), 39-43. - Amburgey, J. W., & Thoman, D. B. (2012). Dimensionality of the New Ecological Paradigm Issues of Factor Structure and Measurement. Journal of Environment and Behavior, 44(2), 235-256. - Baar, S. (2003). A Cortical Mechanism for Triggering Top-Down Facilitation in Visual Object Recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(4), 600-609. - Barr, S. (2004). Are We All Environmentalists Now? Rhetoric and Reality in Environmental Action. Geoforum, 35(2), 231-249. - Bloom, J. W., & Trumbell, D. (2008). Evaluation of Environmental Attitudes: Analysis and Results of a Scale Applied to University Student. Journal of University of Zaragoza, 91(6), 988-1009. - Bord, R. J., O’Connor, R. E., & Fisher, A., (2000). In What Sense Does the Public Need to Understand Global Climate Change?. Public Understanding of Science, 9(3), 205-218. - Catton Jr, W. R., & Dunlap, R. E. (1980). A New Ecological Paradigm for Post-Exuberant Sociology. Journal of American Behavioral Scientist, 24(1), 15-47. - Cheng, T. M., Wu, H. C., & Huang, L. M. (2013). The Influence of Place Attachment on the Relationship between Destination Attractiveness and Environmentally Responsible Behavior for Island Tourism in Penghu, Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(8), 1166-1187. - Duerden, M. D., & Witt, P. A. (2010). The Impact of Direct and Indirect Experiences on the Development of Environmental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 379-392. - Dunlap, R. E., & Van Liere, K. D. (1978). The New Environmental Paradigm. The Journal of Environmental Education, 9(4), 10-19. - Dunlap, R. E., & Van Liere, K. D. (1978). The New Environmental Paradigm: A Proposed Measuring Instrument and Preliminary Results. Journal of Environmental Education, 9(4), 10-19 . - Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K. D., Mertig, G. A., & Jones, R. E. (2000). Measuring Endorsement of the New Environmental Paradigm: A Revised NEP Scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 425-442. - Gomera, A., Villamandos, F., & Vaquero, M. (2013). Construcción de Indicadores de Creencias Ambientales a Partir de la Escala NEP. Acción Psicológica, 10(1), 149-160. - Grunert, S. C., & Juhl, H. J. (1995). Values, Environmental Attitudes and Buying of Organic Foods. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16, 39-62. - Hernandez, B., Suarez, E., Martinez-Torvisco, J., & Hess, S. (2000). The Study of Environmental Beliefs by Fact Analysis, Research in the Canary Islands, Spain. Journal of Environment and Behavior, 32(5), 612-636. - Hini, D., Gendall, P., & Kearnz, Z. (1995). The Link Between Environmental Attitudes and Behavior. Journal of Marketing Bulletin, 6(3), 22-31. - Kaiser, F. G., Wolfing, S., & Fuhrer, U. (1999). Environmental Attitude and Ecological Behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(1), 1-19. - Kennedy, J. J., Hayens, R. W., & Zhou, X. (2005). Line Officers Views on Stated USDA Forest Service Values and the Agency Reward System, General Technical Report. PNW: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. - Kil, N., Holland, S. M., & Stein, T. V. (2014). Structural Relationships between Environmental Attitudes, Recreation Motivations, and Environmentally Responsible Behaviors. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 7-8, 16-25. - Kilbourne, W. E., Beckmann, S. C., Lewis, A., & Dam, Y. V. (2001). A Multinational Examination of the Role of the Dominant Social Paradigm in Environmental Attitudes of University Students. Journal of Environment and Behavior, 33(2), 209-228. - Lee, E. B. (2008). Environmental Attitudes and Information Sources among African American College Students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 40(1), 29-42. - Lee, T. H., & Jan, F. H. (2015). The Effects of Recreation Experience, Environmental Attitude, and Biospheric Value on the Environmentally Responsible Behavior of Nature-Based Tourists. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(7), 193-208. - Lou, Y., & Deng, J. (2007). The New Environmental Paradigm and Nature-Based Tourism Motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 392-402. - Milbrath, L. W., & Fisher, B. V. (1984). Environmentalists: Vanguard for a New Society. Suny Press. - Moyano, E., & Palomo, G. (2014). Propiedades Psicométricas de la Escala Nuevo Paradigma Ecológico (NEP-R) en Población Chilena. Psico, 45(3), 415-423. - Nordlund, A. M., & Gravill, J. (2003). Effects of Values, Problem Awareness, and Personal Norm on Willingness to Reduce Personal Car Use. Journal of Environmaental Psychology, 23, 339-347. - Ntanos, S., Kyriakopoulos, G., Skordoulis, M., Chalikias, M., & Arabatzis, G. (2019). An Application of the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) Scale in a Greek Context. Energies, 12(2), 1-18. - Rajput, N., & Bajaj, P. (2011). Pro Environmental Attitude and Green Buying: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Management and Information Technology, 3(1), 59-81. - Rauwald, K. S., & Moore, C. F. (2002). Environmental Attitudes as Predictors of Policy Support across Three Countries. Journal of Environment and Behavior, 34(6), 709-739. - Saunders, C. D., Brook, A. T., & Myers, O. E. (2006). Using Psychology to Save Biodiversity and Human Well-Being. Journal of Conservation Biology, 20(3), 702-705. - Shetzer, L., Stackman, R. W., & Moore, L. F. (1991). Business Environment Attitudes and the New Environmental Paradigm. Journal of Environmental Education, 22(4), 14-21. - Tarrant, M. A., & Cordell, H. K. (1997). The Effect of Respondent Characteristics on General Environmental Attitude-Behavior Correspondence. Journal of Environment and Behavior, 29, 618-633. - Taye, F. A., Vedel, S. E., & Jacobsen, J. B. (2018). Accounting for Environmental Attitude to Explain Variations in Willingness to Pay for Forest Ecosystem Services Using the New Environmental Paradigm. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 7(4), 420-440. - Thapa, B. (1999). Environmentalism: The Relation of Environmental Attitudes and Environmentally Responsible Behaviors among Undergraduate Students. Bulletin of Science Technology Society, 19, 426-438. چکیده نگرش‌ها، باورها و دیدگاههای زیست‌محیطی از این رو اهمیت دارند که بر تعامل انسان با طبیعت اثر می‌گذارند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نگرش زیست‌محیطی کارکنان یگان حفاظت از جنگل‌ها در استان گلستان برمبنای پارادایم جدید زیست‌محیطی انجام شد؛ بدین منظور با روش پژوهش پیمایشی 264 نفر بررسی شدند و اطلاعات مورد نیاز با تکمیل پرسش‌نامه جمع‌آوری شد. پس از تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات با نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS18 مشخص شد نگرش کارکنان یگان حفاظت از جنگل‌ها به پارادایم جدید زیست‌محیطی در حد نسبتاً مناسب است. تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی نشان داد ساختار این نگرش از پنج عامل ناشی می‌شود؛ شامل «تعادل اکولوژیکی»، «محدودیت رشد»، «فناوری‌محوری»، «خوش‌بینی به آینده» و «انسان‌محوری» که درمجموع قادرند 32/56 درصد از واریانس متغیر وابسته را توضیح دهند؛ با این حال افراد متأهل بیشتر از افراد مجرد مخالف انسان‌محوری بودند، اما افراد مجرد بیشتر از افراد متأهل به آیندة محیط‌زیست بدبین بودند. نگرش کارکنان حفاظت از جنگل‌ها مستقل از سن، وضعیت تأهل و محل سکونت افراد بوده، اما با افزایش سطح تحصیلات، نگرش آنان به پارادایم جدید زیست‌محیطی ضعیف‌تر می‌شده است. استفاده از برنامه‌های بازآموزی و ضمن خدمت برای بهبود نگرش زیست‌محیطی کارکنان حفاظت از جنگل‌ها از پیشنهادهای پژوهش حاضر است.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25664_f66fedd83cee99233b1209758011b7e4.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 1 2022 03 21 Investigating the Effects of Re-generated Urban Spaces on the Socio-Economic Performance of the Historical Context of Isfahan (Case study: Imam Ali Square) تبیین آثار بازآفرینی فضاهای شهری بر عملکرد اقتصادیاجتماعی بافت تاریخی اصفهان نمونة پژوهش: محدودة میدان امام علی (ع) 21 44 26004 10.22108/gep.2021.130646.1459 FA حسین جعفری جبلی دانشجوی دکتری گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران سید مهدی موسی کاظمی دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران حسن حکمت نیا دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران رضا مختاری دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2021 09 19 Extended Abstract: Introduction Imam Ali Square (AS) as the most important open space in the northern part of Isfahan with high activity density needs to achieve the desired quantitative and qualitative dimensions. The reconstruction and revitalization of the square has been the major costly urban renovation project in this city. For examlem to rehabilitate the square, the passing cars in the four streets leading to this place were first driven out of the square through the underpasses and then, all the shops in the middle of the square wer bought and demolished through public participation by using participation papers. Next, the markets on the sides of the square were completed and restored with traditional designs. The local markets have now their activaties in this square on Mondays and Wednesdays, while the municipality has tried to organize or dismantle them. When paying attention to the actions taken, one can observe that they are comprehensive and holistic. However, only physical issues, such as paving and improvement of appearance, have been considered in the restoration plans of this complex. It seems that effective steps have not been taken to revitalize this square. Revitalization of an urban -- economic life and vitality --has a hidden dimension often overlooked. For example, this complex has not been successful in enabling the former merchants to buy new shops and got involved in such issues as lack of attending to former small businesses that have used to increase interactions, lack of welcoming citizens, and lack of maintaining meanings and memories. Due to its proximity to the old market and historical sites, this space has the potential to create an active tourist center that can provide strong roots of urban life. Therefore, paying more attention to the performance of this area could increase citizens' satisfaction and vitality and a sense of belonging for citizens and businesses. Undoubtedly, neglecting the mentioned factors and not conducting the necessary research in this regard would cause the lack of tangible identity, disorder and visual confusion, lack of psychological security and people’s confusion in the area, abandonment of cultural and historical elements, lack of positive people’s evaluation of urban spaces, reduced social interactions, and decreased sense of belonging. Therefore, the present made an attempt to study the effects of recreating Imam Ali Square on the socio-economic performance of the surrounding area. Methodology The present study was an applied research with a descriptive-analytical approach. In the first step, a list of the influential factors were identified as the research variables and compiled in the form of two questionnaires. In the first questionnaire, the importance of each factor based on Likert Spectrum was asked from 100 urban experts as the statistical population using the Snowball method. To assess the importance of economic and socio-cultural practices in Imam Ali Square, the information collected from the first questionnaire was analyzed through descriptive findings and Chi-square tests in the SPSS software environment. The average values of economic and socio-cultural indicators in the real society were assumed to be equal to 3. The importance of the studied indicators in all the items had to be higher than average. Applying the method of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in the LISREL software environment, the effective socio-economic factors in recreating the area of Imam Ali Square were identified. Discussion The results showed that the level of satisfaction with the neighborhood was below the social criterion and the economic criterion of land and housing market was one of the most important factors affecting the quality of life in the area. Changing false and unstable activities and jobs, organizing suitable jobs and activities, modifying the prices of residential commercial lands, increasing the qualities of commercial units, attracting domestic and foreign investors to the economic sector, increasing the presence of pedestrians and social groups and their understanding of the area, removing the disturbing jobs, strengthening the national and international images of this square, organizing beggars, using the square as an urban space, and reducing individual and social insecurities in the social sector were among the factors that received the highest points in the fields of recreating the economic and socio-cultural performance of the square, thus indicating that the project of recreating the revitalizing Imam Ali Square had been successful in these fields. Conclusion Imam Ali Square was considered as the most active and prosperous commercial and economic areas in Isfahan before its reconstruction. People from the surrounding cities and villages in addition to Isfahan used to come to this place for shopping due to the great variety of products offered in this area. For example, the fruit and vegetable market in the north of Abdul Razzaq Street was very prosperous though being an irregular complex of fruit stalls. In the past, especially during the Qajar period, this center was used to buy and sell coal. However, after supplying oil and gas to the domestic and industrial markets, the coal sale activity gradually declined and was replaced by peddling activities. Towards the end of the square, a gathering place was formed for vendors to sell second-hand and cheap goods. Another market in this area was the bird market in Cucumber Caravanserai. In this market, animals, such as chickens, roosters, partridges, pigeons, etc., were sold. The mentioned center and the coal market had a very dirty atmosphere and an unfavorable appearance. They had nothing to do with the historical identity and cultural values of the area. In this place, peddling, smuggling, buying and selling drugs, and begging were done a lot. Nevertheless, among the actions taken, meanings and memorable messages, customer attraction, business satisfaction, and economic life were lacking in this area and this had caused it to be involved in a declined prosperity and hence not to have its former vitality. Keywords: urban space, recreation, historical context, Imam Ali Square, Isfahan References: - Aykaç, P., Rifaioğlu, M.N., Altınöz, A.G.B., Güçhan, N.Ş., (2009). Design Interventions as Regenerators in Historic Towns: Proposal for Ayvalık Historic Depots Region, In the International Conference on the Urban Projects, Architectural Intervention in Urban Areas, TU, Delft, The Netherlands. - Bailey, N., (2010). Understanding community empowerment in urban regeneration and planning in England: putting policy and practice in context, Planning Practice & Research, 25 (3), 317-332. - Bursiewicz, N., (2018). Regeneration of market squares in historic town centres: ideas, discussions, controversies, Urban development issues, 60 (1), 67-79. - Cho, G.H., Kim, J.H., Lee, G., (2020). Announcement effects of urban regeneration plans on residential property values: Evidence from Ulsan, Korea, Cities, 97, 102570. - Coscia, C., Rubino, I., (2020, May). Fostering New Value Chains and Social Impact-Oriented Strategies in Urban Regeneration Processes: What Challenges for the Evaluation Discipline? In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM: New Metropolitan Perspectives, pp. 983-992, Springer, Cham. - Couch, C., Dennemann, A., (2000). Urban regeneration and sustainable development in Britain: The example of the Liverpool Ropewalks Partnership, Cities, 17 (2), 137-147. - Couch, C., Sykes, O., Börstinghaus, W., (2011). Thirty years of urban regeneration in Britain, Germany and France: The importance of context and path dependency, Progress in planning, 75 (1), 1-52. - Ellin, N., (2006). Integral Urbanism, London and New York: Routledge. - Hajjari, M., (2009). Improving urban life through urban public spaces: a comparison between Iranian and Australian cases, Universitas, 21. - https://rasekhoon.net/ - https://www.yjc.news/ - Korkmaz, C., Balaban, O., (2020). Sustainability of urban regeneration in Turkey: Assessing the performance of the North Ankara Urban Regeneration Project, Habitat International, 95, 102081. - Orueta, F.D., (2007). Madrid: Urban regeneration projects and social mobilization, Cities, 24 (3), 183-193. - Raco, M., (2003). Assessing the discourses and practices of urban regeneration in a growing region, Geoforum, 34 (1), 37-55. - Sairinen, R., Kumpulainen, S., (2006). Assessing social impacts in urban waterfront regeneration, Environmental impact assessment review, 26 (1), 120-135. - San Juan, C., Subiza-Pérez, M., Vozmediano, L., (2017). Restoration and the city: the role of public urban squares, Frontiers in psychology, 8, 2093. - Sasaki, M., (2010). Urban regeneration through cultural creativity and social inclusion: Rethinking creative city theory through a Japanese case study, Cities, 27, S3-S9. - Trancik, R., (1986). Finding lost space, theories of urban space, New york, 256. - Uysal, Ü.E., (2012). An urban social movement challenging urban regeneration: The case of Sulukule, Istanbul. Cities, 29 (1), 12-22. - Wang, Y., Yamaguchi, K., Kawasaki, M., (2018). Urban revitalization in highly localized squares: A case study of the Historic Centre of Macao, Urban Design International, 23 (1), 34-53. - Xuili, G., Maliene, V., (2021). A Review of Studies on Sustainable Urban Regeneration, EPiC Series in Built Environment, 2, 615-625. - Yu, J.H., Kwon, H.R., (2011). Critical success factors for urban regeneration projects in Korea, International Journal of Project Management, 29 (7), 889-899. چکیده بازسازی و احیای میدان‌ها در طول چندین سال متمادی جزو مهم‌ترین و پرهزینه‌ترین پروژه‌های مرمت و طراحی شهری اصفهان بوده است. در طرح‌های مرمت و ساماندهی این مجموعه‌ها فقط به موضوعات کالبدی نظیر سنگ‌فرش و بهبود نمای ظاهری توجه شده و هیچ توجهی به وجود معنا، افزایش خاطره‌انگیزی، جذب مشتری، رضایت کسبه و حیات اقتصادی مجموعه‌ها نشده است. در این زمینه هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل آثار بازآفرینی میدان عتیق بر عملکرد اقتصادی‌اجتماعی محدودة این میدان است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع کاربردی و روش آن، توصیفی‌تحلیلی است. جامعة آماری این پژوهش، متخصصان و کارشناسان حوزة شهری هستند. روش نمونه‌گیری، گلوله‌برفی است و داده‌ها با بهره‌گیری از پرسش‌نامة پژوهشگرساخته در سال جاری گردآوری شده است. در تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون‌های کای‌اسکوئر در محیط نرم‌افزار SPSS و تحلیل عاملی تأییدی در محیط نرم‌افزار لیزرل استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد ساماندهی مشاغل کاذب و ناپایدار، ساماندهی مشاغل و فعالیت‌ها، تغییر فعالیت و مشاغل در محدوده، تغییر قیمت زمین و املاک مسکونی، تجاری و... ، تأثیر بر افزایش کیفیت واحدهای تجاری، تمایل و جذب سرمایه‌گذار داخلی، تمایل و جذب سرمایه‌گذار خارجی در بخش اقتصادی، حضور عابر پیاده، شناخته‌شدن بیشتر محدوده، حضور قشرهای مختلف اجتماعی در میدان، نبود مشاغل مزاحم، تقویت وجهة ملی و بین‌المللی، ساماندهی تکدی‌گران، استفاده از فضای میدان به‌مثابة فضای شهری و کاهش ناامنی‌های فردی و اجتماعی در بخش اجتماعی، ازجمله عواملی هستند که بیشترین امتیاز را درزمینة بازآفرینی عملکرد اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی گرفته‌اند.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26004_ef5b173ece059dcc49bde9cce2313f1f.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 1 2022 03 21 Analysis of the Inequality of Spatial Distribution of Administrative-Disciplinary Services via the Spatial Justice Approach (Case Study: Isfahan Neighborhoods) تحلیل نابرابری فضایی در توزیع خدمات اداری‌انتظامی از منظر عدالت فضایی نمونة پژوهش: محله‌های شهر اصفهان 45 66 26143 10.22108/gep.2021.126791.1390 FA محمدحسین سرائی دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران فرزانه دستا دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران Journal Article 2021 01 09 Extended abstract: Introduction: Following the increasing expansion of cities and urban population, the demand for urban services is also increasing. One of the important services in cities is administrative service that meets the citizens’ daily needs. This type of service has been established by ministries and central organizations with the increase of the number of cities and urban population and consequently, the increase of citizens' service needs. On the other hand, fair and adequate distribution of disciplinary enforcement centers has an effective role in establishing security and tranquility in cities. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately identify the current situation in this field in order to create a more appropriate and equitable distribution of administrative-disciplinary spaces that are needed by today's societies. In this regard, the purpose of this article was to evaluate the spatial pattern of administrative-disciplinary services in Isfahan so as to achieve the effect of the administrative model of administrative-disciplinary services on the desirability of the functional radius of these services and assess the relationship between the spatial distribution of administrative-disciplinary services and population in the related areas. Methodology: This study was of an applied type based on the purpose and a descriptive-analytical research in nature and method. Data collection was based on the library method. After collecting the basic information and data, the spatial distribution of administrative-disciplinary enforcement services was firstly modeled by using the nearest neighborhood analysis method, local Moran index, global Moran index, and hot-spot analysis in Arc GIS software environment. Then, the effect of the spatial distribution pattern of these services on the desirability of their functional radius was evaluated in the same software by using fuzzy membership function. In the next step, by drawing the map of Isfahan neighborhoods in GeoDa software, the spatial autocorrelation of the variable population of Isfahan with the distribution of administrative-disciplinary services in its neighborhoods was determined and analyzed by using Moran’s bivariate index. Discussion: The analysis of the nearest neighborhood showed that the administrative-disciplinary enforcement services in Isfahan were randomly distributed. According to the calculations of the global Moran coefficient, the administrative-disciplinary enforcement services were distributed in clusters in the neighborhoods with a probability of 99%. By calculating the local Moran for the neighborhoods of Isfahan, it was found that 3 neighborhoods in District 13 were significantly located at the High-High clustering level, which indicated establishment of the neighborhoods with more administrative-disciplinary enforcement services nearby and in clusters. One neighborhood in District 10 and one in District 14 were located at the High-Low level. These neighborhoods had a large number of administrative-disciplinary enforcement services, while being surrounded by less record-breaking neighbors. 3 neighborhoods in District 13, which were located at the Low-High clustering level, faced the lack of access to these services, while being adjacent to the neighborhoods with a better access. Other neighborhoods did not have a significant autocorrelation. According to the maps drawn through the hot-spot analysis, the neighborhoods and central areas, especially areas 1, 3, 5, and 6, had formed hot spots and moved to the outskirts of the city due to their high administrative-disciplinary services, especially area 9 and the northeast part of the city. Also, cold spots were forming, which indicated the lack of administrative-disciplinary enforcement services in these neighborhoods. Assessing the effectiveness of the spatial distribution model of these services on the desirability of the functional radius demonstrated the desirability of their functional radius in the central regions, as well as unfavorable areas and neighborhoods around the city. The desirability of the functional radius was in favor of the center but had caused a detriment to the surroundings. Moran’s bivariate index was applied to measure and evaluate the spatial autocorrelation, which showed very low probability of the spatial distribution of administrative-disciplinary enforcement services based on the variable population with low significance. Conclusion: In general, the results indicated that the spatial distribution of administrative-disciplinary enforcement services in the neighborhoods of Isfahan City was inappropriate in a way that the desirability of access to these services in the central areas was very high, while citizens in the suburbs were facing lack of access to these services. Therefore, it is necessary to consider programs and policies that eliminate this major spatial gap and establish spatial justice in the neighborhoods of Isfahan and ultimately social justice to cover the entire city. According to David Harvey, it is advisable to give extra services to the groups in need because they do not have a history of using these services and are not thus accustomed to them. This is especially true of municipal services for very poor groups, new immigrants, and the like. Hence, entitlement to the geographical framework would be allocation of additional resources to compensate for the social and natural problems of each region. Keywords: spatial justice, spatial distribution, administrative-disciplinary services, Isfahan neighborhood References - Ardeshiri, Ali, Ken Willis & Mahyar Ardeshiri (2018). Exploring preference homogeneity and heterogeneity for proximity to urban, public services, Cities, pp 1–13. - Boyne. A., Georg, Martin A. Powell (2002). Territoial Justice Spatial Justice and Local covernment Finance, University of Herhordshire & university of clamorgan. - Delbosec, A. and G., Currie (2011). 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Hesamyan and Mohammad Reza Haeri and Behrouz monadi zadeh, the company processing and urban planning, Winter 1997, page 271. - Herrera, F., & Herrera-Viedma, E. (2002). «Linguistic decision analysis: steps for solving decision problems under linguistic information», Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 115, 67–82. - Langford, M., Higgs, G., Radcliffe, J. While, S. (2008). Urban Population Distntution Models and Service Accessibility Estimation Compuers Environment and Urban System. - Laurent E (2011). Issues in environmental justice within the European Union, Ecological Economics, No. 70, 1846–1853. - Liao, Chin-Hsien, Chang, Hsueh-Sheng, Tsou, Ko-Wan (2009). Explore the spatial equity of urban public facility allocation based on sustainable development viewpoint, 14th International Conference on Urban Planning and Regional Development in the Information Society, Spain: Sitges, p 137-145. - Lorestani A., Yaghoubpour Z., Shirzadian R. (2016). Analysis of spatial distribution of Tehran Metropolis urban services using models of urban planning, Capital Urban Manage., 1(2). Pp 83-92. - Mitchel, G. and Norman, P. (2012). longitudinal environmental justice analysis: Co-evolution of environmental quality and deprivation in England, 1960–2007. Geoforum, No. 43, pp: 44-57. - Parry, Jahangeer A., Showkat A. Ganaie & M. Sultan Bhat (2018). GIS based land suitability analysis using AHP model for urban services planning in Srinagar and Jammu urban centers of J&K, India, Journal of Urban Management 7, pp 46-56. - Sohel Rana M. D (2009). Status of water use sanitation and hygienic condition of urban slums: A study on Rupsha Ferighat slum, Khulna", www.elsevier.com, pp. 322-328. - Tirband, Majid and Azani, Mehri (2012). Distribution of facilities and municipal services based on social justice, case study: Yasouj city, Journal of applied sociology, Issue 23, No46, p: 109-138. - Wiesel, Ilan, Liu Fanqi and Buckle Caitlin (2017). Locational disadvantage and the spatial distribution of government expenditure on urban infrastructure and services in metropolitan Sydney (1988–2015), Geographical Research, pp 1-13. - windner, Robert. (2009). Planning law primer, basics of variances planning commission journal. N6, p30-47. - Zhang Chaosheng, Lin Luo, Weilin Xu & Valerie Ledwith, (2008). Use of local Moran's I and GIS to identify pollution hotspots of Pb in urban soils of Galway, Ireland , Science of The Total Environment, Volume 398, Issues 1-3. Figures: - Figure 1: Map of the political situation of Isfahan in the city, province and country - Figure 2: Map of the central feature and directional distribution of administrative- disciplinary services in neighborhoods and areas of Isfahan - Figure 3: The pattern of distribution of administrative- disciplinary services in Isfahan city using the average nearest neighborhood analysis - Figure 4: The pattern of distribution of administrative- disciplinary services in the neighborhoods of Isfahan using Moran index - Figure 5: Spatial autocorrelation of Isfahan neighborhoods from the perspective of having administrative-disciplinary services - Figure 6: Analysis of hot and cold spots in neighborhoods of Isfahan from the perspective of administrative-disciplinary - Figure 7: Analysis of the desirability of the functional radius of administrative-disciplinary services in Isfahan based on the fuzzy membership method - Figure 8: Spatial autocorrelation diagram (local Moran) between of the population and the area of administrative- disciplinary services in Isfahan neighborhoods - Figure 9: Spatial autocorrelation map between the population and the area of administrative- disciplinary services in Isfahan neighborhoods با رشد فزایندة شهرنشینی در جهان، شهرهای کشورهای در حال توسعه ازجمله ایران با نابرابری خدماتی و پراکنش جمعیت مواجه شده‌اند؛ به طوری که ناپایداری حاصل از آن به شکل نابرابری فضایی‌اجتماعی و با نمودهایی چون محرومیت شهروندان از خدمات و تسهیلات شهری و افزایش شکاف طبقاتی نمایان شده است. در این زمینه هدف از این مقاله، ارزیابی الگوی فضایی خدمات اداری‌انتظامی در شهر اصفهان، دستیابی به تأثیر الگوی توزیع این خدمات بر مطلوبیت شعاع عملکردی و سنجش ارتباط بین توزیع فضایی این خدمات و میزان جمعیت مناطق متناظر بر موقعیت مکان آنها در شهر اصفهان است. نوع پژوهش براساس هدف، کاربردی و ازنظر ماهیت و روش، توصیفی‌تحلیلی است. داده‌های مورد نیاز به روش کتابخانه‌ای و با مراجعه به منابع و سازمان‌های مرتبط گردآوری شد. برای پیشبرد اهداف پژوهش حاضر و تحلیل داده‌ها، روش‌هایی از قبیل توابع تحلیل نزدیک‌ترین همسایگی، شاخص موران محلی، شاخص موران جهانی، تحلیل لکه‌های داغ، روش عضویت فازی و شاخص دو متغیرة موران در محیط نرم‌افزاری GeoDa در محله‌های شهر اصفهان به کار گرفته شدند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد الگوی پراکنش خدمات اداری‌انتظامی، تصادفی است. ارزیابی تأثیرگذاری الگوی توزیع فضایی این خدمات بر میزان مطلوبیت شعاع عملکردی بیانگر نامطلوبی مناطق و محله‌های پیرامون شهری در خدمات اداری‌انتظامی است. سنجش ارتباط بین توزیع خدمات اداری‌انتظامی و میزان جمعیت محله‌ها نیز ارتباط بسیار ضعیف این دو متغیر را تأیید می‌کند. درمجموع نتایج پژوهش حاکی از نابرابری‌های اجتماعی و نبود عدالت در توزیع خدمات اداری‌انتظامی در سطح محله‌های شهر اصفهان است.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26143_16ef57b56ed967f16f51fb0597c55b62.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 1 2022 03 21 Structural Pathology of Hadi Plan as the Most Comprehensive Rural Development Plan in Iran (Case Study: Kermanshah Province) آسیب‌شناسی ساختاری طرح هادی به‌منزلة فراگیرترین طرح توسعة روستایی در ایران نمونه: استان کرمانشاه 63 88 26201 10.22108/gep.2021.129436.1437 FA امیرعلی ذوالفقاری دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکدة علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران سیداسکندر صیدایی دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکدة علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2021 08 08 Introduction In Iran, the Rural Hadi Project is recognized as the first organized and comprehensive national effort to spatially organize villages. It is the most extensive and costly project that has been implemented in geographical areas in the country in order to develop villages. In a simple definition, Hadi Plan is a plan that aims at organizing and modifying the existing texture, the amounts of future expansion, and the way of using lands for various functions, such as residential, commercial, and agricultural lands, facilities and equipment, and general rural needs, as the case may be, in the form of approval for spatial plans and settlements. It determines rural or regional master plans. Taking an approach based on the limitation of physical changes in rural development, several projects have been implemented, all of which have sought rural development. Therefore, it is referred to as a comprehensive rural development plan and the most important tool for rural development management in Iran. One of the important measures that can help strengthen and sustain the positive effects of Hadi Plan is the pathology of the Rural Hadi Plan. In fact, this will lead to awareness of the experts’ views and opinions and identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the plan. Rural communities are perhaps the best evaluators of the functional impairments of Hadi Plan. According to the above, the main questions of the present study were as follows: What are the most important structural damages of the Rural Hadi Plan? What are the most important operational and executive solutions to eliminate the identified damages? 2- Methodology The present qualitative research was conducted within the framework of the interpretive-constructive paradigm and its governing method of analysis was thematic analysis. The statistical and target population included the experts and specialists of the Rural Hadi Project. The community included all the individuals at the provincial level and even the nationally recognized experts, who had scientific expertise and executive background for preparing and implementing the master plan. These people included the officials and senior managers, as well as the experts of the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution, surveyors, consultants for preparing the master plan, contractors, consulting engineering companies, the fourth factor, and so on. The relevant data were collected through in-depth semi-structured individual interviews and group interviews, which were based on the theoretical saturation. 3- Discussion Based on the content analysis of the individual and group interviews conducted with managers, experts, specialists, etc., the identified structural damages included 3 comprehensive themes: extra-organizational, technical-executive, and managerial themes. Each of these themes was derived from several organizing themes (a total of 10 organizing themes), which themselves were identified from 105 basic themes. The identified themes in combination led to the formation of serious damages in the process of preparation and implementation of the Rural Hadi Plan. The effectiveness of this national and macro plan faced many challenges. Therefore, providing operational and executive solutions to solve these damages can be as effective as possible in the Rural Hadi Plan. 4- Conclusion Pathology of all development programs and projects can help identify the challenges and issues facing them, present operational-executive solutions to solve problems, and provide the ground for their success as much as possible. Due to the increasing growth of the preparation and implementation of Hadi Plan in rural settlements of the country, the pathology of this design can be effective in further improving its performance. These damages can be grouped into 2 categories: structural and functional. Structural damage in this study meant all the processes related to the Rural Hadi Plan before its impact (its functional effect) on the rural community. The results showed that the most important structural damages of Hadi Plan could be grouped into 3 comprehensive themes: "external organizational", "technical-executive", and "managerial" themes. These resulted in 10 themes the organizer could obtain: damages related to the type of credit and the amount of its allocation, description of the project preparation services and instructions and the criteria for its implementation, handing over the project to the local authorities and maintaining them, preparation of the plan, project implementation monitoring mechanism, consultant (surveyor, design preparation consultant, and fourth agent) and contractor, selection of a village to prepare/review and implement the plan, selection of the type of executive project, schedule of the plan implementation, and approval and notification steps. Due to the uniform process of preparation and implementation of Hadi Plan throughout the country, the results of this study can be generalized to all other provinces in the country. Therefore, the thematic map prepared regarding the structural damage of the conductor design in this research can be used as a basis for solving the damages of Hadi Plan and optimizing its performance in other provinces. Since the output of any scientific study is providing operational and executive solutions to the problem under study, appropriate solutions were presented for each of the identified damages in this paper. Keywords: rural development, Hadi Plan, pathology, theme analysis, Kermanshah References - Belošević, I., Kosijer, M., Ivić, M., Pavlović, N., (2018). Group decision making process for early stage evaluations of infrastructure projects using extended VIKOR method under fuzzy environment, European Transport Research Review, 10 (43), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-018-0318-4. - Berk, A., Akdemir, S., (2006). Impacts of Rural Development Projects on Rural Areas in Turkey: A Study on Yozgat Rural Development Project, Journal of Applied Sciences, 6 (9): pp 1892-1899. - Bhave, P., Rahate, S., (2018). Impact of Redevelopment Projects on Waste Water Infrastructure, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 99(3), pp 503–509. - Hosseini, S. B., Faizi, M., Norouzian-Maleki, S., Karimi Azari, A. R., (2015). Impact evaluation of rural development plans for renovating and retrofitting of rural settlements Case Study: Rural Districts of Tafresh in Iran, Environmental Earth Sciences, 73 (7), pp 3033–3042 - Hou J., Duan Y., (2016). Research on Rural Infrastructure Project Management of Baohe Village in Beijing of China. In: Qi E., Shen J., Dou R. (eds) Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 2015. Atlantis Press, Paris. - Huggins, CD (2016), Village land use planning and commercialization of land in Tanzania, LANDac RESEARCH BRIEF 01, pp: 1-6. Available at: https://www.landgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/20160301-LANDacResearchBrief-01Tanzania1.pdf. - Jamini, D., Amini, A., gadermarzi, H and Tavakoli, J (2017), Challenges of food security in rural areas using grounded theory approach in Ravansar County, Western Iran, European Journal of Geography 8 (4): 26–40. - Melore, T.W., Nel, V., (2020). Resilience of informal settlements to climate change in the mountainous areas of Konso, Ethiopia and QwaQwa, South Africa, Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 12(1), a778. https://doi.org/10.4102/ jamba.v12i1.778. - Mikaeil, H., Ebrahimi, M.S., Amini, A.M., (2013). Analysis the Physical Impact of Implementation of a Rural Master Plan in Iran, American Journal of Rural Development, 1(4), pp 70-74. - Nassar, D.M., Elsayed, H.G., (2018). From Informal Settlements to sustainable communities, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57, pp 2367–2376. - OECD (2012), Modernisation and Innovation in Rural Areas: Meeting the Challenge, Remarks by Yves Leterme, Deputy Secretary-General OECD, Krasnoyarsk, 3 October 2012, Available at:https://www.oecd.org/regional/regionaldevelopment/Speech%20DSG%20Leterme%20Rural%20Conference%20opening_ENG.pdf. - Satterthwaite, D., Archer, D., Colenbrander, S., Dodman, D., Hardoy, J., Mitlin, D., Patel, S., (2020). Building Resilience to Climate Change in Informal Settlements, One Earth Review, One Earth 2, February 21, pp: 143-156. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. - Setty Pendakur, V (1985), Modernization and Rural Development Strategies: A Case Study of a South Indian Village, Asian Survey, 25(6): 659-677. - Shamsoldini, A., Jamini, D and Jamshidi, AR (2016), Measurement and analysis of social stability in rural areas (Case study: Javanrood Township), Journal of Rural Research, 7(3): 486-503. - Taheri Karimi, A., Javani, B., (2016). An Overview of the Pathology of Historical Context in Soynas Village in Mahabad, International Journal of Social Sciences (IJSS), 6(3), pp 49-64. - Figure 1. Geographical location of Kermanshah province in the country - Figure 2. Number and percentage of Hadi plan implemented in the Township of Kermanshah province - Figure 3.Thematic map of structural damages of rural Hadi plan - Table 1. Number and percentage of implemented Hadi plan in the County of the province separately (Authors, 2021) - Table 2. The basic, organized and comprehensive themes of the interview coding (Authors, 2021) - Table 3. Operational solutions to solve structural damage in rural Hadi Plan (Authors, 2021) چکیده برای تهیه و اجرای طرح هادی به‌منزلة فراگیرترین و محلی‌ترین طرح توسعة روستایی در ایران، هزینه‌های کلانی صرف می‌شود و این طرح آثار چشمگیری بر بافت فیزیکی‌کالبدی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و... سکونتگاههای روستایی بر جای گذاشته است. اثرگذاری چندبعدی تهیه و اجرای این طرح بر عرصة سکونتگاههای روستایی و جوامع مستقر در آنها، ضرورت آسیب‌شناسی طرح هادی را دوچندان می‌کند؛ امر مهمی که تاکنون پژوهشگران عرصة روستایی توجهی به آن نداشته‌اند؛ بر این اساس هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی آسیب‌های ساختاری طرح هادی روستایی است که به‌صورت مطالعة موردی در استان کرمانشاه انجام شده است. این پژوهش کیفی در چهارچوب پارادایم تفسیری‌برساختی انجام شده و شیوة تحلیل حاکم بر آن، تحلیل مضمون است. در این شیوه برای گرد‌آوری داده‌ها از مصاحبه‌های عمیق فردی و گروهی استفاده شده و مبنای اتمام مصاحبه‌ها، اشباع نظری بوده است. برمبنای نتایج پژوهش، مهم‌ترین آسیب‌های ساختاری طرح هادی در سه مضمون فراگیر «آسیب‌های برون‌سازمانی»، «فنی‌اجرایی» و «مدیریتی» دسته‌بندی می‌شود. این مضامین از 10 مضمون سازمان‌دهنده (آسیب‌های مربوط به نوع اعتبار و میزان تخصیص آن، شرح خدمات تهیة طرح و دستورکار‌ها و ضوابط اجرای طرح، واگذاری پروژه‌ها به مقامات محلی و نگهداری از آنها، تهیة طرح هادی، سازوکار نظارت بر اجرای طرح، مشاور (نقشه‌بردار، مشاور تهیة طرح و عامل چهارم) و پیمانکار، انتخاب روستا برای تهیه/ بازنگری و اجرای طرح، انتخاب نوع پروژة اجرایی، زمان‌بندی اجرای طرح و مراحل تصویب و ابلاغ) و 105 مضمون پایه تشکیل شده‌اند. در ادامه نقشة تماتیک چالش‌های ساختاری طرح هادی تهیه و متناسب با یافته‌ها، راهکارهای عملیاتی و اجرایی برای رفع آسیب‌ها شناسایی و ارائه شده است. به نظر می‌رسد با توجه به همسانی فرایند تهیه و اجرای طرح هادی در روستاهای کشور، نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند الگویی برای سایر استان‌های کشور در حل چالش‌های ساختاری طرح هادی باشد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26201_4917076832f08c2808920cd48e2edda1.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 1 2022 03 21 Root Cause Analysis (RCA) of Factors Limiting the Success of the Project of Water Pumping Station in Ghomsheh Faraman Village, Kermanshah County تحلیل ریشه‌ای عوامل محدودکنندة موفقیت پروژة ایستگاه پمپاژ آب در روستای قمشة فرامان، شهرستان کرمانشاه 89 112 26190 10.22108/gep.2021.124205.1331 FA پروین امیرخانی کارشناسی ارشد گروه ترویج و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران فرحناز رستمی قبادی استادیار گروه ترویج و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران شهپر گراوندی استادیار گروه ترویج و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران Journal Article 2021 04 08 Extended abstract Introduction Population growth, drought, climate change, and mismanagement policies have strongly affected the existing water resources. One of the most effective ways to achieve the goals of agricultural water management is setting up and optimizing irrigation and drainage networks for agricultural water. Water experts consider construction and establishment of water pumping stations in rural areas as one of the important principles of optimal agricultural water management. However, despite the costs incurred, the evidence shows that most of these networks have faced many problems and beneficiaries’ participations in the maintenance of installations have been minimal. Moreover, in the design and implementation of these projects, social studies of the involved regions and the main stakeholders’ opinions about these projects seem to have been ignored. As a result, the efficiency and productivity of such stations, as well as investment in the development of water resources, have decreased. In this regard, several pumping stations have been built for developing gardens in Kermanshah Province, but almost all of them are inactive for reasons such as the lack of technical and accurate engineering. The only water pumping station which is ready to operate is in Ghomsheh Village, but many problems occurring from the time of its approval to implementation have led to the villagers’ distrust and pessimism towards the implementation of the project. After taking some steps, the villagers have refused to participate in the project and have not accepted it. However, based on the available evidence, construction of a water pumping station can have positive benefits for stakeholders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform a Root Cause Analysis (RCA) of the factors limiting the success of the project of water pumping station in the village of Ghomsheh Faraman and provide solutions to overcome the mentioned problems. 2- Methodology This study was a qualitative research and a case study in terms of obtaining facts and data processing. The study population included the beneficiaries covering the water pumping station of Ghomsheh Village, 15 people in Darood Faraman and 11 officials, who were involved in the implementation of this project. The sampling method was purposeful based on semi-structured interviews and the focus groups were used to collect the data. Fifteen and 11 individual interviews with the villagers and the officials involved in the water pumping station were done, respectively. The average time of the interviews was 40-50 min. The researcher also conducted 2 and 2 focus group interviews with the community of beneficiaries (6-8 people) and the project-related officials (6-7 people), respectively. To analyze the data, the RCA technique was utilized. Root analysis is the process of a structured investigation that aims to identify the real cause of a problem. It is a multi-stage process that includes: 1) problem identification; 2) information gathering; 3) information analysis; and 4) cause-and-effect analysis. To identify the main problem, the interviews were conducted with the project beneficiaries and officials. Then, each of the relevant interviews was transcribed and the key concepts and root causes were extracted after summarizing them. Upon identifying the problem, cause, and root cause during a re-interview with the project beneficiaries and officials, the revitalization strategies of the project implementation were extracted. 3- Discussion A necessary condition for the growth and development of any community, including the village of Ghomsheh Faraman, is creating jobs, which, despite its high importance, has poorly and negatively been done in the mentioned village, thus resulting in increased unemployment and the villagers’ decreased incomes. Construction of this station has not only led to the villagers’ unemployment, but also enhanced their migration and addiction, as well as divorce in some cases. Researchers’ findings in this regard have shown that the project incompatibility with the beneficiaries’ main profession has extended its duration, labors’ abandonment from the village, and lack of diversity of activities in the village as the root of the problems reducing rural incomes and augmenting unemployment. Another major problem for the project of water pumping station in Ghomsheh Faraman Village has been the villagers’ unwillingness to cooperate with the authorities, which was found to be the dominant and main problem contributing to the project inefficiency in this study. The people’s reluctance towards the project implementation, the beneficiaries’ indecision for accomplishing it, the profiteering views of some of them, their pessimism and distrust towards the officials, as well as the officials’ empty promises and ignorance towards the beneficiaries’ protests and demands were the roots of the problem. Nonetheless, this had not prevented the project construction and implementation, despite the users’ reluctance towards horticulture and even the existence of inadequate feasibility studies, which had temporarily resulted in the waste of resources, stagnation of the station, increased unemployment and migration, return to the primary cultivation method, and the beneficiaries’ pessimism and distrust towards the project. After 8 years from the construction of the project, still, no gardens have been constructed and the agricultural lands have been stagnated, while the beneficiaries have remained undecided whether to continue the path and construct the gardens or return to the primary cultivation method. They are still reluctant to cooperate with the authorities. Another issue was the uncertainty of land ownership. In the lands covered by the station, the issue of ownership was very important with some needs to be considered. Huge investments had been made to control, regulate, transfer, and distribute water by water pumping stations. The beneficiaries’ participation in the station-related planning was one of the joint strategies expressed by the two groups, which, if implemented, could have a very positive effect on the beneficiaries’ participation, which could then increase their desire for gardening, accepting the station costs, reducing the project time and cost, creating the villagers’ sense of ownership and responsibility so as to take care of the tools and facilities required for the project. Farmers' involvement in irrigation projects is essential since it can enhance their abilities to plan, reduce operating and maintenance costs, and increase their sense of responsibility. To solve the main problems, i.e., lack of diversity of activities in the village and the officials and farmers’ involvement in the project, a joint strategy of the Agricultural Jihad Organization to assist the villagers in the construction of a cattle ranch, as well as growing mushrooms and bees is needed. If such businesses are launched, the villagers’ income would increase and the economic pressures could decrease. In addition, creating jobs in the village could reduce unemployment and poverty, improve life quality, and ultimately lower rural migration. A legal solution to the problem of land ownership was another joint strategy proposed by the officials and beneficiaries of the project to address the root of the problem resulting from lack of attention to the customary-property laws. Implementation of this strategy would give hope to the villagers to realize their rights with the help of the authorities, better accept legal votes by the relevant institutions in this area, and have less opposition in launching and reviving the project. The legal solution to the problem of land ownership would make them feel secure about their properties. Another joint strategy presented by the beneficiaries and officials involved in the project was to solve the root of the problem of management instability. Hiring a professional and consistent manager for the mentioned station would shorten the time of garden construction and implementation of the second phase, while solving the challenges and problems of the project more easily because of the manager's familiarity with the project implementation process. 4- Conclusion To identify the root causes of inefficiency of the water pumping station in Ghomsheh Village and provide a strategy for solving them, the RCA technique was employed. Following the interviews with the beneficiaries and officials involved in the project, 7 problems of the station inefficiency were identified: lack of the villagers’ willingness to cooperate with the authorities, farmers’ decreased incomes and increased unemployment, lack of land ownership, repetitions of the process and past mistakes, loss of the beneficiaries’ economic livelihood, and imposition of part of the costs on them. Also, such executive strategies as involving the operators in the planning of the station, determining the amount of land covered by the station in the second phase, helping the villagers to establish agricultural projects, finding a legal solution to the problem of agricultural land ownership, beginning and ending the second phase at the announced deadline, using a professional and consistent manager until the end of the project, etc. were proposed. 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Journal of Space Economics and Rural Development, 6(19), 137-158. امروزه متخصصان آب احداث و راه‌اندازی ایستگاههای پمپاژ آب را در مناطق روستایی، یکی از اقدامات سازندة مدیریت بهینة آب کشاورزی به شمار می‌آورند. با وجود راه‌اندازی این ایستگاهها، بیشتر آنها با مشکلات و چالش‌های جدی روبه‌رو هستند؛ بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل عوامل محدودکنندة موفقیت پروژة ایستگاه پمپاژ آب روستای قمشة فرامان در شهرستان کرمانشاه است. در این پژوهش اکتشافی، از روش مطالعة موردی استفاده شد. جامعة مطالعه‌شده ۱۵ نفر از بهره‌برداران و ۱۱ نفر از مسئولان پروژه بودند که به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. روش گردآوری داده‌ها، مصاحبة نیمه‌ساختارمند و تشکیل گروههای متمرکز بود. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از تحلیل علل ریشه‌ای استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد شش مشکل ایستگاه شامل تمایل‌نداشتن روستاییان به همکاری با مسئولان، کاهش توان درآمدی بهره‌برداران و افزایش بیکاری، مشخص‌نبودن مالکیت اراضی، وجود دوباره‌کاری‌ها و تکرار اشتباهات گذشته، افت وضعیت معیشتی‌اقتصادی بهره‌برداران و تحمیل بخشی از هزینه‌ها به بهره‌برداران، عوامل ناکارآمدی و محدودکنندة پروژه محسوب می‌شود. در ادامه راهبردهای اجرایی از قبیل مشارکت‌دادن بهره‌برداران در برنامه‌ریزی‌های مربوط به ایستگاه، مشخص‌کردن میزان اراضی زیر پوشش ایستگاه در فاز دوم، کمک جهاد کشاورزی به روستاییان برای احداث طرح‌های کشاورزی، حل قانونی مشکل مالکیت زمین‌های زراعی، شروع و اتمام فاز دوم در موعد مقرر اعلام‌شده و به‌کارگیری مدیری متخصص و ثابت تا پایان پروژه به‌مثابة مهم‌ترین راهبردها پیشنهاد شدند.

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دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 1 2022 03 21 The Role of Smart Urban Development in the Development of the Dilapidated Areas of Tabriz City: A Case Study of 8th District of Tabriz تحلیلی بر نقش توسعۀ هوشمند شهری در توسعۀ میان‌افزای مناطق فرسودۀ تبریز نمونة پژوهش: منطقۀ 8 تبریز 113 132 26138 10.22108/gep.2021.125940.1374 FA آرزو شفاعتی دانشجوی دکتری گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران رضا ولیزاده استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران اکبر رحیمی استادیار گروه فضای سبز ، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران علی پناهی استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2020 11 12 Extent Abstract Introduction New urbanization developments and the emergence of problems in the world have made the central cities of metropolitan areas more vulnerable to the adverse effects of urban development compared to other urban areas. Meanwhile, technological advances have accelerated the population change and increased urban populations. This volume of rapid urbanization has had a significant impact on ancient and historical textures. The ancient and historic cores of cities with a large population of mostly immigrants in recent years have been continually deformed and their textures have been eroded. Therefore, urban planners around the world are working to integrate models of urban development so as to meet the demands and expectations of today's world by integrating all aspects of urbanization. One of the new concepts to address the current challenges of cities in the field of urban planning is smart city development. The smart city is at the heart of the evolution of the 3rd millennium and means opening up of new concepts in urban planning, which combines real-world and virtual world capabilities to solve urban problems. One of the most important projects for the development of worn-out textures, on which planners and city officials have now focused, is the idea of infill development. This theory is one of the categories of urban smart growth and if it is applied correctly, the development of old and worn-out urban areas can be strengthened. Tabriz is one of the oldest residential centers of Iran and an important city in different natural, political, demographic, and other aspects. The metropolis needs several goals to refurbish and modernize the worn-out areas in the form of smart and infill developments so as to maintain its core pillars. One of these goals is providing the basis for optimal urban development and analyzing the infill development in the context of urban development. Prioritizing the indicators, providing sub-themes of the research subject, and identifying the key variables of interstate development policies were the goals of this research. Methodology A smart city has 6 features: smart shifting, smart economy, smart environment, smart community, smart life, and smart government. In the present study, the subsets of each of these 6 key factors, along with the infill development factors, were studied by measuring their interactions in a matrix. In this regard, the current study intended to identify the priority areas for future planning by examining different aspects of urban smart development and infill development and propose optimal strategies for effectively implementing such developments. The structural equation modeling was utilized to investigate the research conceptual model in detail. For this purpose, the opinions of 50 experts were gathered. To estimate the impacts of smart growth and interdependent development, the researchers created a 53-by-53 matrix by taking into account 34 urban smart development subdivisions and 19 interdisciplinary development subsystems with regard to indigenous and territorial conditions within the system. The 50 experts were provided with the matrix in order to identify the impact of each subsystem in the system. Discussion The researchers prepared a questionnaire to determine the weights of the criteria, besides conducting a survey on the opinions of the 50 experts in Tabriz University and Municipality. A total of 53 criteria were identified in a table for the two main factors of smart development and interstate development. Then, by placing these factors in a 53-by-53 matrix, their effects on each other were determined after weighting them. After determining the degree of influence and effectiveness of each of the smart development and infill development factors in the worn-out areas of Tabriz City, the relationship between these factors were investigated using Micmac software. With respect to the bi-directional variables, there was only one factor -- land use compatibility -- related to infill development and the rest of the components were among the factors that affected smart development, indicating the importance of having such development in urban growth and development. The future of the city of Tabriz in different aspects, as well as the development of its worn-out urban textures in particular, could be tied to this kind of development. Conclusion The current research was undertaken as the first step in studying the impacts of macroeconomic policies on sustainable development and infill development as two interrelated issues. Hence, new horizons were created for the smart development of the worn-out areas of Tabriz. The results showed the prominence of the 3 critical factors of technological infrastructure, creativity, and innovation and ultimately, social and corporate cohesion in the infill development of historic and worn-out areas. A look at the results clearly revealed the impact of urban smart development on infill development that inevitably need to be further explored in planning the developments of the burnt urban areas so as to achieve a comprehensive development. Keywords: urban smart development, infill development, regeneration, worn-out tissue, Tabriz City References - Alvarez, F. (2009). The future internet. Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York. - Aly, S. S., & Attwa, Y. A. (2013). Infill development as an approach for promoting compactness of urban form. WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, WIT Press. - American Planning Association (APA) (2006). 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Retrieved from: www.epa.gov/smartgrowth. در سال‌های اخیر، گسترش بی‌رویۀ فضایی شهرها در کنار بی‌برنامگی طرح‌های توسعه به‌ویژه در شهرهای بزرگ کشور نظیر تبریز به ایجاد بافت‌های نو شهری و در پی آن جابه‌جایی ساکنان و کاربری‌ها به مناطق جدید انجامیده است؛ درنتیجه بافت‌های تاریخی و قدیمی این شهرها کارکرد خود را تغییر داده‌ و به مناطق فرسودۀ شهری تبدیل و درنتیجة از دست دادن حیات شهری خود راکد و فرسوده شده‌اند. شهر تبریز به‌لحاظ داشتن چنین بخش‌هایی به‌ویژه در منطقۀ 8، نیازمند مطالعاتی درزمینۀ سیاست‌گذاری و شناسایی عوامل کلیدی برای توسعۀ میان‌افزای این مناطق به‌منظور توسعۀ پایدار هوشمند است؛ بدین منظور ابتدا با مطالعۀ اسناد فرادست، تمامی عوامل دخیل در توسعۀ هوشمند و میان‌افزای بافت فرسودۀ شهری مطالعه و با استفاده از روش دلفی، تعداد 53 متغیر (34 متغیر توسعۀ هوشمند و 19 مؤلفۀ توسعۀ میان‌افزا) در حوضۀ یادشده استخراج شد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از روش تحلیل آثار متقابل/ ساختاری با نرم‌افزار FL Micmac استفاده شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان از نزدیکی ضرایب به‌دست‌آمده در رابطه با عوامل کلیدی تأثیرگذار (در بازۀ عددی بین 104 تا 106) و تأثیرپذیر (در بازۀ عددی بین 105 تا 107) دارد که می‌بایست در سیاست‌گذاری بافت‌های تاریخی به این عوامل توجه بسیاری داشت. با مطالعه، بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، هفت عامل کلیدی تأثیرگذار توسعۀ هوشمند شامل خلاقیت با ضریب 106، روح نوآورانه با ضریب 106، مدیریت پایدار منابع با ضریب 106، دسترسی محلی با ضریب 106، حمل‌ونقل پایدار و خلاق و ایمن با ضریب 16/105، حفاظت محیطی با ضریب 16/105 و انعطاف‌پذیری با ضریب 16/105 و سه عامل کلیدی تأثیرپذیر توسعۀ میان‌افزا شامل سرانه‌های شهری با ضریب 106، فضای کار و فعالیت با ضریب 16/105 و تراکم جمعیتی با ضریب 83/105 که بیشترین نقش را در بازآفرینی آیندۀ بافت‌های ناکارآمد کلان‌شهر تبریز با تأکید بر توسعۀ هوشمند شهری دارند، انتخاب شدند. همچنین نمودار به‌دست‌آمده از تأثیر مستقیم عوامل مبین ناپایداری سیستم و احتمال بسیار زیاد تغییرات شدید در آینده‌ای نزدیک است.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26138_79903ea8d915351a64e19420af42ffb0.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 1 2022 03 21 Analysis of the Arrangement of Geographical Conditions with the Aim of Reducing Air Pollution: A Case Study of Tehran تحلیل چیدمان شرایط جغرافیایی با هدف کاهش آلودگی هوا نمونة پژوهش: شهر تهران 133 146 26297 10.22108/gep.2022.124054.1328 FA فایزه افریده دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت محیطی، دانشکدة جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران محمدحسین رامشت استاد، دانشکدة جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران گراهام مورتین استاد، دپارتمان جغرافیا و مؤسسة ایکتا، دانشگاه اتوناما بارسلونا Journal Article 2020 09 13 Abstract: According to the statistics of the Organization of the Environment, a total of 48 days of air pollution exceeds the admissible threshold (AQI more than 150) for the three months of the year. These days coincide with the time when Tehran's inversion reaches its maximum stability. The purpose of the present study was first to determine the height of air pollution in Tehran on the days when pollution exceeds the permissible limit. It also aims to study the pressure and temperature masses of such days, considering the geographical and topographic conditions, and finally to identify the best of these cells for theoretically possible air turbulence. The results of this study, based on Tehran temperature and pressure data over a 15-year period (2003-2017), show that the highest elevation of Tehran inversion does not exceed 1800 meters on polluted days. Only within 6 days of whole days beyond the admissible threshold, temperature and pressure cells with the highest Newtonian mass are formed. The center of such cells shows a pressure difference of 32 milligrams in November, 7 milligrams in January, 100 milligrams in December, as well as a temperature difference of 1.1 degrees in November, 4.4 degrees in January, and 1.9 degrees in December. Based on the results and topographic conditions as well as the cell adaptation to such conditions, it seems that theoretically, it is possible to artificially create air turbulence in Tehran to mitigate the contamination amount. Extended Abstract Introduction Tehran is one of the largest and the most crowded cities that suffers from air pollution. On some days of the year, the amount of contaminating and pollution elements increases so much that breathing is very difficult for inhabitants. The Air Quality Index (AQI) varies over the course of a year in Tehran. During autumn and winter, Tehran becomes more polluted. Atmospheric temperature inversion worsens air pollution during that period. The two factors of climate and topography are affecting air pollution in Tehran. These two factors are emphasized in this research to look for a way to eliminate or at least decrease the pollution of Tehran's air. This research focuses on vertical and horizontal exchanges via atmospheric mixing by defining the good conditions for instability during the inversion periods in Tehran. If there are suitable mixing conditions (identified with cells of pressure and/or temperature), we could define the best status for instability. There is a need to know the differences between temperature and pressure that give rise to air turbulence. Methodology Firstly, the pressure and temperature maps were drawn at different levels of the atmosphere. Further, based on these maps, the levels that had the most number cells of pressure and temperature with the most gradient were selected. This revealed the degree of differences in temperature and pressure that cells should have to create instability. We used the synoptic stations and the air pollution testing stations as well as Google Earth, Arc GIS, Surfer, and Voxler software Discussion In the first step, we find the days when the AQI (Air Quality Index) was greater than 150 as dangerous days of pollution from 2003 until 2017. In order to calculate the average inversion level, Radiosonde data were used. The height of the inversion phenomenon in Tehran is not the same in the target months (January, November, and December). The highest inversion height in the target months is 1800 m and the lowest is 1300 m. Exceedance of the AQI index or the pollution crisis threshold does not cover all areas of Tehran in the target months. That is, while some districts of Tehran experience higher pollution than the thresholds, others do not. During December, the expanse of pollution in Tehran is wider than other target months. Next, based on the determined inversion levels, the zoning maps of pressure and temperature on critical days of pollution were drawn in the target months. From among them, maps containing temperature and pressure cells were selected, then a matrix was prepared for all cells in the selected maps and their Newtonian mass was calculated. This matrix represents the cells that have the gradient because the two factors of cell difference and distances play a major role in their triggering. Finally, for each month, two temperature and pressure cells with the highest Newtonian mass were selected. In order to investigate the effect of topographic terrains on temperature and pressure cells, and to further understand the location of these cells, the temperature and pressure cells were overlain on the topography of the area. For this purpose, a 3D map of the area’s heights was plotted, and the synoptic stations, pressure, and temperature cells overlapped for analysis and investigation. Conclusion The following results were obtained by drawing and examining the pressure and temperature maps: 1) There are two cells in the November temperature map at Imam Khomeini Airport Station and Mehrabad Station. Imam Khomeini's cell is located at an altitude of 990.2 meters near the low elevation range of southern Shahriar. Mehrabad cell is located at an elevation of 1190 meters and in the easterly part of the southern Alborz Mountains. 2) The temperature maps of January with two cells of geophysics and Shemiran are 1423.8 m and 1548.2 meters, respectively. The two formed cells are located in the recesses of the southern slope of the Alborz Mountains, and it may be noted that the confinement of cell formation zones may influence the formation of these temperature cells. 3) The December temperature map contains two cells of geophysics and Shemiran, which are located at altitudes of 1423.8 and 1548.2, respectively. These two cells are also located in the indentation of the southern slope of the Alborz Mountains. 4) On the map of November pressure difference, two cells of Chitgar at 1305.2 height and Imam Khomeini airport cell at 990.2 height are located. The Chitgar Cell lies on the southern slope of Alborz, where the heights have advanced, and the Imam Khomeini Airport cell is near the low-lying slopes south of Shahriar. The formation of these pressure cells at the sites mentioned may be affected by the air currents in the area. These currents, due to the advance of the southern slopes of the eastern highlands, divert the surface winds of these currents to the southern plains and increase the relative wind velocity at these points. 5) The January pressure difference map shows two cells of Mehrabad with a height of 1190.2 and Chitgar with a height of 1305.2 meters. The two cells are located on the eaves of the southern Alborz Mountains. 6) December pressure maps showed two cells of geophysics and Mehrabad. These two cells were located at 1423.8 and 1190.2, respectively. These two cells are located on the northern elevation of Tehran. In fact, this part of the southern slope of Alborz is indented, and this retreat can be effective in winds and existing cells. According to the obtained results, among all days that the AQI passes the threshold, only in 6 days, temperature and pressure closed cells with the highest Newtonian mass are formed. The center of these cells shows a pressure difference of 32 milligrams in November, 7 milligrams in January, 100 milligrams in December, and the temperature difference of 1.1 degrees in November, 4.4 degrees in January, and 1.9 degrees in December. Generally, considering the formed cells by the temperature and pressure difference and the gradient between them as well as the difference in height between the cells and their location and pointing out that the local winds cause the difference of temperature and pressure, it seems that, theoretically, it is possible to create artificial air turbulence in Tehran within the study area to control the contamination amount. Knowledge of the conditions in the study area is natural in this study and there is no uniformity pattern for all areas in the subject area. This study was conducted only for a limited period of 15 years (from 2003 to 2017) in the study area of Tehran province and also all analyses were performed on the basis of statistics measured in synoptic stations in this area. It should be emphasized that all reviews and results are based on this range and the data and cannot be generalized. Keywords: Inversion, Air Pollution, Thermal Cells, Pressure Cells, Tehran. 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Journal of Accounting Forum, 33, 209-224. شهر تهران یکی از آلوده‌ترین شهرهای دنیا محسوب می‌شود. براساس آمارهای سازمان محیط‌زیست طی سه ماه از 15 سال مطالعه‌شده، درمجموع 48 روز آلودگی هوا از آستانة مجاز (150 AQI) می‌گذرد. این روزها مقارن با زمانی است که وارونگی هوای تهران به بیشترین ماندگاری خود می‌رسد. آنچه باعث می‌شود آلودگی هوا در تهران از آستانة مجاز بگذرد، زمان ماندگاری وارونگی هوا در تهران است. بر این اساس هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناخت چیدمان نگاره‌های اقلیمی در حالت وارونگی و امکان‌سنجی تحریک سلول‌های بستة فشاری یا دمایی به‌منظور کاهش آلودگی هوای شهر تهران است. برای رسیدن به این هدف، ترازهای دارای سلول‌های بستة دمایی و فشاری بررسی شدند و ترازی انتخاب شد که این سلول‌ها در آن بیشترین تفاوت تعدادی را دارند؛ درنهایت با مطالعة شرایط جغرافیایی، توپوگرافی و سلول‌های انتخاب‌شده، شرایط مناسب برای پیدایش آشفتگی هوایی به‌منظور کاهش آلودگی هوا بررسی شد. بدین‌منظور از نرم‌افزارهای Arc GIS، Surfer و Voxler استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش برمبنای داده‌های فشار و دمای تهران در طول 15 سال آماری (2003- 2017) نشان می‌دهد بالاترین حد ارتفاعی اینورژن تهران در روزهای آلوده از 1800 متر نمی‌گذرد. فقط در شش روز از روزهایی که آلودگی از آستانة مجاز تهران می‌گذرد، سلول‌های بستة دمایی و فشاری با بیشترین جاذبة نیوتونی تشکیل می‌شود. براساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده و بررسی شرایط توپوگرافی و همچنین تطبیق سلول‌ها با این شرایط به نظر می‌رسد در محدودة مطالعه‌شده از جنبة نظری امکان ایجاد مصنوعی آشفتگی هوا در تهران برای کنترل میزان آلودگی وجود دارد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26297_d6ee4d9ca3182f144dc4df415fc90f9e.pdf