دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 3 2022 09 23 Investigating the Application of Artificial Intelligence Approaches for Studying the Impacts of Large-Scale Climate Drivers on Precipitation in Balochistan, Pakistan کاربرد رویکرد هوش مصنوعی در مطالعة تأثیر محرکهای بزرگمقیاس آبوهوایی بر بارش بلوچستان پاکستان 1 20 26454 10.22108/gep.2022.132899.1497 FA ساپنا محمدتاجبار دانشجوی دکتری گروه آب ‌و‌ هواشناسی، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران علی محمد خورشیددوست استاد گروه آب و هواشناسی، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران 0000-0003-3020-7603 سعید جهانبخش اصل استاد گروه آب و هواشناسی، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2022 02 28 Abstract The Balochistan province of Pakistan is mostly affected by severe drought events due to little amount of precipitation. “Several Large Scale Climate Drivers (LSCDs) are known for their effects on precipitation worldwide but studies in the region are missing; a wide variety of LSCDs and lagged associative information”.The current study aimed to identify the significant LSCDs in the Balochistan province of Pakistan and improve the prediction skill of monthly precipitation by employing the Principal Component Analysis, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Bayesian Regularization Neural Network (BRNN), and Multiple Regression (MR) Analysis using the 12 months lagged LSCDs such as Nino-1+2, Nino-3, Nino-3.4, Nino-4, QBO at 30 and 50hpa (QBOI and QBOII), Sea Surface Temperature (SST), 2m air temperature (T2M), 500hpa and 850hpa geopotential heights (H500 and H850), 500hpa zonal velocity (U500), 500hpa and 850hpa meridional velocity (V500 and V850), Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes Over Land (LHFOL and SHFOL), and Surface Specific Humidity (SSH). To collect the data, Global Land Data Assimilation System, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, MERRA-2, NOAA, Freie University Berlin, and HadISST datasets were used. The results of the study showed that significant LSCDs with a 99% confidence level were SSH, SST, LHFOL, SHFOL, T2M, U500, Nino-3.4, and Nino-4. During the test period, compared with MR models of 0.15 to 0.49 and principal components of -0.16 to 0.43, the ANN and BRNN models had better predictive skills with correlation coefficients of 0.40 to 0.74 and 0.34 to 0.70, respectively. It can be concluded that the ANN and BRNN models enable us to predict monthly precipitation in the Balochistan region with lagged LSCDs. Extended Abstract Introduction Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable countries due to climate change. According to the Global Climate Risk Index (GCRI) report, with the passage of time, its vulnerability is increasing. The main threats consist of a rise in temperature, irregular patterns of rainfall, a rise in the sea level, and extreme events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. Precipitation plays an important role in the economy of Pakistan as an agricultural country that has experienced variations, particularly in a recent couple of decades when a sharp jump in global atmospheric temperatures was noticed. The southern part of Pakistan which comprises the Sindh and Balochistan provinces has an arid climate and is mostly affected by severe drought events due to less amount of rainfall throughout the year as compared to other parts of the country. This study’s main focus is Balochistan province which has a long history of severe droughts and is an important province in terms of agriculture. Less than 250mm is the annual average rainfall received by the region. It is predicted that throughout the 21st century if adaptation measures are not taken, there will be a continuous increase in droughts and scarcity of water which will adversely affect the lives of people and the economy. Globally, precipitation and droughts are strongly linked with the large-scale climate drivers through atmospheric associations but there are no detailed studies in Balochistan province that consider a wide variety of large-scale climate drivers and their lagged association with precipitation. The main objective of the present study is to identify the significant large-scale climate drivers in the Balochistan province of Pakistan and improve the prediction skill of monthly precipitation by applying the principal component analysis, artificial neural network, Bayesian regularization neural network, and multiple regression analysis considering the lagged association of climate drivers. Methodology In the present study, first, large-scale climate drivers from NOAA HadISST, MERRA-2, and Freie University Berlin in NetCDF files were processed using the ArcGIS model builder along with the precipitation data from GLDAS and TRMM. The data were first normalized in the range of 0 and 1 using the min-max normalization formula. For showing the 12 months’ lagged association between the large-scale climate drivers and precipitation, a cross-correlation method was employed and the heatmaps were created in Origin 2021b software to show significant lagged correlations. Principal component analysis was applied and the variances and Eigenvalues for each of the components were calculated. Multi-layer feed-forward neural network with a back propagation algorithm was used for the prediction of monthly precipitation with the first two PCs in most cases, three and one in some cases as the predictors. Bayesian Regularization Neural Network (BRNN) was applied which is a version of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and is a more powerful method as compared to conventional ANN. MATLAB R2015a environment was used for this purpose. Then, Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was carried out and was used as a benchmark for comparing ANN and BRNN models using significantly lagged climate indices in one case and in another case the selected PCs. To validate the performance of all developed models, the TRMM dataset was used. Finally, time series graphs and Radar charts were prepared for comparison. Discussions The findings of cross-correlations between monthly precipitation and large-scale climate drivers in Balochistan province showed the most dominant climate drivers as surface specific humidity, sea surface temperature, latent and sensible heat fluxes over land, 500hpa zonal velocity, 2m air temperature, Nino-3.4 and Nino-4, and the highest correlations were noticed for surface specific humidity, sea surface temperature, latent and sensible heat fluxes over land, 500hpa zonal velocity, 2m air temperature. It is noteworthy that in each district, the lagged correlation of maximum climate indices with precipitation was distinct at distinct lags. The multiple regression best models were selected on the basis of no violation of the limits of statistical significance and lower errors. The MLR model’s performance was low in the region where some of the districts had low correlations. The results from ANN and BRNN models showed that the BRNN models were on a lower side than the ANN models with higher values of correlation coefficient showing their capability of finding the pattern and trend of the GLDAS precipitation. The results of the evaluation of the generalization capability of all models on the TRMM dataset showed that both ANN and BRNN models relatively performed well as correlation and error values were closer to each other. Conclusions The results of this study showed that, first, significant LSCDs with 99% confidence level were surface specific humidity (SSH), sea surface temperature (SST), latent and sensible heat fluxes over land (LHFOL and SHFOL), 2m air temperature (T2M), 500hpa zonal velocity (U500), Nino-3.4, and Nino-4. Second, to predict the monthly precipitation using lagged LSCDs and principal components, MR models were developed. MR models’ performance was low. The highest Pearson correlation in MR models during the training set was observed for Musakhel district as 0.65 and during the test as 0.49 for Musakhel and Zhob. In MR-PC models, the highest correlation was recorded for Awaran (0.50) during the training and for Quetta (0.43) during the test. Third, ANN and BRNN models were developed using the selected PC components and gave higher correlations as compared to regression models indicating their capability of finding the pattern and trend of the observations. They generally manifested lower errors and are more reliable for the purpose of prediction in the region. Maximum correlations during training were 0.77 and 0.73 in both ANN and BRNN models, respectively, for the Lasbela district. In the test case, they were 0.74 and 0.70 for Awaran. Their generalization ability was tested on the TRMM dataset. In conclusion, this study divulged the possibility of monthly precipitation prediction using ANN and BRNN and lagged LSCDs for the study region. It is explicit that the response of precipitation to climatic factors is delayed. Comparing the results of the ANN, BRNN, and MLR, it can be concluded that the artificial intelligence approaches such as ANN and BRNN are reliable nonlinear statistical options that can generate similar and in some cases better forecasts and could be useful for the agriculture and water management in the Balochistan region as it is a very important part of Pakistan in terms of agriculture. In the future, this research will be extended by developing the prediction models by including more LSCDs and can be improved by the approaches of genetic algorithm for the best input selection and the use of observed station-based precipitation data sets. 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Journal of Computor Aided Chemical Engineering, 48, 1129-1134. استان بلوچستان در کشور پاکستان اغلب به دلیل بارندگی کم در معرض خشکسالی‌های شدید قرار دارد. چندین نوع محرک آب‌وهوایی بزرگ‌مقیاس (LSCD) به دلیل تأثیرشان بر بارندگی در سراسر جهان شناخته شده‌اند، اما در منطقة بلوچستان مطالعاتی در این زمینه وجود ندارد. این مطالعه با هدف شناسایی LSCDهای معنا‌دار در بلوچستان و بهبود مهارت پیش‌بینی بارش ماهانه با استفاده از تجزیه و تحلیل مؤلفة اصلی (PCA)، شبکة عصبی مصنوعی (ANN)، شبکة عصبی منظم‌شدة بیزین (BRNN) و تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه (MRA) انجام شد. LSCDهای 12ماهه مانند Nino-1+2، Nino-3، Nino-3.4، Nino-4، QBO در 30 و 50 هکتوپاسکال (QBOI و QBOII)، دمای سطح دریا (SST)، دمای هوا (T2M)، ارتفاعات ژئوپتانسیل 500 و 850 هکتوپاسکال، سرعت مداری (500U) و نصف‌النهاری (V500 وV 850)، شار گرمای نهان و محسوس (LHFOL و SHFOL) و رطوبت ویژه در سطح (SSH) بررسی شدند. همچنین از مجموعه داده‌های سیستم جهانی جمع‌آوری داده‌های زمین (GLDAS)، اندازه‌گیری بارندگی استوایی (TRMM)، MERRA-2، NOAA و HadISST استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد LSCDهای معنا‌دار در سطح اطمینان 99% شامل SSH، SST، LHFOL، SHFOL، T2M، U500، Nino-3.4 و Nino-4 بودند. در طول دورة آزمون، در مقایسه با مدل‌های MR با ضریب همبستگی 0.15 تا 0.49 و مؤلفه‌های اصلی با ضریب همبستگی 0.16- تا 0.43، مدل‌های ANN و BRNN به ترتیب مهارت‌های پیش‌بینی بهتری با ضرایب همبستگی 0.40 تا 0.74 و 0.34 تا 0.70 داشتند. نتایج بیانگر توان مدل‌های ANN و BRNN در پیش‌بینی بارش ماهانة بلوچستان با استفاده از LSCDهای دارای تأخیر است.

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دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 3 2022 09 23 Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Environmental Interpretation of Vesicular Horizons in the Soils of the Segzi Region, Eastern Isfahan ژئوشیمی، کانی‌شناسی و تفسیر محیطی افق‌های وزیکولار در خاک‌های منطقة سگزی، شرق اصفهان 21 42 26579 10.22108/gep.2022.132727.1492 FA امید بیات کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران علیرضا کریمی استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران Journal Article 2022 02 19 Extended Abstract Introduction Vesicular horizons are common on the surface of landforms in arid regions and play an important role in the hydrological properties and pedogenic processes in these areas. Vesicular pores are a characteristic feature of vesicular horizons and include separate pores with spherical to elliptical shapes and dimensions of micrometers to millimeters in diameter (Dietze et al., 2012). The eastern region of Isfahan located in the eastern part of the Zayandehroud River basin is affected by environmental disasters due to severe environmental drought, destructive human activities, and desertification processes. Although vesicular horizons are frequent in the soils and landforms of the eastern region of Isfahan (Bayat et al., 2018), there is no information about the geochemical and mineralogical properties of these horizons. The aim of the present study was to investigate the physical, chemical, geochemical, and mineralogical properties of vesicular horizons at different elevation levels of three landforms in the eastern region of Isfahan. Materials and Methods The study area is located in the center of Iran, east of Isfahan and around Segzi Playa. According to the meteorological stations of the region, the mean annual precipitation and temperature are about 107 mm and roughly 15 ˚C, respectively. Groundwater in piedmonts and plateaus of the region is deep and there are no signs of groundwater activity in the studied soils and landforms. The studied landforms include a remnant paleosurface across the Zayandehroud River (RP), a pediment in Jey industrial city (JP), and an alluvial fan near the Zefreh (ZA). Seven samples of vesicular horizons were taken from vesicular horizons in RP (at altitudes of 1542 and 1552 m), ZA (altitudes of 1623, 1764, and 1901 m), and JP (at altitudes of 1542 and 1557 m) landforms. The samples were described according to Schoenberger (2012) and analyzed regarding standard methods (Soukup et al., 2008; Soil Survey Staff, 2014). Results and Discussion The thickness of the studied vesicular horizons varied in the range of 3-6 cm, and on the alluvial fan, the thickness of the horizon increases with increasing the elevation. The chemical properties of the studied samples indicated very low electrical conductivity and organic carbon content and were similar to vesicular horizons in the Mojave Desert of California (McFadden et al., 1998). The particle size distribution indicated the predominance of sand particles in all samples and all samples were characterized by a bimodal distribution of particle sizes suggesting the contribution of at least two mechanisms in the transfer of particles to the studied vesicular horizons (Karimi et al., 2017; Sweeney et al., 2013). Mineralogical analysis of the samples showed the predominance of quartz and calcite in all samples and varied concerning the presence of mica and fibrous minerals. It seems that quartz is inherited from the parent material while calcite and mica minerals originated from the parent material and were also added by the wind. Fibrous minerals were probably of autogenic origin. The geochemical properties of the samples were consistent with the mineralogical results and showed the abundance of SiO2 and CaO in all samples. Among the trace elements, the highest abundance is observed in the strontium, which is due to the association of this element with carbonates (Ding et al., 2019). A comparison of geochemical properties of vesicular horizons with associated rocks showed the enrichment of SO3 and CaO relative to corresponding parent material indicating the addition of soluble ions, carbonates, and especially gypsum to the surface of the studied landforms. The Zr/Al ratio showed an increasing trend with increasing the silt content which proved the aeolian source of the silt particles as previous studies have shown a very strong correlation between aeolian sediments and the element zirconium (e.g., Waroszewski et al., 2018). Conclusions Increasing the amount of silt and the ratio of fine-grained particles to sand with increasing the elevation indicated the role of aeolian processes in adding fine-grained particles to the surfaces of different landforms of eastern Isfahan. Mineralogical and geochemical evidence also confirms the effect of dust on the formation of these horizons, so that the addition of mica minerals along with silt particles has occurred at higher altitudes. The geochemical study of vesicular horizons and application of Zr/Al ratios show that the composition of past and current dust in eastern Isfahan was the origin of dust for different landforms of the region is the same. Finally, the existence of developed vesicular horizons in the surfaces of the landforms of the region demonstrates long-term processes of wind erosion and dust influx into the soils. These natural processes are probably intensified by anthropogenic activities in recent years. 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In D. L. Sparks (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3, Chemical Methods. Second Edition. (pp. 961-1010). Soil Science Society of America, Inc. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA - Omran, E. E. (2016). A simple model for rapid gypsum determination in arid soils. Journal of Modelling Earth Systems and Environment, 2(4), 1-12. - Schaetzl, T. J., & Thompson, M. L. (2015). Soils Genesis and Geomorphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Scheib, A. J., Birke, M., & Dinelli, E. (2013). Geochemical evidence of aeolian deposits in European soils. Boreas, 43(1), 175-192. - Schoeneberger, P. J., Wysocki, D. A., &Benham, E. C. (2012). Field book for describing and sampling soils. Version 3.0. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE. - Soil Survey Staff. (2014) Kellogg soil survey laboratory methods manual. Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Version 5.0. R. Burt and Soil Survey Staff (Ed.). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. - Soukup, D. A., Buck, B. J., & Harris, W. (2008). Preparing soils for mineralogical analyses. In A. L. Ulery & R. Drees (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, part 5- mineralogical methods (pp. 13-31). Soil science society of America, Madison, USA. - Sweeney, M. R., McDonald, E. V., & Markley, C. E. (2013). Alluvial sediment or playas: What is the dominant source of sand and silt in desert soil vesicular a horizons, southwest USA. Journal of Geophysical Research, 118(1), 257-275. - Thomas, G. W. (1996). Soil pH and soil acidity, methods of soil analysis; Part 3 Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America Book Series. - Toomanian, N., & Salami, H. R. (2020). Structural evolution of the Zayandeh-rud river basin based on historical climate changes. In S. Mohajeri, L. Horlrman, A. A. Besalatpour & W. Raber (Eds.), Standing up to Climate Change, (pp. 199-224). Springer, Cham, Switzerland. - Turk, J., & Graham, R. C. (2011). Distribution and properties of vesicular horizons in the western United States. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75, 1449-1461. - Waroszewski, J., Sprafke, T., Kabala, C., Musztyfaga, E., Labaz, B., & Wozniczka, P. (2018). Aeolian silt contribution to soils on mountain slopes (Mt. Sleza, southwest Poland). Journal of Quaternary Research, 89(3), 702-717. - Young, M. H., McDonald, E. V., Caldwell, T. G., Benner, S. G., & Meadows, D. (2004). Hydraulic properties of a desert chronosequence in the Mojave Desert, USA. Vadose Zone Journal, 3(3), 956-963. افق‌های وزیکولار در سطح لندفرم‌های مناطق خشک معمول هستند و نقش مهمی در ویژگی‌های چرخة هیدرولوژی و فرایندهای پدوژنیک در این مناطق دارند. بر این اساس هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی، ژئوشیمیایی و کانی‌شناسی افق‌های وزیکولار در سطوح مختلف ارتفاعی سه لندفرم در ناحیة شرق اصفهان در اطراف پلایای سگزی است. لندفرم‌های مطالعه‌شده شامل یک سطح قدیمی باقی‌مانده در امتداد رودخانة زاینده‌رود (RP)، یک پدیمنت در شهرک صنعتی جی (JP) و یک مخروط‌افکنه در نزدیکی زفره (ZA) هستند. برای انجام پژوهش، هفت نمونه از افق‌های وزیکولار شامل دو نمونه در RP و دو نمونه در JP و سه نمونه در ZA در سطوح ارتفاعی مختلف برداشت شد. ضخامت افق‌های وزیکولار مطالعه‌شده در دامنة 3- 6 سانتی‌متر متغیر بود. همة نمونه‌ها توزیع دونمایی در بخش شن و سیلت داشتند که نشان‌دهندة مشارکت دست‌کم دو فرایند در انتقال ذرات در تشکیل این افق‌ها بود. کوارتز و کلسیت در همة نمونه‌ها غالب بودند، ولی ازنظر وجود میکا و کانی‌های فیبری تفاوت داشتند. مقایسة ویژگی‌های ژئوشیمیایی افق‌های وزیکولار با سنگ‌های همراه نشان‌دهندة غنی‌شدن SO3 و CaO نسبت به مادة مادری متناظر آنها بود که با افزودن املاح محلول، کربنات‌ها و به‌ویژه گچ به سطح لندفرم‌ها توسط فعالیت‌های بادرفتی ارتباط داشت. نسبت Zr/Al2O3 با افزایش مقدار سیلت، روند افزایشی داشت که منبع بادرفتی ذرات سیلت را ثابت می‌کند. وجود افق‌های وزیکولار توسعه‌یافته در سطوح لندفرم‌های منطقه نشان‌دهندة فرایندهای طولانی‌مدت فرسایش بادی و رسوب‌گذاری غبار در این منطقه است که این فرایند طبیعی به‌واسطة فعالیت‌های انسانی در سال‌های اخیر تشدید شده‌‌است.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26579_c4c141820f09243505cc20c0478235e0.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 3 2022 09 23 Capacity-building of Travel Repetition with the Approach of Quality of Perception of the Origin-destination Programs of Tourist Trains (Case Study: Lorestan Tourist Train) ظرفیت‌سازی تکرار سفر با رویکرد کیفیت ادراک از برنامههای مبدأ- مقصد قطارهای گردشگری (قطار گردشگری لرستان) 43 68 26540 10.22108/gep.2022.132759.1493 FA محمد تقی حیدری استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی گردشگری، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران داریوش جهانی استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران پروین رحمتی کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی گردشگری، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران یعقوب حقی دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 02 19 Abstract The role of the transportation industry in the development of tourism, as a basic and pivotal pillar, accounts for only 5.8% of GDP which is very small. The present study tries to examine the quality of tourist train programs (tourism stimulates economic cycles and better use of resources) on Haldman and Sherman’s (1994) theory of loyalty of tourists to the tourism host community. Tourism is not possible without extensive improvement and development of the network and the quality of transportation. In this regard, the sample community of this study was the passengers of the Lorestan tourist train who intended to visit the Lorestan tourist destination with this train. The obtained data were analyzed using Smart pls software and Wizard scenario. The results of the study show that the most effective components of the origin-destination programs of the tourist train are related to the components of paying attention to the expectations and wishes of the tourists, up-to-date tourism at the destination, and attractive travel destinations. Introduction Rail lines are one of the most important means of transportation in the tourism sector. The device that experts believe is the safest form of transportation. Railways, on the other hand, reduce travel time compared to road transport and in some cases reduce travel costs, and therefore can be considered an important part of tourism. Tourist trains in Iran are not very old and in fact, since 2017 and shortly after the arrival of the first foreign tourist trains in Iran, they have started moving on the Iranian railway. This interesting tourist idea has been implemented on the ‘Tehran-Savadkuh-Sari’ and ‘Tehran-Zavareh’ routes so far. The Lorestan recreational train also runs on the ‘Tehran-Lorestan-Khuzestan’ route. In addition, for some time now, the doors of Tehran Railway Station have been open to tourists to review the historical file of this station, which is also registered in the list of national monuments. Methodology The present research is of applied type using the descriptive-analytical method. The analysis unit of this research was the passengers of the Lorestan tourist train and the sample population was the number of tourists who traveled to Lorestan by this train. The sampling was done in a completely purposeful manner based on the probabilistic and snowball sampling methods. The number of sample members was 30 and a questionnaire was used for collecting the data. Analysis of the obtained data was performed using Smart pls software and Wizard scenario. Discussion The most effective components of the origin-destination programs of the tourist train are related to the components of local attractions by 94%, impact intensity (route coefficient) by 97%, satisfaction levels by 93%, impact intensity by 96%, behavioral image by 92%, impact intensity by 96%, and creativity by 92%. Also, the highest satisfaction calculated in the factor loads section was related to paying attention to the expectations and demands of tourists, up-to-date tourism at the destination, attractive travel destinations, and employing trained and experienced staff. Conclusion The more local attractions are paid attention to at the destination level and the investment platforms are made in them, the more they can attract tourists and increase the frequency of tourists. Tourists have also attached great importance to tourism brands and popular tourist destinations. Also, the exploitation and introduction of more and more historical places, customs, and local and original lifestyles have created a pleasant and enjoyable aspect for the tourists. In contrast, the components of the quality of the tourism process and cheap tourism services have been less important in repeating the travel by tourists than other components. It should be noted that the polite and respectful attitude of citizens toward tourists and the well-being of tourism at the destination have the most important coefficient. In the next step, we can mention trained people and appropriate parks, advice and referrals from others, positive attitudes to travel again, and providing information through the media. Keywords: Tourist Train, Service Quality, Tourist Loyalty, Travel Drivers. References - Adongo, A. C., Amenumey, E. K., Kumi-Kyereme, A., & Dube, E. (2021). Beyond fragmentary: A proposed measure for travel vaccination concerns. Journal of Tourism Management, 83, 104180. - Alegre, J., & Magdalena, C. (2010). Tourist expenditure and quality: Why repeat tourists can spend less than first-timers. Journal of Tourism Economics, 16(3), 517-533. - Bassols-Gardella, N., & Coromina, L. (2022). The perceived image of multi-asset tourist destinations: Investigating congruence across different content types. 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Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 5(11), 1767-1777. - Stahl, N. N., & Stahl, R. J. (1991). We can agree after all! Achieving consensus for a critical thinking component of a gifted program using the Delphi technique. Journal of Roeper Review, 14(2), 79-88. - Šulc, I., & Fuerst-Bjeliš, B. (2021). Changes of tourism trajectories in (post) covidian world: Croatian perspectives. Journal of Research in Globalization, 3, 100052. - Tan, W. K. (2017). Repeat visitation: A study from the perspective of leisure constraint, tourist experience, destination images, and experiential familiarity. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 6(3), 233-242. - Ye, Y., Su, C. H., Tsai, C. H., & Hung, J. L. (2020). Motivators of attendance at eco-friendlyevents. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 21(5), 417-437. - Yi, X., Fu, X., Jin, W., & Okumus, F. (2018). Constructing a model of exhibition attachment: Motivation, attachment, and loyalty. Journal of Tourism Management, 65, 224–236. خطوط ریلی یکی از مهم‌ترین و امن‌ترین راههای حمل‌ونقل در بخش گردشگری است. نوشتار حاضر می‌کوشد در چارچوب این امر که گردشگری بدون بهبود و توسعة گستردة شبکه و کیفیت حمل‌ونقل میسر نیست، برنامه‌های قطارهای گردشگری را به‌مثابة پیشرانی (گردشگری موجب به‌حرکت درآمدن چرخ‌های اقتصادی و استفادة بهتر از منابع می‌شود) در توسعة گردشگری منطقه و وفاداری گردشگران به جامعة میزبان مورد مداقه قرار دهد. واحد تحلیل این پژوهش قطار گردشگری استان لرستان بوده و جامعة نمونه از گردشگرانی انتخاب شده‌است که در یک سفر با این قطار به مقصد لرستان سفر می‌کنند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Smart pls و سناریوی ویزارد صورت گرفته‌است. نتایج یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد مهم‌ترین مؤلفه‌های تأثیرگذار بر برنامه‌های مبدأ- مقصد قطار گردشگری، توجه به انتظارات و خواسته‌های گردشگر، گردشگری خلاقانه و به‌روز مقصد و خلق مقصد جذاب، وجود آثار گردشگری متعدد و جذاب و به‌کارگیری افراد آموزش‌دیده و مجرب در فعالیت‌ها بوده‌است. با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش و در چهارچوب ظرفیت‌سازی گردشگری با تأکید بر تکرار سفر گردشگران سناریوهایی مطرح شده و بیشترین ضریب تحقق برای سناریوهای با وضعیت نامطلوب بوده‌است. این مسئله می‌تواند نشان‌دهندة وضعیت شکنندة اقتصاد گردشگری در جوامع گردشگرپذیر باشد؛ زیرا با شیوع ویروس کرونا در جامعه، گردشگری با رکود روبه‌رو شده و مشاغل مرتبط با خود را نیز تحت‌الشعاع قرار داده‌است. با توجه به ظرفیت‌های گردشگری ایران به نظر می‌رسد این موضوع از طریق قطارهای گردشگری و توسعة آن در پهنة سرزمینی جبران‌پذیر باشد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26540_34ca672707314668051c55a0cfa29a36.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 3 2022 09 23 Investigating the Key Effective Factors in Reviving Inefficient Urban Spaces with the Approach of Quality Improvement (Case Study: Bisim Neighborhood of Zanjan) عوامل کلیدی مؤثر در احیای فضاهای ناکارآمد شهری با رویکرد ارتقای کیفی (موردمطالعه: محلۀ بیسیم زنجان) 69 86 26785 10.22108/gep.2022.130297.1455 FA پری علوی دانشجوی دکتری گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد زنجان، زنجان، ایران هومن ثبوتی استادیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0000-0001-9797-1249 مجید شهبازی استادیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد زنجان، زنجان، ایران Journal Article 2021 08 31 Introduction One of the problems faced by contemporary cities is the existence of inefficient urban structures, which often cause instability in various dimensions and make urban neighborhoods encounter serious challenges. Despite the existence of "theoretical foundations", unfortunately, the "comprehensive approach and attitude" in dealing with these spaces has not been able to provide a basic solution to organize the chaotic and disturbed faces of these urban neighborhoods. Perhaps, the lack of processing theoretical bases in addition to security has distorted their historical and architectural identities to a great extent. Considering the necessity of reviving these types of spaces, the current study aimed to improve the environmental qualities of such neighborhoods and find effective quality criteria in reviving inefficient spaces. Methodology In this applied research, which was prepared using a descriptive-analytical method, the five "physical", "social", "functional", "economic" and "management" factors were evaluated by surveying the residents of the studied neighborhood and performing a one-sample T-test. Then, they were prioritized by using the factor analysis test. The research statistical population included the residents of Bisim Neighborhood in Zanjan and the statistical sample consisted of the 20-year-old residents of this neighborhood. Discussion The results indicated the low level of environmental quality in Bisim Neighborhood and the residents' dissatisfaction with its poor condition. Thus, improvement of this situation required attention to the residents' preferences and their mental perceptions. The evaluations also showed that the "economic" factor with a weight of 0.621 was the first priority; the "functional" and "physical" factors with a weight of 0.592 were in the second place; and the "managerial" and "social" factors with the weights of 0.583 and 0.507 were in the next ranks, respectively. From the points of view of the residents of Bisim Neighborhood, the components of "housing price", "presence of spaces", "repair and maintenance of buildings", "spatial organization and permeability", and "access and spatial communication" respectively had the greatest impacts on improving the environmental quality of this neighborhood. Conclusion Since paying attention to the physical, social, economic, functional, and management dimensions are necessary and complementary to each other in order to improve the condition of inefficient tissues, in this research, the effective factors in improving the environmental quality in inefficient urban spaces were extracted from the theoretical bases and research literature. They were investigated after being implemented in the Bisim Neighborhood of Zanjan City. The results of the assessment of these factors indicated the residents' dissatisfaction with the poor condition of Bisim Neighborhood. The values obtained from the results of the one-sample T-test also showed the fact that this neighborhood was at a low level of environmental quality and improving this situation required paying attention to the residents' preferences and their mental perceptions. Keywords: environmental quality, wornout texture, inefficient spaces, residents' preferences, Bisim Neighborhood of Zanjan References - Azhar, J. (2019). Exploring the Potential of Urban Leftover Spaces, (Unpublished doctoral Philosophy). Victoria University, Wellington, Ph.D. - Filip, S. & Cocean, P. (2021), Urban industrial brownfields: constraints and Opportunities in Romania, Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 4, p. 155 – 164 - Thomson, G. & Newman, P. (2018).Urban fabrics and urban metabolism–from sustainable to regenerative cities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132, 218-229. - Basova1, S. Sopirova1, A. and Kristianova1, K. (2019). Potential of Recycling Urban Territories,IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 471, 9. چکیده یکی از معضلات شهرهای معاصر، وجود بافت‌های ناکارآمد شهری است که اغلب موجب ناپایداری در ابعاد مختلف شده و محلات شهری را با چالش‌های جدی مواجه کرده است. با عنایت به‌ ضرورت احیای این نوع فضاها، هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی عوامل مؤثر در ارتقای کیفی فضاهای ناکارآمد شهری از دیدگاه ساکنان محلات مستقر در این نوع بافت‌هاست. در این پژوهش کاربردی، که به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی تهیه ‌شده است، وضعیت عوامل پنج‌گانۀ «کالبدی»، «اجتماعی»، «عملکردی»، «اقتصادی» و «مدیریتی» با نظرسنجی از ساکنان محله و انجام آزمون‌ T تک نمونه‌ای ارزیابی و سپس با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل عاملی اولویت‌بندی شده است. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش را، ساکنان محلۀ بیسیم زنجان و نمونۀ آماری را ساکنان 20 سال به بالای این محله تشکیل می‌دهد. نتایج بررسی‌ها حکایت از سطح پایین کیفیت محیطی و نارضایتی ساکنان از وضعیت نامناسب محلۀ بیسیم دارد که بهبود این وضعیت مستلزم توجه به ترجیحات ساکنان و تصورات ذهنی آنهاست. ارزیابی‌ها نیز نشان‌دهندۀ آن است که عامل «اقتصادی» با وزن 621/0 در رتبۀ نخست اولویت، عوامل «عملکردی» و «کالبدی» با وزن 592/0 در رتبۀ دوم و عوامل «مدیریتی» و «اجتماعی» نیز با وزن 583/0 و 507/0 به‌ترتیب در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار دارد. درخصوص متغیرها نیز «قیمت مسکن»، «حضورپذیری فضاها»، «تعمیر و نگهداری ساختمان‌ها»، «سازمان فضایی و نفوذپذیری» و «دسترسی و ارتباطات فضایی» به‌ترتیب بیشترین تأثیر را در ارتقای کیفیت محیطی این محله دارد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26785_f47b10c67f2fabeccb8a62fc5480c553.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 3 2022 09 23 Potential Assessment of Areas Prone to Geotourism Development and Providing Optimal Patterns of Visiting Geosites in Kamyaran City بررسی توانمندی مناطق مستعد توسعة ژئوتوریسم و ارائة الگوهای بهینة بازدید از ژئوسایت‌ها در شهرستان کامیاران 87 102 26676 10.22108/gep.2022.131774.1475 FA عطرین ابراهیمی دانشجوی دکتری گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران داود مختاری ، استاد گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران شهرام روستایی استاد گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2021 12 07 Introduction The term geosite is a new concept in tourism land and is very important in understanding the geological history and historical geological evolution of a region. Geosites are landforms that have gained special value over time due to human awareness, thus creating the necessary context for the development of tourism activities and special infrastructure in an area. Geosites may exist individually or in broader perspectives. They may be altered, damaged, or even destroyed by the effects of human activities. Different regions have different potentials in terms of geosite diversity and consequently the development of geotourism depends on geological, geomorphological, and hydro-climatic factors. One of the areas that has high potential in the development of the geotourism and tourism industry is the karst areas. Kamyaran city in Kurdistan province is one of the areas located in karst formations. Kamyaran city, despite having developed karst areas, types of landscapes, rivers, and springs, has a high potential for the development of the geotourism industry and geostourism. Despite the natural conditions in the region, it seems that more attention has been paid mainly to cultural issues. Due to the importance of the issue, in this study, the geotourism situation of Kamyaran city is studied and optimal geotourism models in this city have been presented. Materials and Methods In this research, in order to achieve the desired goals, library information, interviews, field visits, the digital model height of 30 meters, geological maps 1: 100000 and topographic maps 1: 50000 have been used. ArcGIS and SPSS software are the research tools. Also in this research, the Kubalikova model has been used to evaluate geosites and fuzzy logic and ANP models have been used to identify areas prone to geotourism development. This research has been done in three stages. In the first stage, using field visits, interviews, and library studies, the geosites of the region were identified and evaluated using the Kubalikova method. In the second stage, 9 parameters (the distance from the river, landscape, urban areas, communication lines, cultural sites, distance geosites, altitude, slope as well as vulnerability potential) and fusion logic integrated model and AHP were used to identify areas prone to geotourism development in Kamyaran city. In the third stage, based on the results obtained from the previous stages and the location of geosites, appropriate models for visiting geosites were presented. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results of the evaluation of geosites based on the Kubalikova model indicate that among the geosites of the region, Palangan valley has the highest score with a total of 10.25 points, followed by Gavoshan dam, and Tangivar River with 10 and 75 points, respectively. The results also indicate that the geosites of the western regions of Kamyaran city had the highest score in terms of the Kubalikova method. In this study, after evaluating geosites, areas prone to geotourism development have been identified. Based on the results, the southern and western parts of Kamyaran city due to the distribution of potential geosites, the presence of permanent rivers, proximity to cultural sites, and proximity to communication lines had a great potential for geotourism development goals. According to the results, Palangan and Tangivar River geosites have the highest potential for geotourism development goals because they have a high score in terms of evaluation methods and are also in classes prone to geotourism development. Also, in this study, based on the location of geosites in the study area, 6 patterns were presented for visiting and planning for geotourism development goals. The results of evaluating the scores of geosites obtained in different models indicate that the total averages percentage of scores of the visited geosites were 26.25, 33.75, 30.75, 23.25, 13, and 71.75 in the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth patterns, respectively. Keywords: Geotourism, Kubalikova, Geotourism Routes, Kamyaran City. References - Carrión Mero, P., Herrera Franco, G., Briones, J., Caldevilla, P., Domínguez-Cuesta, M. J., & Berrezueta, E. (2018). Geotourism and local development based on geological and mining sites utilization, Zaruma-Portovelo, Ecuador. Geosciences, 8(6), 205. - Cheablam, O., Tansakul, P., Nantakat, B., & Pantaruk, S. (2021). Assessment of the geotourism resource potential of the Satun UNESCO global geopark, Thailand. Geoheritage, 13(4), 1-16. - Comanescu, L., Nedelea, A., & Dobre, R. (2012). The Evaluation of Geomorphosites from the Ponoare protected area. Journal of Geography, 11(1), 54-61. - Kubalíková, L., & Kirchner, K. (2016). Geosite and geomorphosite assessment as a tool for geoconservation and geotourism purposes: a case study from Vizovická vrchovina Highland (eastern part of the Czech Republic). Geoheritage, 8(1), 5-14. - Lugeri, F. R., Amadio, V., Bagnaia, R., Cardillo, A., & Lugeri, N. (2011). Landscapes and wine production areas: A geomorphological heritage. Geoheritage, 3(3), 221-232. - Migon, P., & Pijet-Migoń, E. (2017). Viewpoint geosites - values, conservation and management issues. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 128(4), 511-522. - Ovreiu, A. B., Comănescu, L., Bărsoianu, I. A., & Nedelea, A. (2019). Evaluating geomorphosites and the geomorphological hazards that impact them: Case study—Cozia massif (Southern Carpathians, Romania). Geoheritage, 11(3), 1067–1087. - Soladti, M., Coratza, P., Galve, J., & Tonelli P. (2012). Recognition and assessment of sinkholes as geosites: Lessons from the Island of Gozo (Malta). Quaestiones Geographicae, 31(1), 25- 35. - Strat, D. (2016). Wetlands – as significant features of the salt karst landscape in the Meledic Plateau, Vrancea Subcarpathians, Romania. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 32, 59-69 - Tirla, L., & Vijulie, I. (2013). Structural–tectonic controls and geomorphology of the karst corridors in alpine limestone ridges: Southern Carpathians, Romania. Geomorphology Journal, 197, 123–136. - Warowna, J., Zgłobicki, W., Gajek, G., Telecka, M., Kołodyńska, R., & Zieliński, P. (2014). Geomorphosite assessment in the proposed geopark vistula river gap (Poland). Quaestions Geographicae, 33(3), 173-181. ژئوتوریسم یکی از ارکان گردشگری است که نقش مهمی در توسعة اقتصادی و اجتماعی مناطق دارد. یکی از مناطق دارای ظرفیت زیاد برای اهداف توسعة ژئوتوریسم، مناطق کارستیک است. شهرستان کامیاران به‌دلیل قرار گرفتن در منطقة کارستیک، ظرفیت ژئوتوریسمی زیادی دارد. به همین دلیل در این پژوهش، وضعیت ژئوتوریسمی شهرستان کامیاران بررسی و همچنین الگوهای بهینة ژئوتوریسمی در این شهرستان ارائه شده‌است. در این پژوهش، به‌منظور دستیابی به اهداف مدنظر از اطلاعات کتابخانه‌ای، مصاحبه، بازدیدهای میدانی، مدل رقومی ارتفاعی 30 متر، نقشه‌های زمین‌شناسی 1:100000 و نقشه‌های توپوگرافی 1:50000 به‌مثابة داده‌های پژوهش استفاده شده‌است. نرم‌افزارهای ArcGIS و SPSS ابزارهای پژوهش محسوب می‌شوند. این پژوهش در سه مرحله انجام شده‌است. در مرحلة اول، ژئوسایت‌ها شناسایی و با استفاده از مدل کوبالیکوا ارزیابی شدند. در مرحلة دوم، با استفاده از مدل‌های منطق فازی و ANP، مناطق مستعد توسعة ژئوتوریسم شناسایی شدند. در مرحلة سوم، برمبنای نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از مراحل پیشین و همچنین موقعیت ژئوسایت‌ها، مسیرهای بهینة بازدید از ژئوسایت‌ها تعریف شدند. نتایج پژوهش حاکی است که ازنظر روش کوبالیکوا، ژئوسایت‌های مناطق غربی شهرستان کامیاران، ازجمله درة پالنگان با 25/10 امتیاز، بیشترین امتیاز را دارند و همچنین بخش زیادی از این مناطق در پهنه‌های بسیار مناسب برای اهداف توسعة ژئوتوریسم واقع شده‌است. علاوه بر این، از بین الگوهای ارائه‌شده برای بازدید ژئوسایت‌ها، الگوی ششم که از کامیاران شروع و به درة پالنگان ختم می‌شود، به‌دلیل اینکه بخش زیادی از ژئوسایت‌های مستعد منطقه را دربرمی‌گیرد، بیشترین ارزش را دارد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26676_da25c8adcc4d35d22410377b7ffedd69.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 3 2022 09 23 Analysis of the Relationship between Watching TV and Increasing Environmental Literacy Based on the Three Dimensions of Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior (Case Study: Tehran Citizens) بررسی رابطۀ تماشای تلویزیون و افزایش سواد زیست‌محیطی براساس سه بعد دانش، نگرش و رفتار (مطالعۀ موردی: شهروندان تهرانی) 103 118 26784 10.22108/gep.2022.133320.1515 FA فاطمه همایونی مقدم دانشجوی دکترای علوم ارتباطات اجتماعی، گروه ارتباطات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران امیر مسعود امیر مظاهری دانشیار گروه جامعه شناسی و علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم جتماعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران اکبر نصراللهی کاسمانی استادیار گروه مدیریت رسانه-روابط عمومی، دانشکده علوم ارتباطات و مطالعات رسانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران محمد رضا رسولی دانشیار گروه رسانه-فرهنگ، دانشکده علوم ارتباطات و مطالعات رسانه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 04 17 Abstract: Today, environmental issues are one of the serious problems of societies and human beings can be effective in protecting it with awareness. Television as an attractive medium can be effective in raising awareness. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between watching TV and increasing environmental literacy based on the 3 dimensions of knowledge, attitude, and behavior. This research was a survey in terms of nature and method. Its statistical population included the citizens of Tehran. The sample size was determined to consist of 384 people by using Cochran's formula, which was done by the two-stage cluster sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data and SPSS22 software was applied to analyze them. The questionnaire validity was evaluated in a formal way and its reliability was determined at the knowledge, attitude, and behavior levels of 0.91, 0.84, and 0.78 by using "Cronbach's alpha coefficient", respectively. Pearson’s correlation test was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that 62% of the respondents were aware of television. The values of the correlation coefficient for the dimensions of knowledge, attitude, behavior, and environmental literacy were respectively 0.648, 0.679, 0.599, and 0.694, which confirmed the existence of a significant relationship between them. This meant that watching TV had a significant relationship with the acquisition of knowledge, attitude, and behavior. In general, watching TV explained strengthening of environmental literacy. To achieve a better result, it is expected that the national media make the necessary policies to strengthen environmental knowledge, attitude, and behavior. Introduction: Today, the public must be aware of the depth of the catastrophe because of their role in solving environmental problems. There is no doubt that the transition to global sustainability requires environmental literacy, which is a change in human knowledge, attitude, and behavior towards the environment. Environmental knowledge includes information about environmental problems and to improve the situation and perform the activities successfully. Environmental attitude is a relatively stable set of feelings, beliefs, and behavioral preparations of individuals and groups that are rooted in the value system of individuals. Also, environmental behavior is a set of individual reactions towards the environment in the society. As the Rio Summit, dubbed the 21st Century Environmental Sustainability Program, the importance of media in education is revealed. The mass media, especially television, can influence the audience's emotions by informing them about their environmental responsibilities via broadcasting, transmitting, and using environmental messages with the power of images. As mentioned in Paragraph A of Article 189 of the Law on the Fifth Development Plan, the correct information and environmental culture are emphasized by the state media, especially the Radio and Television. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between watching television and increasing the environmental literacy of Tehran citizens. In this study, we sought to answer the question of whether there was a relationship between watching TV programs and increasing environmental literacy. The points that theoretically increase the importance of this research were measuring the environmental literacy of Tehran citizens through the demographic variables of age, sex, and education and the rate of watching programs with regard to television networks leading to their increased environmental literacy. The subject of environmental literacy should be one of the priorities to be considered by network managers, groups, and TV program producers as mentioned in the development documents. This issue can envisage the decision and policy makers’ tasks in the field of environment in the media horizon. In this regard, further communication must be made between the Environmental Protection Organization, experts and thinkers, government officials, and Radio and Television Organization to educate and inform TV audience and the general public as a large part of participants in environmental protection. A review of the results of other related studies indicated that all the 3 levels of knowledge, attitude, and behavior were researched in some studies and the relationship between media and environmental literacy was confirmed. Overall, the research findings showed that using the capacity of the media to attract public opinion to the issue of the environment and the content provided by the media were effective in increasing the audience’s environmental literacy. Methodology: In this research, a survey method was used. The main tool for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire. Knowledge, attitude, and behavior were measured based on the demographic characteristics with 45 items in a 6-point Likert scale from not at all (1) to very high agreement (6). The questionnaire validity was determined by using a survey and obtaining suggestions from the media and environmental experts. To determine the questionnaire reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was applied, the values of which were 0.91, 0.84, and 0.78 at the levels of knowledge, attitude, and behavior, respectively. The statistical population of this study included Tehran citizens aged ≥18 living in 22 regions. To estimate the sample size, Cochran's formula was selected with 95% error. Accordingly, the sample size was estimated to include 384 people and 400 questionnaires were presented to create a safe margin. They were reviewed and then coded using Spss software, version 22. Then, the research was conducted based on the need for the outputs related to the descriptive and inferential statistics in order to answer the questions and verify the hypotheses. The statistical analysis was done through descriptive statistics (mean) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation test). Discussion: According to the descriptive statistics, 49 and 51% of the respondents were male and female, respectively. The scores of environmental literacy for the men and women were 0.39 and 2.28, respectively. In terms of age, the respondents were 35-39 years old and the score of environmental literacy in this group was 2.97. The data revealed that 12.7, 26.8, 4.5, and 16% of the respondents had undergraduate degrees and diplomas, postgraduate degrees, bachelor's degrees, and master's degrees, respectively. Their average scores of environmental literacy were 2.78, 2.60, 2.53, and 2.60, respectively. Regarding the use of information sources, 62% of the respondents were found to be aware of television, most of whom (82%) watched Channel 3. By referring to the total average, the general transfer of environmental knowledge, attitude, behavior, and literacy to the citizens through television showed the values of 2.41, 2.97, 2.78, and 2.66, respectively. In the hypothesis test, a significant relationship was found between watching TV and increasing environmental literacy in the dimensions of knowledge, attitude, behavior, and general environmental literacy through Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The coefficients in the dimensions of knowledge, attitude, behavior, and environmental literacy were 0.648, 0.679, 0.599, and 0.694 at the significance level of 0.000, which confirmed the existence of as a significant factor. In sum, all the 3 dimensions of the independent variables explained the relationship between watching television programs and environmental content and messages affecting on the citizens’ increase of environmental literacy. Conclusion: This article examined the relationship between watching TV and environmental literacy in terms of knowledge, attitude, and behavior by using a survey method. The statistical population included the citizens of Tehran. In general, the results were in line with the internal and external backgrounds of the previous studies and the theories examined. Due to the wide coverage of audience and use of informal institution of education, the transfer of knowledge through it seemed to be the easiest way because people tended to choose the easiest way to acquire environmental literacy. The audience or recipients of media messages as one of the communication elements could participate in environmental protection by gaining environmental literacy and play the role of aware activists. This had a greater impact beyond the responsibilities of organizations, such as environmental organizations and groups. For greater effectiveness, it is expected to formulate an appropriate strategy and policy to produce different types of television programs on the subject of environment and use the experts’ opinions in this field, while addressing problems, such as energy crisis, water crisis, and natural resource degradation. Transferring environmental knowledge, promoting nature-friendliness, creating a deep insight and understanding, and trying to strengthen environmental behavior for attracting environmental protection partnerships by teaching necessary techniques and skills can be the practical results of future research. Keywords: environmental literacy, television, citizens, environment References - Dobson, A. (2007). Environmental Citizenship: Towards Sustainable Development, Sust. Dev. Vol. 15, pp276–285 doi:10.1002/sd. 344 - Cumba Castro, E.A.(2020).Environmental education in the television media. Casestudy: Oromar TV, Alteridad,Vol. 15, No. 1,pp115-126. doi: 10.17163/alt.v15n1.2020.10 - Fote Roba,T.(2012) Media and environmental awareness: A geographical study in kembarozone, southern Ethiopia. Master of arts in the geography at the university of south Africa - Holbert, R.L., Kwak, N., Dhavan, V.S. (2003) Enviromental Concern, Patterns ofTelevision Viewing, and Pro-Envromental Behaviors: Integrating Model of Media Consumptionand Effects, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47,2, pg.177.doi: 10.1207/s15506878jobem4702_2 - Jharotia, A.K . (2018).Role of Media in Enhancement of Environmental Awareness, Conference: Power of Media: Shaping the Future. At:Tecnia Auditorium, New Delhi, pp. 1-11. - Kanozia, R.(2020). Promoting Environmental Literacy through Media: An Exploratory Studyof Punjab, India, Researchergate, pp1-22 امروزه مسائل زیست‌محیطی، یکی از مشکلات جدی جوامع است و انسان‌ها با آگاهی، در حفاظت از آن مؤثر هستند. تلویزیون به‌عنوان رسانه‌ای جذاب، در افزایش آگاهی اثربخش است. در پژوهش حاضر، رابطۀ تماشای تلویزیون و افزایش سواد زیست‌محیطی براساس سه بعد دانش، نگرش و رفتار بررسی می‌شود. این پژوهش، ازلحاظ ماهیت، کاربردی و ازلحاظ روش، پیمایش است؛ همچنین جامعۀ آماری آن، شهروندان تهرانی بوده است. حجم نمونه با فرمول کوکران ۳۸۴ نفر است که به روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای دو مرحله‌ای انجام شد. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها، پرسشنامۀ محقق‌ساخته به کار گرفته و برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار 22SPSS استفاده شد. اعتبار پرسشنامه، به‌شیوۀ صوری و پایایی پرسشنامه با استفاده از «ضریب آلفای کرونباخ» بررسی و در سطوح دانش، نگرش و رفتار به‌ترتیب برابر با 91/0، 84/0 و 78/0 تعیین شد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شد. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که 62 درصد پاسخگویان، آگاهی خود را از تلویزیون کسب می‌کنند. مقدار ضریب همبستگی در بعد دانش 648/0، نگرش 679/0، رفتار 599/0 و سواد زیست‌محیطی ۶۹۴/۰ بود که وجود رابطۀ معناداری تأیید شد. این بدان معناست که تماشای تلویزیون با کسب دانش، نگرش و رفتار، رابطۀ معناداری دارد. درمجموع تماشای تلویزیون، تقویت سواد زیست‌محیطی را تبیین می‌کند. برای حصول نتیجۀ بهتر، پیش‌بینی می‌شود که در رسانۀ ملی برای تقویت دانش، نگرش و رفتار زیست‌محیطی سیاست‌گذاری‌های لازم صورت گیرد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26784_7a52cf86d29b016436e9f5ecd014b941.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 33 3 2022 09 23 Analysis the Effect of Perception of flood Risk on the Resilience of Local Communities to Disasters (Study Area: Villages of Binalood County) تحلیل تأثیر ادراک از خطر بر میزان تاب‌آوری جوامع محلی در برابر سیلاب (منطقۀ موردمطالعه: روستاهای شهرستان بینالود) 119 138 26802 10.22108/gep.2022.132102.1480 FA طاهره صادقلو استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران خدیجه بوزرجمهری دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران سودابه احمدی دانشجوی دکتری گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران Journal Article 2022 01 09 Abstract: Perception of risks and awareness of their effects based on the rational nature of human biology and his desire for survival always reduce the likelihood of hazards and improve preparedness for possible effects. In this regard, the present study sought to investigate and analyze the effects of perception of flood risk on the resilience of local communities in the rural families of Binalood County. This study was a descriptive-analytical research in terms of method and an applied research in terms of purpose. The unit of analysis in this study included 190 rural households in the area, which was determined by using the Cochran's formula with an error of 0.07. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that the indicators of emotional and cognitive dimensions of perception with the average values of 3.5 and 3.1 had the highest impacts and functional dimension with an average value of 2.5 had the lowest impact at the sample level. Also, the results of evaluating the effects of risk perception on the resilience by using the regression test indicated that among the dimensions of risk perception, cognitive dimension had the greatest effect on the resilience of the studied villages. On the other hand, based on the results of the analysis of variance, there was a significant difference between the resilience levels of groups with different levels of risk perception in the local communities. Moreover, the groups with moderate level of perception had the highest resilience among the other groups. Rural women also had a greater understanding of flooding and its probability of occurrence. As a result, they were more resilient. On the other hand, comparison of the levels of perception and resilience between the insured and uninsured people showed that the insured people had more perception and resilience than the uninsured people. Introduction: Findings of the effects of risk perception on resilience can be used to identify systems of resilience and adopt policies tailored to the levels of perception and resilience in local communities. Resilience of rural communities has become one of the most important issues in recent decades in such a way that many studies have been written about natural hazards and resilience of local communities. In recent years, disaster management in the programs of natural hazard reduction has tried to create and strengthen the characteristics of resilient communities. The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the effects of flood risk perception on the resilience of local communities in rural families in Binalood, Mashhad. The results of comparing the villagers’ average opinions based on one-sample t-test showed that the values of T-statistic in all the indicators except the performance index were higher than the average value (3). All dimensions of the independent variable of risk perception and the dependent variable of resilience of communities to risks indicated their significant effects on measuring and evaluating the variable purpose. The results showed that the villagers were at a moderate level in terms of perception and resilience. Therefore, paying attention to increasing understanding of the local community in terms of their ability and resistance to dangers, such as floods, was one of the most important factors for realizing their confrontation with dangers. Thus, an important source of information, cognition, and awareness can determine the outcome of a general behavior like resilience. This study also showed that there was a relationship between the perception of local communities and resilience to disasters by 0.616%, which indicated the importance of the relationship between these two variables and their coordinated changes. On the other hand, the difference in the structures of perception of risks between the two groups of men and women (women’s higher perception of the risks) indicated the importance of the women’s role in such events. Their greater understanding of risks could lead to increased resilience and consequently less vulnerability. The results of perception and resilience between the insured and uninsured people showed inequality of the structures of perception of risks and resilience among these people, indicating a higher perception and resilience among the insured people. Multivariate regression was used to measure the effects of the different dimensions of risk perception on resilience. The results obtained from the villagers showed that the perception of the studied local community with the resilience index of 0.715 had a positive relationship with its strong intensity in terms of the coefficient of impact of variables on resilience. The cognitive dimension with an impact factor of 0.696 had the highest positive effect on resilience. In fact, perception of risks by more people increases their readiness to face natural hazards, thus accelerating resilience and consequently helping them cope with the risks and more quickly recover after them. Methodology: This research was based on a descriptive-analytical method and the research type was applied and quantitative. Thus, the field survey data were used to explain the research objectives. The main tool for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the indicators and variables extracted from theoretical topics. The study was performed in the two dimensions of the independent variable of risk perception and dependent variable of local community resilience. The unit of analysis in this study included the rural households. Professors and experts in this field were employed to assess validities of the indicators and variables. Also, 12 rural points, which could be exposed to floods and riverbanks, were selected as the study area. The sample size was determined by using Cochran's formula with an error of 0.07%. Of the total number of 4780 households in the statistical population, 190 households were evaluated with at least 10 questionnaires by dividing the proportion of the remaining samples between the studied villages. Cronbach's alpha test was used to calculate the questionnaire reliability. The alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.76, which indicated its reliability with acceptable internal consistency. In the next step, the quantitative data obtained from the descriptive and inferential tests were analyzed by using SPSS software. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was utilized to evaluate normality of the data distribution. Then, the tests of mean comparison, Pearson correlation and regression, and analysis of variance were applied to measure the perception level of the local community to flood risk and its resilience, as well as the relationship and impacts of these two variables according to the type of data. Discussion: The results of the present study showed that being aware of the causes of these crises and recognizing their real effects were effective in resilience and preparedness for these disasters and could reduce the number of casualties and the people affected. Based on the results of the correlation test, the strong effects of the indicators of local community perception on its resilience to natural hazards, especially in the cognitive and emotional dimensions, confirmed this fact. Among the various dimensions, the most desirable dimension was the cognitive dimension, which involved the highest proportion of the subjects. The role of the emotional dimension in the indicators (probability of occurrence, fear of occurrence, feeling of fear, security of life, perception of security during sleep, and a sense of dominance and control) was found to be more desirable in resilience. The analysis of variance test also made a statistically significant difference between at least one of the groups and the others assuming that the people's resilience was partly a function of their understanding, awareness, and knowledge about risks. Based on the results, most of the subjects had a moderate level of risk perception. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it couls be said that it was not possible to completely control hazards, including floods, but the damage could be minimized by following proper management and strategies, such as raising awareness of the local community through training programs, which could increase its resilience though most accidents do not give people enough opportunity to even use the most essential facilities. For this reason, it is necessary to plan and prepare the exposed population to deal with such conditions. In fact, the areas with knowledge and perception are less exposed to risks and people will be more resilient to disasters. Therefore, knowledge and awareness as the important components of resilience and adaptation to risks are vital for the society. Various educational interventions at the individual and social levels are crucial to increase people’s levels of cognition and awareness, as well as their behaviors and responses to risks. People with a high and sufficient understanding of risks insure their assets in addition to showing better preparedness and response to disasters, which affect their resilience after the occurrence of risks. Another important point is that the functional dimension can be considered to be parallel with operationalization of the perception of risks and a kind of desire for prevention, which is the third step after perception. Keywords: risk perception, resilience, local communities, disaster management English References - Aboagye, D. Dari, Th. Koomson, J., (2013). Risk Perception and Disaster Management in the Savannah Region of Ghana. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 3, No.3, pp. 85-96. - Agrawal, N., Elliott, M., P Simonovic, S., (2020). Risk and Resilience: A Case of Perception versus Reality in Flood Management, Water,Vol. 12, No. 1254, pp. 1-18. - Antronico, L., De Pascale, F., Coscarelli, R., Gullà, G., (2020). 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Figures and Tables - Fig. 1: Conceptual model of research: analysis of the level of perception of flood risk by the local community and its impact on disaster resilience (authors, 2021) - Fig. 2: Map of the political situation of the studied villages - Table 4: Assessment of the importance of the dimensions of perception and resilience to disasters for villagers (authors‚ 2021) -Table 5: Relationship between risk perception and resilience variable based on Pearson correlation coefficient (authors‚ 2021) - Table 6: Relationship between perception and resilience indicators (authors‚ 2021) - Table 7: Perception of risks between the two groups of respondents (male and female) by using the t-test of the two independent samples (authors‚ 2021) - Table 8: Comparison of the effects of perception between the two groups of men and women using the t-test of the two independent groups (authors‚ 2021) - Table 9: The means and standard deviation related to the comparison of perception and resilience between the insured and uninsured groups (authors‚ 2021) - Table 10: Comparison of the difference between the two insured and uninsured groups in terms of their perception and resilience to risks by using the t-test of the two independent groups (authors‚ 2021) - Table 11: Correlation value, adjusted coefficient of determination, and standard error of the effect of perception on resilience (authors‚ 2021) - Table 12: Multiple correlation coefficients of the effects of perception indicators on resilience (authors‚ 2021) - Table 13: Standard and non-standard regression coefficients for predicting the resilience of the local community (authors‚ 2021) - Table 16: The last stage of clustering the risk perception variable (authors‚ 2021) - Table 17: Comparison of mean resilience between the different groups (authors‚ 2021) - Table 18: Leven test (homogeneity of variances) (authors‚ 2021) - Table 19: Resilience at the different levels of risk perception (authors‚ 2021) - Table 20: Homogeneous groups in terms of risk perception (authors, 2021) همواره ادراک مخاطرات و آگاهی از اثرهای آنها براساس ماهیت عقلایی زیستی بشر و تمایل وی برای بقا، موجب تلاش برای کاهش احتمال وقوع مخاطرات و ارتــقــای آمــادگــی در برابر اثرهای احتمالی می‌شود. در این راستا، در پژوهش حاضر، تأثیر ادراک از خطر سیلاب بر میزان تاب‌آوری جوامع محلی در خانواده‌های روستایی شهرستان بینالود بررسی و تحلیل می‌شود. این پژوهش ازنظر روش، توصیفی‌تحلیلی و از حیث هدف، کاربردی است. واحد تحلیل در این پژوهش، 190 خانوارهای روستایی منطقه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و با خطای 07/0 تعیین شده است. نتایج تحلیل آزمون‌های آماری نشان‌دهندۀ این است که شاخص‌های بعد ادراک احساسی و شناختی به‌ترتیب با میانگین 5/3 و 1/3 بیشترین تأثیر و سپس عملکردی با میانگین 5/2 کمترین مقدار را در سطح نمونه‌ها دارد؛ همچنین نتایج ارزیابی میزان اثرگذاری ابعاد ادراک خطر بر میزان تاب‌آوری با استفاده از آزمون رگرسیون نشان‌دهندۀ این است که از بین ابعاد ادراک خطر، بعد شناختی بیشترین اثر را در تاب‌آوری روستاهای مطالعه‌شده داشته است. از سویی، براساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس، اختلاف معناداری بین تاب‌آوری گروه‌های با سطح ادراک خطر متفاوت در جوامع محلی وجود دارد و گروه‌های با سطح ادراک متوسط بیشترین میزان تاب‌آوری را بین سایر گروه‌ها دارد؛ همچنین زنان روستایی درک بیشتری از سیلاب و احتمال وقوع آن داشته و درنتیجه تاب‌آوری آنها بیشتر است. از طرفی، مقایسۀ ادراک و تاب‌آوری بین افراد بیمه‌شده و نشده نشان‌دهندۀ آن بود که افراد بیمه‌شده ادراک و تاب‌آوری بیشتری نسبت‌به افراد بیمه‌نشده دارند.

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