University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 34 1 2023 03 21 Improving the Environmental Qualities of City Entrances According to People's Views (A Case Study: Saqqez City Entrances) Improving the Environmental Qualities of City Entrances According to People's Views (A Case Study: Saqqez City Entrances) 1 24 25981 10.22108/gep.2021.124548.1343 FA Akbar Rahimi Assistant Professor, Department of geography and urban planning, faculty of Planning and environmental science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Seyyed Ramin Naqshbandi Master of landscape architecture, Faculty of agriculture, University of Tabriz, Journal Article 2020 08 20 Extend abstract Abstract The rapid growth of population could have negative consequences for urban life in urban areas and has caused unfavorable development of cities. With expansive growth of cities, their shapes, forms, and structures have been disrupted. The city entrance has an important role, which has changed over time. In the process of changing, the city entrance has got a new form. Its concept can be understood by having a look in its past and structure. The city entrance plays an important role in creating its general image in the human mind. However, it seems that the entrance structures of of today's cities consist of empty buildings and abandoned lands, which not only could not respond to the need for action, but also lack the identity and function of connection between the two different spaces, with the edges unfavorable to the city. The aim of this study was to identify the effective factors in improving the quality of city entrances. In terms of purpose, this research was an applied one with a descriptive cross-sectional method and quantitative data based on nature. Also, it was a survey research in terms of how it was conducted. Based on people's opinions, the results of this study showed that the variables of environment and green space, traffic, and facilities and furniture were more preferred. The integration of general and specialized perception approaches in landscape management processes could contribute to the development of urban landscape. Finally, it can be said that the resulting environment could be better accepted and satisfied by people if their demands are taken into account for designing urban landscapes. Keywords: city Entrances,";"urban landscape";"Saqqez";"environmental quality Introduction A city is a spatial landscape in which achieving a healthy environment is considered. Human destiny is determined not in the countryside, but in cities. This shows the unrivaled role and importance of cities in the life of human society. Accordingly, the world has rapidly turned into urbanization. Public spaces in cities and their attractions can change human behaviors and play an important role in creating human culture (Muzaffar et al., 2016: 74) Social, economic, cultural, and political developments resulting from the modernization of human life in urban spaces have affected each region and area. The uncontrolled growth of urban population and lack of an appropriate and optimal model of urban growth leading cities towards industrialization have doubled urban problems and challenges. Migration to cities and increasing urban population have fueled these challenges. Currently, 54% of the world's population lives in cities and it is predicted that this figure will reach about 66% by 2050 (Girma et al., 2019: 139). Studies also show that world's population has increased by 423% from 1950 to 2014 (Kim et al., 2017: 82). City entrance is one of its most attractive parts providing one of its most influential memories. It should have a special identity and characteristics in order to be distinguished from other cities. It should also have certain environmental qualities to meet the audience’s needs (Habibi et al., 2019: 5). In terms of function, this space usually faces a disproportionate distribution of actions, activities, and uses, which are very effective in enhancing the environmental quality of field performance. Today, reduction of quality indicators in urban public spaces is one of the problems that cities have faced. Since the city entrance space is one of the urban spaces and is located in the middle of city with its physical development, paying attention to the concept of entrance and environmental quality needs special attention regarding the urban space. Urban spaces are important in human life activities and affect people’s life quality. However, development of urban space management strategies by experts and paying attention to people's perceptions of urban spaces are often overlooked (Dupont et al., 2015: 68). Therefore, in planning and managing public spaces, it is necessary to pay attention to the users’ perceptions of these spaces (Rossetti et al., 2019: 177). Integrating the specialists and non-specialists’ approaches in the landscape management processes can help improve the quality of urban landscapes (Vouligny et al., 2009: 890). Evidence shows that in Iran, the non-specialists’ views in urban spaces, especially about the entrances of cities, have not been paid attention to. Therefore, this study tried to examine the current situation of Saqqez entrances by considering the factors affecting the qualities of the entrance environments of cities from the perspectives of the indigenous people of Saqqez, travelers, and tourists. Materials & Methods Study area Saqqez City is located to the northwest of Sanandaj City (the province center) with a distance of approximately 190 km. It is situated between the north latitudes of 36◦ 13' and 36◦ 16' minutes and east longitudes of 46◦ 14' and 46◦ 17'. It has got a population of 168.359 and been divided into 22 neighborhoods and 8 districts. Fig. 1. Map of the study area. Questionnaire Structure The first section of the questionnaire contained demographic information. Before answering the questions, the participants were asked to offer their personal socio-demographic information, including marital status, age, education level, monthly income, and city of residence. Another section of the questionnaire dealt with the independent and dependent variables of the research. The questionnaire was designed based on the Likert spectrum with a closed structure. Survey Population and Sample Size The statistical population of the present study included the native people of Saqqez, as well as the travelers and tourists, who were present at the city entrances. The respondents were selected from among the clients, who were present at its entrances during the summer of 2019. Also, the residents, employees, travelers, and tourists of this area were randomly selected as the statistical population. Due to the uncertainty of the population size (number of inputs) in this study, the number of sample members was obtained using the Mitra-Langford method. The most relevant formula with a suitable solution was the formula proposed by Mitra and Lankford (1999). This formula significantly prevented errors by reducing the sampling error and increasing the confidence level, while at the same time lowering the non-sampling error. The standard deviation was assumed to be equal to 2.88, resulting in the sampling size of 300 persons: e = √ (P (1-P)/n); P = 50% and e = 2.88% 2.88% = √ (50 %( 1-50%)/n) → n = 300 Discussion of Results Evaluation of people's views based on the current situation and factors affecting the qualities of entrance spaces in Saqqez City The respondents mostly agreed with the two effective components of the environment and green space (f=247 and 82.4%) and traffic component (f=246 and 82%), respectively. They considered these components as the most important factors in improving the qualities of the entrance environments of cities. The research findings showed that there were different opinions. Most of the respondents (f=136, 45.3%) evaluated the attractiveness and qualities of the entrances of Saqez City to be completely unsatisfactory. Only about 5 percent of respondents assessed the situation to be favorable and completely desirable (f=18.5, 5.5%). The respondents’ general views indicated lack of sufficient utility. This issue highlighted the need for appropriate measures to improve the qualities of the entrances to Saqqez City. People's views on the independent variables based on their demographic characteristics of age and education In this section, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify the differences between the factors affecting the quality of the input environment based on the people's views. The respondents’ levels of education and age were arranged in 4 categories in the form of sequential variables. According to the variable of education, the value of the chi-square test for the variable of traffic was 9.637. Also, the value of the variable of environment and green space was 9.310, which was significant at the level of 0.05. According to the variable of age, the value of the chi-square test for the visual variable was equal to 7.904, which was significant at the level of 0.05%. Also, the variable of traffic was 13.99, which was significant at the level of 0.01. Therefore, the results showed a significant difference between the main factors of the research from the perspectives of the people with different education levels and ages. The Mann-Whitney test was used to identify the differences between the factors affecting the quality of the input environment based on the people's views. The respondents’ marital status and residence in a 2-floor apartment were adjusted in the form of sequential variables. Also, according to the variable of marital status, the variable of traffic was significant at the level of 0.01. Therefore, the results showed a significant difference between the main factors of the research from the people's point of view based on the place of residence and marital status. Conclusions The descriptive results of data analysis showed that the entrances of Saqqez City were not of good quality in general because most respondents had an unfavorable viewpoint about this component. The physical design inability of the route to create a situation for public monitoring, the existence of abandoned buildings and barren lands, industrial workshops and repair shops, military uses, the existence of vague and defenseless spaces along the route, and the impossibility of active gathering of people were the reasons. The reason for the alienation of space in areas that had the potential to create green spots fueled this phenomenon. In many places, the green space around the entrances was only visual and inaccessible and along this axis, the points that had the potential to provide footpaths for people had been left unattended. Studies have shown that the environment and green space with the highest average are in better conditions compared to other components. The results of this study were consistent with the findings of Mosallanejad and Moztarzadeh (1396) and Nahibi and Sadat Hassan Dokht (1391). In addition to improving the quality of the environment, urban green space has an impact on the quality of life in cities and has a positive and significant relationship with life satisfaction (Maidzadeh and Farrokhian, 1398; Yuan et al., 2018). The study of Khaljani also revealed that the expansion of urban parks and green space at the entrances of Tabriz City was an important factor in increasing the tourists’ length of stay in the city and also attracting tourists by creating welfare facilities, security, and amenities, such as camp, surrounding landscape, recreational facilities, interior space, and proximity to the city, showing a positive relationship (Khaljani, 2014). The variable of traffic is in the second place. The factor of optimal traffic to entrances of cities is one of the effective factors in improving the quality of the environment. Similar studies have shown that traffic signs play an important role in directing traffic flow (Mina et al., 2013). Also, traffic signs are commonly used to regulate, warn, and guide road users. Signs on the streets and roads are a vital element and the widespread understanding of signs and traffic signs has a great impact on traffic safety (Taamneh & Alkheder, 2018; Hou & Lu, 2018). Furniture and facilities are ranked third after traffic with very little difference. The results of this study were consistent with those of Azadkhani and TahmasebiKia (2016) and Basiri and ZeinaliAzim (2017). There is a general consensus that social and demographic characteristics affect people's perceptions and preferences from one perspective, but may differ in population groups with different cultures and social characteristics (Zhou et al., 2018; Jiang and Yuan, 2017). The importance of examining the preferences of different cognitive socio-collective groups over landscape quality indicators has been proven in a number of previous studies. Therefore, in planning and managing public spaces, it is necessary to pay attention to the perception of users of these spaces (Rossetti et al., 2019: 177; Surová & Pinto-Correia, 2016: 35). Landscape management can help improve urban landscape (Vouligny et al., 2009: 890) since its users have some expectations that may lead to incompatibility between space and citizens if not in line with reality (Daniel, 2001: 267). It is clear that recognizing people's desires and preferences is not only an educational challenge, but also vital for policy-making and implementation. It also helps to create more attractive places and promote environmental services (Zheng et al., 2011: 7) so that urban public spaces can be better accepted and satisfied. Consideration: This article was extracted from a thesis entitled “Assessing and Designing the Landscapes of City Entrances (Case Study: Saqqez Entrances)” in Tabriz University. Extend abstract Abstract The rapid growth of population could have negative consequences for urban life in urban areas and has caused unfavorable development of cities. With expansive growth of cities, their shapes, forms, and structures have been disrupted. The city entrance has an important role, which has changed over time. In the process of changing, the city entrance has got a new form. Its concept can be understood by having a look in its past and structure. The city entrance plays an important role in creating its general image in the human mind. However, it seems that the entrance structures of of today's cities consist of empty buildings and abandoned lands, which not only could not respond to the need for action, but also lack the identity and function of connection between the two different spaces, with the edges unfavorable to the city. The aim of this study was to identify the effective factors in improving the quality of city entrances. In terms of purpose, this research was an applied one with a descriptive cross-sectional method and quantitative data based on nature. Also, it was a survey research in terms of how it was conducted. Based on people's opinions, the results of this study showed that the variables of environment and green space, traffic, and facilities and furniture were more preferred. The integration of general and specialized perception approaches in landscape management processes could contribute to the development of urban landscape. Finally, it can be said that the resulting environment could be better accepted and satisfied by people if their demands are taken into account for designing urban landscapes. Keywords: city Entrances,";"urban landscape";"Saqqez";"environmental quality Introduction A city is a spatial landscape in which achieving a healthy environment is considered. Human destiny is determined not in the countryside, but in cities. This shows the unrivaled role and importance of cities in the life of human society. Accordingly, the world has rapidly turned into urbanization. Public spaces in cities and their attractions can change human behaviors and play an important role in creating human culture (Muzaffar et al., 2016: 74) Social, economic, cultural, and political developments resulting from the modernization of human life in urban spaces have affected each region and area. The uncontrolled growth of urban population and lack of an appropriate and optimal model of urban growth leading cities towards industrialization have doubled urban problems and challenges. Migration to cities and increasing urban population have fueled these challenges. Currently, 54% of the world's population lives in cities and it is predicted that this figure will reach about 66% by 2050 (Girma et al., 2019: 139). Studies also show that world's population has increased by 423% from 1950 to 2014 (Kim et al., 2017: 82). City entrance is one of its most attractive parts providing one of its most influential memories. It should have a special identity and characteristics in order to be distinguished from other cities. It should also have certain environmental qualities to meet the audience’s needs (Habibi et al., 2019: 5). In terms of function, this space usually faces a disproportionate distribution of actions, activities, and uses, which are very effective in enhancing the environmental quality of field performance. Today, reduction of quality indicators in urban public spaces is one of the problems that cities have faced. Since the city entrance space is one of the urban spaces and is located in the middle of city with its physical development, paying attention to the concept of entrance and environmental quality needs special attention regarding the urban space. Urban spaces are important in human life activities and affect people’s life quality. However, development of urban space management strategies by experts and paying attention to people's perceptions of urban spaces are often overlooked (Dupont et al., 2015: 68). Therefore, in planning and managing public spaces, it is necessary to pay attention to the users’ perceptions of these spaces (Rossetti et al., 2019: 177). Integrating the specialists and non-specialists’ approaches in the landscape management processes can help improve the quality of urban landscapes (Vouligny et al., 2009: 890). Evidence shows that in Iran, the non-specialists’ views in urban spaces, especially about the entrances of cities, have not been paid attention to. Therefore, this study tried to examine the current situation of Saqqez entrances by considering the factors affecting the qualities of the entrance environments of cities from the perspectives of the indigenous people of Saqqez, travelers, and tourists. Materials & Methods Study area Saqqez City is located to the northwest of Sanandaj City (the province center) with a distance of approximately 190 km. It is situated between the north latitudes of 36◦ 13' and 36◦ 16' minutes and east longitudes of 46◦ 14' and 46◦ 17'. It has got a population of 168.359 and been divided into 22 neighborhoods and 8 districts. Fig. 1. Map of the study area. Questionnaire Structure The first section of the questionnaire contained demographic information. Before answering the questions, the participants were asked to offer their personal socio-demographic information, including marital status, age, education level, monthly income, and city of residence. Another section of the questionnaire dealt with the independent and dependent variables of the research. The questionnaire was designed based on the Likert spectrum with a closed structure. Survey Population and Sample Size The statistical population of the present study included the native people of Saqqez, as well as the travelers and tourists, who were present at the city entrances. The respondents were selected from among the clients, who were present at its entrances during the summer of 2019. Also, the residents, employees, travelers, and tourists of this area were randomly selected as the statistical population. Due to the uncertainty of the population size (number of inputs) in this study, the number of sample members was obtained using the Mitra-Langford method. The most relevant formula with a suitable solution was the formula proposed by Mitra and Lankford (1999). This formula significantly prevented errors by reducing the sampling error and increasing the confidence level, while at the same time lowering the non-sampling error. The standard deviation was assumed to be equal to 2.88, resulting in the sampling size of 300 persons: e = √ (P (1-P)/n); P = 50% and e = 2.88% 2.88% = √ (50 %( 1-50%)/n) → n = 300 Discussion of Results Evaluation of people's views based on the current situation and factors affecting the qualities of entrance spaces in Saqqez City The respondents mostly agreed with the two effective components of the environment and green space (f=247 and 82.4%) and traffic component (f=246 and 82%), respectively. They considered these components as the most important factors in improving the qualities of the entrance environments of cities. The research findings showed that there were different opinions. Most of the respondents (f=136, 45.3%) evaluated the attractiveness and qualities of the entrances of Saqez City to be completely unsatisfactory. Only about 5 percent of respondents assessed the situation to be favorable and completely desirable (f=18.5, 5.5%). The respondents’ general views indicated lack of sufficient utility. This issue highlighted the need for appropriate measures to improve the qualities of the entrances to Saqqez City. People's views on the independent variables based on their demographic characteristics of age and education In this section, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify the differences between the factors affecting the quality of the input environment based on the people's views. The respondents’ levels of education and age were arranged in 4 categories in the form of sequential variables. According to the variable of education, the value of the chi-square test for the variable of traffic was 9.637. Also, the value of the variable of environment and green space was 9.310, which was significant at the level of 0.05. According to the variable of age, the value of the chi-square test for the visual variable was equal to 7.904, which was significant at the level of 0.05%. Also, the variable of traffic was 13.99, which was significant at the level of 0.01. Therefore, the results showed a significant difference between the main factors of the research from the perspectives of the people with different education levels and ages. The Mann-Whitney test was used to identify the differences between the factors affecting the quality of the input environment based on the people's views. The respondents’ marital status and residence in a 2-floor apartment were adjusted in the form of sequential variables. Also, according to the variable of marital status, the variable of traffic was significant at the level of 0.01. Therefore, the results showed a significant difference between the main factors of the research from the people's point of view based on the place of residence and marital status. Conclusions The descriptive results of data analysis showed that the entrances of Saqqez City were not of good quality in general because most respondents had an unfavorable viewpoint about this component. The physical design inability of the route to create a situation for public monitoring, the existence of abandoned buildings and barren lands, industrial workshops and repair shops, military uses, the existence of vague and defenseless spaces along the route, and the impossibility of active gathering of people were the reasons. The reason for the alienation of space in areas that had the potential to create green spots fueled this phenomenon. In many places, the green space around the entrances was only visual and inaccessible and along this axis, the points that had the potential to provide footpaths for people had been left unattended. Studies have shown that the environment and green space with the highest average are in better conditions compared to other components. The results of this study were consistent with the findings of Mosallanejad and Moztarzadeh (1396) and Nahibi and Sadat Hassan Dokht (1391). In addition to improving the quality of the environment, urban green space has an impact on the quality of life in cities and has a positive and significant relationship with life satisfaction (Maidzadeh and Farrokhian, 1398; Yuan et al., 2018). The study of Khaljani also revealed that the expansion of urban parks and green space at the entrances of Tabriz City was an important factor in increasing the tourists’ length of stay in the city and also attracting tourists by creating welfare facilities, security, and amenities, such as camp, surrounding landscape, recreational facilities, interior space, and proximity to the city, showing a positive relationship (Khaljani, 2014). The variable of traffic is in the second place. The factor of optimal traffic to entrances of cities is one of the effective factors in improving the quality of the environment. Similar studies have shown that traffic signs play an important role in directing traffic flow (Mina et al., 2013). Also, traffic signs are commonly used to regulate, warn, and guide road users. Signs on the streets and roads are a vital element and the widespread understanding of signs and traffic signs has a great impact on traffic safety (Taamneh & Alkheder, 2018; Hou & Lu, 2018). Furniture and facilities are ranked third after traffic with very little difference. The results of this study were consistent with those of Azadkhani and TahmasebiKia (2016) and Basiri and ZeinaliAzim (2017). There is a general consensus that social and demographic characteristics affect people's perceptions and preferences from one perspective, but may differ in population groups with different cultures and social characteristics (Zhou et al., 2018; Jiang and Yuan, 2017). The importance of examining the preferences of different cognitive socio-collective groups over landscape quality indicators has been proven in a number of previous studies. Therefore, in planning and managing public spaces, it is necessary to pay attention to the perception of users of these spaces (Rossetti et al., 2019: 177; Surová & Pinto-Correia, 2016: 35). Landscape management can help improve urban landscape (Vouligny et al., 2009: 890) since its users have some expectations that may lead to incompatibility between space and citizens if not in line with reality (Daniel, 2001: 267). It is clear that recognizing people's desires and preferences is not only an educational challenge, but also vital for policy-making and implementation. It also helps to create more attractive places and promote environmental services (Zheng et al., 2011: 7) so that urban public spaces can be better accepted and satisfied. Consideration: This article was extracted from a thesis entitled “Assessing and Designing the Landscapes of City Entrances (Case Study: Saqqez Entrances)” in Tabriz University.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_25981_8a2cea22cd9eb45818d480fc2bc3ea9a.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 34 1 2023 03 21 Analysis of the Interaction of Resilience Variables of New Urban Habitations against Earthquake Risk: A Case Study of Isfahan Metropolitan) Analysis of the Interaction of Resilience Variables of New Urban Habitations against Earthquake Risk: A Case Study of Isfahan Metropolitan) 25 44 26733 10.22108/gep.2022.132258.1482 FA Fazlolah Karimi Ghotbabadi PhD Candidate, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Ali Zangiabadi Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2022 01 09 Introduction Among natural disasters, earthquakes are one of the most important natural disasters that pose a threat to the development of the society. Each year, it causes various physical, social, and economic damage around the world. The consequences of an earthquake, both in terms of recurrence and in terms of the damage it causes, affect society. Because, on the one hand, earthquakes contribute to the lack of security for residents at risk, and on the other hand, they reduce the risk of achieving sustainable development. Therefore, earthquakes, both psychologically and financially, due to the speed of occurrence and the volume of destruction, have devastating effects and are at the forefront of natural disasters. Until the 1980s, the dominant approach to crisis management worldwide was based on reducing vulnerability, but since the 1980s, efforts have been made to change the prevailing crisis management paradigm. Thus, the prevailing view has shifted from focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increasing disability resilience. In this new paradigm, the shift from reactivity to deterrence and participation has changed. Meanwhile, analyzing the interaction of earthquake resilience variables to identify key factors is one of the issues that should be considered in any society. It is noteworthy that the type of attitude towards the issue of resilience and how it is analyzed, on the one hand, plays a key role in how resilience recognizes the current situation and its causes, and on the other hand, affects policies and measures to reduce risk and how to deal with it. Therefore, analyzing the interaction of resilience variables against earthquakes and reducing their effects according to the results will be of great importance. Keywords: Resilience, Interaction, New Urban Habitations, Earthquake Risk, Isfahan Urban Area. Methodology Due to the studied components and the nature of the subject, the approach of this research is descriptive-analytical. The interaction analysis method was used to analyze the data. Interaction/structural interaction analysis is a method for analyzing the possible occurrence of an issue in a predicted set. The probabilities of this can be adjusted by judgments about the potential for interaction between the predicted subjects. In this study, using 86 variables in the form of 6 indicators, the interaction of the studied resilience variables in the new urban Habitations of the Isfahan metropolitan was analyzed using MIC Mac software. Discussion Preliminary analysis of the matrix data indicates that there are a total of 3496 relationships for the matrix. Also, the degree of saturation of the matrix is %63.29, which indicates that the selected factors have a relatively large and scattered effect on each other, and in fact, the system has been in an unstable state. Out of 4791 evaluable relations in this matrix, 2778 relations have zero numbers, which means that the factors have not affected or have not affected each other. Also, the studied matrix was %100 desirable and optimized based on statistical indices with two data rotations. The results of direct matrix data analysis have shown that the variables of geographical confinement diversity, level of awareness about seismicity of the habitation, and population density with scores of 159, 158, and 146, respectively. As the most important influential variables of the severity of the damage, compensation capacity proximity to hazardous areas with 191, 162, and 157 points, respectively, have been identified as the most important variables. In a cross-matrix, the sum of the row numbers of each factor indicates the degree of influence, and the sum of its columns indicates the degree of influence of that factor on other factors. Also, the results of indirect matrix data analysis have shown that the variables of geographical environment diversity, level of knowledge about seismicity in the region, and population density with scores of 1312373, 1272025, and 1200271, respectively, were the most important indirect variables. Severity, damage capacity and compensation capacity, and community-based risk management with scores of 15372702, 1298828, and 1298341, respectively, have been identified as the most important indirectly affected variables. What can be understood from the scattering plane of the variables affecting the resilience of new urban Habitations in the Isfahan metropolitan, the concentration of most variables around the diagonal axis, which indicates the instability of the system under study? Conclusion In this study, using Mick Mac software, the effective variables on resilience forecasting of new urban Habitations in the Isfahan urban area have been investigated. The results of direct matrix data analysis have shown that the variables of geographical confinement diversity, level of awareness about seismicity of habitat, and population density were the most important influential variables. Severity, compensation capacity, and proximity were the most important risk areas. The analysis of indirect matrix data has also shown that the variables of geographical environment diversity, level of knowledge about seismicity of the region, and population density were the most important indirect variables. The variables of the severity of the damage, and compensation capacity were the most important indirectly affected risk-based risk management variables. E References - Ahmad Pour, A., Abdali, Y., Sadeghi, A., & AllahGholi Pour, S. (2018). Analysis of resilience components in the central tissue of Hamedan using Moran spatial autocorrelation. Quarterly Journal of Physical Development Planning, 5(1), 93-106. - Aksha, S. K., & Emrich, C. T. (2020). 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Structural analysis method is a tool for identifying and analyzing variables affecting the outcome of urban issues. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Future Research. February 17, 2012. Tehran. - Rao, F., & Summers, R. J. (2016). Planning for retail resilience: Comparing Edmonton and Portland. Cities, 58, 97-106. - Salmani, M., Kazemi Sani Ataallah, N., Badri S. A., & Motavaf, Sh. (2016). Identifying and analyzing the impact resilience indicators in the rural areas of north and northeast Tehran. Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards, 3(2), 1-25. - Song, J., Huang, B., Li, R., & Pandey, R. (2020). Construction of the scale-specific resilience index to facilitate multi-scale decision making in disaster management: A case study of the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Journal of Social Indicators Research, 148(1), 189-223. - Soofi, S. Y. (2016). Achieving urban resilience: Through urban design and planning principles. Master’s Thesis, Oxford Brookes University. Oxford. UK. - Spaans, M., & Waterhout, B. (2017). Building up resilience in cities worldwide Rotterdam as participant in the 100 resilient. Cities, 61, 109-116. - Statistics Center of Iran (2016). The results of the 2016 census of Isfahan province. (n.p). - Turner Ii, B. L. (2010). Vulnerability and resilience: Coalescing or paralleling for approaches sustainability science?. Journal of Global Environmental Change, 20(4), 570-576. - Varesi, H. R., & Ahmadi, S. (2011). A study of the performance of new cities with emphasis on population (case study: Majlesi new city). Journal of Population Quarterly, 18(75-76), 157-178. - Zali, N. (2012). Strategic futurism in regional planning and development. Second Edition. Tehran: Research Institute for Strategic Studies Publications. - Zangiabadi, A., Nastaran, M., & Mo'meni, Z. (2015). Geographical analysis and location of temporary urban housing centers in environmental crises using GIS (case study: District 6 of Isfahan). Journal of Geography and Planning, 20(56), 149-169. - Zangiabadi, A., & Tabrizi, N. (2006). Tehran earthquake and spatial assessment of vulnerability in urban areas. Journal of Geographical Research, 38(56), 115-130. - Zhang, X., Tang, W., Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., Duffield, C. F., Li, J., & Wang, E. (2018). Understanding the causes of vulnerabilities for enhancing social-physical resilience: Lessons from the Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Environmental Hazards, 17(4), 292-309. Introduction Among natural disasters, earthquakes are one of the most important natural disasters that pose a threat to the development of the society. Each year, it causes various physical, social, and economic damage around the world. The consequences of an earthquake, both in terms of recurrence and in terms of the damage it causes, affect society. Because, on the one hand, earthquakes contribute to the lack of security for residents at risk, and on the other hand, they reduce the risk of achieving sustainable development. Therefore, earthquakes, both psychologically and financially, due to the speed of occurrence and the volume of destruction, have devastating effects and are at the forefront of natural disasters. Until the 1980s, the dominant approach to crisis management worldwide was based on reducing vulnerability, but since the 1980s, efforts have been made to change the prevailing crisis management paradigm. Thus, the prevailing view has shifted from focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increasing disability resilience. In this new paradigm, the shift from reactivity to deterrence and participation has changed. Meanwhile, analyzing the interaction of earthquake resilience variables to identify key factors is one of the issues that should be considered in any society. It is noteworthy that the type of attitude towards the issue of resilience and how it is analyzed, on the one hand, plays a key role in how resilience recognizes the current situation and its causes, and on the other hand, affects policies and measures to reduce risk and how to deal with it. Therefore, analyzing the interaction of resilience variables against earthquakes and reducing their effects according to the results will be of great importance. Keywords: Resilience, Interaction, New Urban Habitations, Earthquake Risk, Isfahan Urban Area. Methodology Due to the studied components and the nature of the subject, the approach of this research is descriptive-analytical. The interaction analysis method was used to analyze the data. Interaction/structural interaction analysis is a method for analyzing the possible occurrence of an issue in a predicted set. The probabilities of this can be adjusted by judgments about the potential for interaction between the predicted subjects. In this study, using 86 variables in the form of 6 indicators, the interaction of the studied resilience variables in the new urban Habitations of the Isfahan metropolitan was analyzed using MIC Mac software. Discussion Preliminary analysis of the matrix data indicates that there are a total of 3496 relationships for the matrix. Also, the degree of saturation of the matrix is %63.29, which indicates that the selected factors have a relatively large and scattered effect on each other, and in fact, the system has been in an unstable state. Out of 4791 evaluable relations in this matrix, 2778 relations have zero numbers, which means that the factors have not affected or have not affected each other. Also, the studied matrix was %100 desirable and optimized based on statistical indices with two data rotations. The results of direct matrix data analysis have shown that the variables of geographical confinement diversity, level of awareness about seismicity of the habitation, and population density with scores of 159, 158, and 146, respectively. As the most important influential variables of the severity of the damage, compensation capacity proximity to hazardous areas with 191, 162, and 157 points, respectively, have been identified as the most important variables. In a cross-matrix, the sum of the row numbers of each factor indicates the degree of influence, and the sum of its columns indicates the degree of influence of that factor on other factors. Also, the results of indirect matrix data analysis have shown that the variables of geographical environment diversity, level of knowledge about seismicity in the region, and population density with scores of 1312373, 1272025, and 1200271, respectively, were the most important indirect variables. Severity, damage capacity and compensation capacity, and community-based risk management with scores of 15372702, 1298828, and 1298341, respectively, have been identified as the most important indirectly affected variables. What can be understood from the scattering plane of the variables affecting the resilience of new urban Habitations in the Isfahan metropolitan, the concentration of most variables around the diagonal axis, which indicates the instability of the system under study? Conclusion In this study, using Mick Mac software, the effective variables on resilience forecasting of new urban Habitations in the Isfahan urban area have been investigated. The results of direct matrix data analysis have shown that the variables of geographical confinement diversity, level of awareness about seismicity of habitat, and population density were the most important influential variables. Severity, compensation capacity, and proximity were the most important risk areas. The analysis of indirect matrix data has also shown that the variables of geographical environment diversity, level of knowledge about seismicity of the region, and population density were the most important indirect variables. The variables of the severity of the damage, and compensation capacity were the most important indirectly affected risk-based risk management variables. E References - Ahmad Pour, A., Abdali, Y., Sadeghi, A., & AllahGholi Pour, S. (2018). Analysis of resilience components in the central tissue of Hamedan using Moran spatial autocorrelation. Quarterly Journal of Physical Development Planning, 5(1), 93-106. - Aksha, S. K., & Emrich, C. T. (2020). Benchmarking community disaster resilience in Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 1-22. - Delavar, M. R., Sadrykia, M., & Zare, M. (2017). A GIS-based fuzzy decision making model for seismic vulnerability assessment in areas with incomplete data. International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(4), 119. - Febriyanti, F., Martini, S., Hidajah, A. C., & Dwirahmadi, F. (2021). A study on community economic resilience in response to earthquakes in Jailolo sub–district, North Maluku. Journal Berkala Epidemiologi, 9(2), 105-114. - Forrester, I. T., Mayaka, P., Brown-Fraser, S., Dawkins, N., Rowel, R., & Sitther, V. (2017). Earthquake disaster resilience: A framework for sustainable gardening in haiti’s vulnerable population. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 12(1), 136-149. - Godet, M. (2008). Strategic foresight. France, Paris: Lipsor Working Paper. - Haidarifar, M. R., Sialigli, M., & Soleimanirad, E. (2019). The evaluation of urban resilience components (case study: Kermanshah metropolis). Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies, 7(28), 107-125. - Kawachi, I., Aida, J., Hikichi, H., & Kondo, K. (2020). Disaster resilience in aging populations: Lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 50(2), 263-278. - Khayambashi, E., Taghvaei, M., & Varesi, H. R. (2020). Isfahan metropolitan resilience predictive model in crisis and unexpected incidents. Journal of Geographical Researchers, 35(1), 19-30. - Liu, B., Chen, X., Zhou, Z., Tang, M., & Li, S. (2020). Research on disaster resilience of earthquake-stricken areas in Longmenshan fault zone based on GIS. Journal of Environmental Hazards, 19(1), 50-69. - Matsuura, H. (2021). Level of disaster resilience and migration patterns in Japanese and foreign residents. Springer International Publishing. - Mitchell, J. K. (2014). Crucibles of hazard: Mega–cities and disasters in transition. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press. - Naimi, K., & Pourmohammadi, M. R. (2016). Identifying key factors affecting the future of Sanandaj's lower urban settlements with emphasis on future research application. Quarterly Journal of Urban Studies, 5(20), 53-64. - O’Brien, K., Sygna, L., & Haugen, J. E. (2004). Vulnerable or resilience? A multi–scale assessment of climate impacts and vulnerability in Norway. Journal of Climate Change, 64(1-2), 193-225. - Panday, S., Rushton, S., Karki, J., Balen, J., & Barenes, A. (2021). The role of social capital in disaster resilience in remote communities after the 2015 Nepal earthquake. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 55, 1-11. - Parizadi, T., Shaikholeslami, A., & Karimi Razakani, A. (2019). Analysis of the state of urban resilience against natural hazards (case study: Baqer-shahr city). Journal of Research and Urban Planning, 37, 41-54. - Rabbani, T. (2012). Structural analysis method is a tool for identifying and analyzing variables affecting the outcome of urban issues. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Future Research. February 17, 2012. Tehran. - Rao, F., & Summers, R. J. (2016). Planning for retail resilience: Comparing Edmonton and Portland. Cities, 58, 97-106. - Salmani, M., Kazemi Sani Ataallah, N., Badri S. A., & Motavaf, Sh. (2016). Identifying and analyzing the impact resilience indicators in the rural areas of north and northeast Tehran. Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards, 3(2), 1-25. - Song, J., Huang, B., Li, R., & Pandey, R. (2020). Construction of the scale-specific resilience index to facilitate multi-scale decision making in disaster management: A case study of the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Journal of Social Indicators Research, 148(1), 189-223. - Soofi, S. Y. (2016). Achieving urban resilience: Through urban design and planning principles. Master’s Thesis, Oxford Brookes University. Oxford. UK. - Spaans, M., & Waterhout, B. (2017). Building up resilience in cities worldwide Rotterdam as participant in the 100 resilient. Cities, 61, 109-116. - Statistics Center of Iran (2016). The results of the 2016 census of Isfahan province. (n.p). - Turner Ii, B. L. (2010). Vulnerability and resilience: Coalescing or paralleling for approaches sustainability science?. Journal of Global Environmental Change, 20(4), 570-576. - Varesi, H. R., & Ahmadi, S. (2011). A study of the performance of new cities with emphasis on population (case study: Majlesi new city). Journal of Population Quarterly, 18(75-76), 157-178. - Zali, N. (2012). Strategic futurism in regional planning and development. Second Edition. Tehran: Research Institute for Strategic Studies Publications. - Zangiabadi, A., Nastaran, M., & Mo'meni, Z. (2015). Geographical analysis and location of temporary urban housing centers in environmental crises using GIS (case study: District 6 of Isfahan). Journal of Geography and Planning, 20(56), 149-169. - Zangiabadi, A., & Tabrizi, N. (2006). Tehran earthquake and spatial assessment of vulnerability in urban areas. Journal of Geographical Research, 38(56), 115-130. - Zhang, X., Tang, W., Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., Duffield, C. F., Li, J., & Wang, E. (2018). Understanding the causes of vulnerabilities for enhancing social-physical resilience: Lessons from the Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Environmental Hazards, 17(4), 292-309.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26733_f5efeb5e092943ce83aa4b0d06f4920f.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 34 1 2023 03 21 Water Quality Zonation of Beshar River in Yasuj City Water Quality Zonation of Beshar River in Yasuj City 45 60 26874 10.22108/gep.2022.133344.1516 FA Zahra Mazlumi Master's student in Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran Mohammad Nemati Varnosfaderani Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran Reza Modarres Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2022 04 26 Abstract This study was conducted to monitor the current water quality of Beshar River by the Iranian Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQIsc). Monitoring of the river water quality was done based on sampling 12 stations along the river in October of 2021 as the period of water shortage and January of 2022 as the period of high water flow simultaneously with sampling two other stations (fish farm effluent and Yasuj wastewater treatment plant effluent) as the point source pollution entries. The results of zoning Beshar River based on IRWQIsc in the period of water scarcity showed a decrease in river water quality from the upstream to the downstream part. 41.66% of the upstream part of the river (Tang-e Tizab to Dehno) was in a relatively good condition, 8.34% of the river (entrance of Yasuj City) was in a good condition, 8.33% (middle part of the river in Shah Mokhtar Area) was in a relatively bad condition and 41.66% (downstream of the river) was in a moderate condition. Despite the increase in discharge and rainfall, no significant increase in water quality was observed in the high water flow period. In this period, 25% of the river (Tang-e Tizab, Tang-e Sorkh, and downstream of Qalat) was in a moderate condition and 75% of the river was in a relatively good condition based on IRWQIsc. Comparison of the flow rates and IRWQIsc indices showed that only during the high water flow period in the lower reaches of the river, the increased river discharge enhanced the river water quality , but no relationship between the river flow and the IRWQIsc was found at the upstream part of the river and in the period of water scarcity. Keywords: Beshar River, IRWQIsc index, biological oxygen demand Introduction Water quantity and quality are of the most vital parts of each ecosystem that affect other parts. Therefore, evaluation of the quantity and quality of river water can indicate the status of water resources management in a watershed. Beshar River is one of the most important and water-rich rivers in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. It provides most of the water needed for drinking, industry, and agriculture, while being exposed to various pollutions. This study was conducted to monitor the current water quality of Beshar River by the Iranian Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQIsc). Methodology Monitoring of river water quality was done based on sampling 12 stations along the river from the upstream (Tang-e Tizab) to the downstream (Pataveh) parts in October of 2021 as the period of water shortage and January of 2022 as the period of high water flow simultaneously with sampling two other stations (fish farm effluent and Yasuj wastewater treatment plant effluent) as the point source pollution entries. Discussion The results of zoning Beshar River based on IRWQIsc in the period of water scarcity showed a decrease in the river water quality from the upstream to the downstream part. 41.66% of the river (upstream part of the river, Tang-e Tizab to Dehno) was in a relatively good condition, 8.34% of the river (entrance of Yasuj City) was in a good condition, 8.33% (middle part of the river in Shah Mokhtar Area) was in a relatively bad condition, and 41.66% (downstream of the river, Tange-Seriz to Pataveh) was in a moderate condition. Despite the increase in discharge and rainfall, no significant increase in water quality was observed in the high water flow period. In this period, 25% of the river (Tang-e Tizab, Tang-e Sorkh, and downstream part of Qalat) was in a moderate condition and 75% of it (Qalat, Dehno, entrance of Yasuj City, Shah Mokhtar to Pataveh) was in a relatively good condition based on IRWQIsc. Conclusion Comparison of the flow rates and IRWQIsc indices showed that the increased river discharge in the lower reaches of the river increased the river water quality only during the high water flow period, but at the upstream part of the river and in the period of water scarcity, no relationship was seen between the river flow and IRWQIsc. Proper exploitation of Tang-e Sorkh Dam upstream of Bashar River in the near future and determining and supplying the environmental flows of the river with regard to water quality, especially at its upstream part should be taken into consideration to keep the self-purification ability of the river. References - Abdullah, N. and Jain, S. (2020). Multi-index summer flow regime characterization to inform environmental flow contexts, A New England case study. Ecological Indicators (111):15-1. - Kareem, S., Jaber, W., Al-Maliki, L., Al-Husseiny, R., Al-Mamoori, S. and Alansari, N. (2021). Water quality assessment and phosphorus effect using water quality indices: Euphrates River- Iraq as a case study. Groundwater for Sustainable Development (14): 1-10. - Marselina, M.; Wibowo, F. and Mushfiroh, A. 2022. Water quality index assessment methods for surface water: A case study of the Citarum River in Indonesia. Heliyon (8): 1-10. - Matta, G.; Nayak, A.; and Kumar, A. (2020). Water quality assessment using NSFWQI, OIP and multivariate techniques of Ganga River system, Uttarakhand, India. Applied Water Science 10: 1-12. - Murali, K.; Meenakshi, M. and Uma, R. N. (2020). Surface water (wetlands) quality assessment in Coimbatore (India) based on national sanitation foundation water quality index (NSF WQI). 1st International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology: 1-7. - Nemati Varnosfaderany, M., Mirghaffary, N., Ebrahimi, E., and Sofyanian, A.R. (2009). Water quality assessment in an arid region using a water quality index. Journal of Water Science & Technology (60.9): 2319-2327. Figures and Tables - Fig. 1: Study area of Beshar River with locations of the point sources of pollution - Fig. 2: Study area and locations of the sample stations along Beshar River - Table 2: IRWQIsc indices and their weights (Water Resources Quality Index, 2013) - Table 4: Classification of surface water qualities of Iran based on IRWQIsc (Water Resources Quality) - Table 5: The measured variables of water quality for the sample stations along Beshar River during the low water flow period - Table 6: The measured variables of water quality in the sample stations along Beshar River during the high water flow period - Fig. 3: IRWQIsc index of the sample stations along Beshar River and effluents of the major sources of pollutants - Fig. 4: Changes of IRWQIsc indices along Beshar River during the high and low water flow periods - Fig. 5: The relationship between discharge and IRWQIsc index in the studied stations (numbers of the stations from the upstream to the downstream part of Beshar River from 1 to 12, respectively) - Supplementary Table 1: Locations of the sample stations along Beshar River and their water qualities - Supplementary Table 2: Water quality variables and their measuring methods (Rezvanipour and Razavi Dinani, 2014) Abstract This study was conducted to monitor the current water quality of Beshar River by the Iranian Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQIsc). Monitoring of the river water quality was done based on sampling 12 stations along the river in October of 2021 as the period of water shortage and January of 2022 as the period of high water flow simultaneously with sampling two other stations (fish farm effluent and Yasuj wastewater treatment plant effluent) as the point source pollution entries. The results of zoning Beshar River based on IRWQIsc in the period of water scarcity showed a decrease in river water quality from the upstream to the downstream part. 41.66% of the upstream part of the river (Tang-e Tizab to Dehno) was in a relatively good condition, 8.34% of the river (entrance of Yasuj City) was in a good condition, 8.33% (middle part of the river in Shah Mokhtar Area) was in a relatively bad condition and 41.66% (downstream of the river) was in a moderate condition. Despite the increase in discharge and rainfall, no significant increase in water quality was observed in the high water flow period. In this period, 25% of the river (Tang-e Tizab, Tang-e Sorkh, and downstream of Qalat) was in a moderate condition and 75% of the river was in a relatively good condition based on IRWQIsc. Comparison of the flow rates and IRWQIsc indices showed that only during the high water flow period in the lower reaches of the river, the increased river discharge enhanced the river water quality , but no relationship between the river flow and the IRWQIsc was found at the upstream part of the river and in the period of water scarcity. Keywords: Beshar River, IRWQIsc index, biological oxygen demand Introduction Water quantity and quality are of the most vital parts of each ecosystem that affect other parts. Therefore, evaluation of the quantity and quality of river water can indicate the status of water resources management in a watershed. Beshar River is one of the most important and water-rich rivers in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. It provides most of the water needed for drinking, industry, and agriculture, while being exposed to various pollutions. This study was conducted to monitor the current water quality of Beshar River by the Iranian Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQIsc). Methodology Monitoring of river water quality was done based on sampling 12 stations along the river from the upstream (Tang-e Tizab) to the downstream (Pataveh) parts in October of 2021 as the period of water shortage and January of 2022 as the period of high water flow simultaneously with sampling two other stations (fish farm effluent and Yasuj wastewater treatment plant effluent) as the point source pollution entries. Discussion The results of zoning Beshar River based on IRWQIsc in the period of water scarcity showed a decrease in the river water quality from the upstream to the downstream part. 41.66% of the river (upstream part of the river, Tang-e Tizab to Dehno) was in a relatively good condition, 8.34% of the river (entrance of Yasuj City) was in a good condition, 8.33% (middle part of the river in Shah Mokhtar Area) was in a relatively bad condition, and 41.66% (downstream of the river, Tange-Seriz to Pataveh) was in a moderate condition. Despite the increase in discharge and rainfall, no significant increase in water quality was observed in the high water flow period. In this period, 25% of the river (Tang-e Tizab, Tang-e Sorkh, and downstream part of Qalat) was in a moderate condition and 75% of it (Qalat, Dehno, entrance of Yasuj City, Shah Mokhtar to Pataveh) was in a relatively good condition based on IRWQIsc. Conclusion Comparison of the flow rates and IRWQIsc indices showed that the increased river discharge in the lower reaches of the river increased the river water quality only during the high water flow period, but at the upstream part of the river and in the period of water scarcity, no relationship was seen between the river flow and IRWQIsc. Proper exploitation of Tang-e Sorkh Dam upstream of Bashar River in the near future and determining and supplying the environmental flows of the river with regard to water quality, especially at its upstream part should be taken into consideration to keep the self-purification ability of the river. References - Abdullah, N. and Jain, S. (2020). Multi-index summer flow regime characterization to inform environmental flow contexts, A New England case study. Ecological Indicators (111):15-1. - Kareem, S., Jaber, W., Al-Maliki, L., Al-Husseiny, R., Al-Mamoori, S. and Alansari, N. (2021). Water quality assessment and phosphorus effect using water quality indices: Euphrates River- Iraq as a case study. Groundwater for Sustainable Development (14): 1-10. - Marselina, M.; Wibowo, F. and Mushfiroh, A. 2022. Water quality index assessment methods for surface water: A case study of the Citarum River in Indonesia. Heliyon (8): 1-10. - Matta, G.; Nayak, A.; and Kumar, A. (2020). Water quality assessment using NSFWQI, OIP and multivariate techniques of Ganga River system, Uttarakhand, India. Applied Water Science 10: 1-12. - Murali, K.; Meenakshi, M. and Uma, R. N. (2020). Surface water (wetlands) quality assessment in Coimbatore (India) based on national sanitation foundation water quality index (NSF WQI). 1st International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology: 1-7. - Nemati Varnosfaderany, M., Mirghaffary, N., Ebrahimi, E., and Sofyanian, A.R. (2009). Water quality assessment in an arid region using a water quality index. Journal of Water Science & Technology (60.9): 2319-2327. Figures and Tables - Fig. 1: Study area of Beshar River with locations of the point sources of pollution - Fig. 2: Study area and locations of the sample stations along Beshar River - Table 2: IRWQIsc indices and their weights (Water Resources Quality Index, 2013) - Table 4: Classification of surface water qualities of Iran based on IRWQIsc (Water Resources Quality) - Table 5: The measured variables of water quality for the sample stations along Beshar River during the low water flow period - Table 6: The measured variables of water quality in the sample stations along Beshar River during the high water flow period - Fig. 3: IRWQIsc index of the sample stations along Beshar River and effluents of the major sources of pollutants - Fig. 4: Changes of IRWQIsc indices along Beshar River during the high and low water flow periods - Fig. 5: The relationship between discharge and IRWQIsc index in the studied stations (numbers of the stations from the upstream to the downstream part of Beshar River from 1 to 12, respectively) - Supplementary Table 1: Locations of the sample stations along Beshar River and their water qualities - Supplementary Table 2: Water quality variables and their measuring methods (Rezvanipour and Razavi Dinani, 2014)

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26874_454d0d828e0449988e24b3d85a144d05.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 34 1 2023 03 21 Measuring the Degree of Spatial Autocorrelation of Land Surface Temperature with Land Use (Isfahan City) Measuring the Degree of Spatial Autocorrelation of Land Surface Temperature with Land Use (Isfahan City) 61 76 26770 10.22108/gep.2022.132524.1488 FA Rahman Zandi Assistant professor of Remote Sensing and GIS Department, Hakim Sabzevari University. 0000-0002-1531-8260 Mohammad Salmani Moghadam Assistant professor of the Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Hakim Sabzevari University , Zohra Roki Master of Hydrology and Meteorology, Hakim Sabzevari University Journal Article 2022 04 07 Extended abstract: Urban Heat Island (UHI) is an important factor for heat change and balance in global studies and is considered as a proxy for climate change. Studying this phenomenon and investigating its mechanism are very important in urban planning. During the last two decades, the great need for earth surface temperature information for environmental studies and land resource management activities has turned earth surface temperature remote sensing into one of the most important scientific issues (Sobrino et al., 2004). In a research, Hay et al. (2018) studied the effect of the topographical factor on LST in mountainous areas. The results of their research showed that there was a high correlation between topography parameters and surface temperature. For the area studied in this research, the relationship between LST and altitude was inversely linear. Tran et al. (2017) used Landsat 5,7,8 in order to determine the relationship between land cover change and land surface temperature of the inner city of Hanoi (plain and flat area). The results revealed that: a) LST depends on the non-linear method of LULC types; b) Foci analysis by using the Getis Ord Gi* statistic allows analysis of LST pattern change over time; c) UHI is affected from both the urban perspective and type of urban development; d) investigation of LST pattern prediction and UHI effect can be done by the proposed model by using nonlinear regression and simulated LULC change scenarios. In a research in a city of China, the harmful effects of land cover and land use changes on the Earth's surface temperature were investigated through vegetation indicators based on three image sensors of TM and ETM+. For this purpose, the researchers obtained the Temperature Vegetation Index (TVX) from the images. Their results showed that land use change is an important factor for increasing the Earth's surface temperature. It also showed high temperature in areas with scattered vegetation and low temperature in areas with dense vegetation. It has been used in the statistical period of 2013-2015 in the city of Isfahan as well. The results of this research showed that there was a sharp thermal gradient due to the presence of Urban Cold Islands (UCI) between the center and suburbs. The largest UCI was identified in Region 6 (Ahmadi et al., 2016). Keywords: Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), spatial statistics, Isfahan City Assumptions It seemed that the growth and development of the city had increased the number of heat islands. It seemed that the heat islands had spread from the surroundings towards the city center in the investigated time period. General purpose Measuring the degree of spatial autocorrelation between land surface temperature and land use Sub-goals: Survey of land use in the summer of 2019 Spatial survey of thermal penalty in the summer of 2019 Research method: In this research, 6 images obtained from Landsat 8 satellite were used Isfahan city in the summer of 2019. Landsat has two sensors; one is called Operational Land Imager (OLI) for Earth observation and the other is Thermal Infra-Red Sensor (TIRS) thermal observation. These two sensors form 11 bands together. The selected images had the wavelengths of 10.30-11.30 µm, spatial resolution of 100 m, and thermal band of 10. The pictures were taken in the warm season when we had the least amount of cloud cover. To prepare the data, atmospheric and geometric corrections on satellite data were used from the digital height data. Then, the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were calculated by using Google Earth Engine and radiometric corrections were implemented on the data. Results and conclusion: This research paid attention to changes in the spatial autocorrelation pattern of surface temperature and its relationship with land use. For this purpose, hot spot index and nearest neighbor average were used. ArcGIS was used to apply the methods. The results of the nearest neighborhood average index showed that Isfahan had some changes in the spatial correlation of ground surface temperature with a high confidence level and the dispersion was clustered at the 99% confidence level. Based on the patterns of hot spots in Regions 5 and 6, which were located in the south of the region, it played a significant role in the formation and creation of thermal islands with 99% hot clusters. There were areas of negative spatial autocorrelation (99% cold clustering areas) in the center of Isfahan city where Regions 1 and 3 existed due to the presence of water use (33 bridges) and thus, a significant part of Isfahan city lacked a statistically significant pattern. The results showed that the areas with vegetation and water use weakened the heat island effect and the areas, in which the built regions were expanded accelerated the heat island effect. In the planning and development of the city, more attention should be paid to greening the city of Amar. Spatial statistics studies can lead to a suitable and new model for the officials, politicians, and urban planners to use in the future. References - Clark, w.a.v & Hosking, p.l (1986). Statistical Methods for geographers, John Wiley, (32)2, 65-68. - Guo, A.Yang J,Sun W,Xiao X (2020). Impact of urban morphology and landscape characteristics on spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land surface temperature. Sustainable Cities and Society, 63, 1024-1043. - Irons,J. DwyerJ.BarsiJ.(2012). The next Landsat satellite: The Landsat Data Continuity ission. Remote Sens. Environ, (122)4, 11–21. - Jeganathan A. Andimuthu,R; Prasannavenkatesh, R; Kumar, Divya S. .(2016). Spatial Variation of Temperature and Indicative of the Urban Heat Island in Chennai Metropolitan Area, India, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, (123)1, 83-95. - Jiang, J., & Tian, G. (2010). Analysis of the impact of land use/land cover change on land surface temperature with remote sensing. Procardia environmental sciences, (2)3, 571-575. - Karakuş, C. B. (2019). The impact of land use/land cover (LULC) changes on land surface temperature in Sivas City Center and its surroundings and assessment of Urban Heat Island. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 55(4), 669-684. - Kashki, A. Karami M.Zandi R. Roki Z (2021). Evaluation of the effect of geographical parameters on the formation of the land surface temperature by applying OLS and GWR, A case study Shiraz City, Iran. Urban Climate, 37, 100832.‏ - Lee, J., & Wong, D. W. (2001). Statistical analysis with ArcView GIS. John Wiley &Sons. - Macintyre, H. Heaviside, C. Taylor, J. Picettial R. (2018). Assessing urban population vulnerability and environmental risks across an urban area during heat waves – implications for health protection. Sci. Total Environ, (37)2, 610-611. - Miss, F. M. (2020). Analyzing spatial variations of relationships between Land Surface Temperature and some remotely sensed indices in different land uses. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, (19)4, 1003-1059. - Ning, W.ZhaoL.Tang. (2010). Retrieval of atmospheric and land surface parameters from satellite-based Thermal Infrared hyper spectral data using a neural network technique”]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, (34) 9, 3485-3502. - Rozenstein, O.Zhihao Qin.Yevgeny Derimian. Arnon Karnieli (2014). Derivation of land surface temperature for Landsat-8 TIRS using a split window algorithm. Sensors, 14(4), 5768-5780.‏ - Santamouris, M. (2013). Using cool pavements as a mitigation strategy to fight urban heat island—A review of the actual developments. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 224-240. - Shetty MA., & Somashekar, R.K. (2014). Assessment of Vegetation cover through NDVI, Bangalore India. J Appl Res, 4(3), 176-197. - Siqi, J., & Yuhong, W. (2020). Effects of land use and land cover pattern on urban temperature variations: A case study in Hong Kong. Urban Climate, (34)4, 236-249. - Sobrino, J. Jiménez-Muñoz J.Paolini L . (2004). Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5. Remote Sensing of environment, 90(4), 434-440.‏ - Suresh, S. AjaySuresh A .Mani. K. (2016). Estimation of land surface temperature of high range mountain landscape of Devikulan Taluk using Landsat 8 data. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. 5(1), 321-338. - Tan, J. De Yu, Qiang Li, Xuelan Tan & Weijun Zhou. (2020). Spatial relationship between land-use/land-cover change and land surface temperature in the Dongting Lake area, China. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-9. - Thomas,R.W and Hug get,R. J(1980). Modeling in Geography, a mathematical approach, Harper and Row, Publisher, London. - Tran, D. X. Pla, F.Latorre-Carmona, PedroMyint, S, M .Kieu, H.(2017). Characterizing the relationship between land use land cover change and land surface temperature. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 124, 119-132.‏ - Wan, Z. (1999). MODIS land-surface temperature algorithm theoretical basis document (LST ATBD). Institute for Computational Earth System Science, Santa Barbara, 75, 18.‏ - Wan, Z. Zhanga Y , Q Zhanga Q , Zhao-liang Li a. (2002), Validation of the land-surface temperature products retrieved from Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spector radiometer data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 83(1), 163-180. - Zhao, He. Li A, Wen F & Yu D. (2018). The impact of the terrain effect on land surface temperature variation based on Landsat-8 observations in mountainous areas, International Journal of Remote Sensing, (13)3, 1-20. - Zhao,Li, Z. et. al. (2010). Investigating spatial non-stationary and scale-dependent relationships between urban surface temperature and environmental factors using geographically weighted regression. Environmental Modelling & Software, (25)3, 1789- 1800. - Yuan, F., and Bauer, M. E. (2011). Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery. Remote sensing of Environment, 106(3), 375-386.‏ - Yue, W., and Xu, L. (2013). Thermal environment effect of urban water landscape. Shengtai Xuebao/Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33(6), 1852-1859.‏ - Zhou, G. Huang, and M. L. Cadenasso,.(2011). Does spatial configuration matter? Understanding the effects of land cover pattern on land surface temperature in urban landscapes, Landscape and Urban Planning.(102), 54-63. - Zhu, CIdemudia C. Fengb W.(2019). Improved logistic regression model for diabetes prediction by integrating PCA and K-means techniques. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 17, 100179.‏ - Zullo, F. Fazio, G. ; Romano, B. ; Marucci, A. ; Fiorini, L..(2019). Effects of urban growth spatial pattern (UGSP) on the land surface temperature (LST): A study in the Po Valley (Italy). Science of the Total Environment, 650, 1740-1751.‏ Figures and Tables - Fig. 1: Map of the study area (Source: authors, 1400) - Fig. 2: Steps to examine the changes through Landsat satellite imagery - Fig. 4: Land use map of Isfahan City in 2019 (Source: writers, 2021) - Table 2: Areas of landuse per square kilometer in 2019 (Source: authors, 2021) - Table 3: Minimum, average, and maximum changes of ground surface temperature in land use (Source: authors, 2021) - Fig. 5: Spatial autocorrelation of surface temperature (Source: authors, 2021) - Fig. 6: Clustering of hot and cold spots (Source: authors, 2021) - Fig. 7: Charts of land use share in hot and cold spots (Source: authors, 2021) Extended abstract: Urban Heat Island (UHI) is an important factor for heat change and balance in global studies and is considered as a proxy for climate change. Studying this phenomenon and investigating its mechanism are very important in urban planning. During the last two decades, the great need for earth surface temperature information for environmental studies and land resource management activities has turned earth surface temperature remote sensing into one of the most important scientific issues (Sobrino et al., 2004). In a research, Hay et al. (2018) studied the effect of the topographical factor on LST in mountainous areas. The results of their research showed that there was a high correlation between topography parameters and surface temperature. For the area studied in this research, the relationship between LST and altitude was inversely linear. Tran et al. (2017) used Landsat 5,7,8 in order to determine the relationship between land cover change and land surface temperature of the inner city of Hanoi (plain and flat area). The results revealed that: a) LST depends on the non-linear method of LULC types; b) Foci analysis by using the Getis Ord Gi* statistic allows analysis of LST pattern change over time; c) UHI is affected from both the urban perspective and type of urban development; d) investigation of LST pattern prediction and UHI effect can be done by the proposed model by using nonlinear regression and simulated LULC change scenarios. In a research in a city of China, the harmful effects of land cover and land use changes on the Earth's surface temperature were investigated through vegetation indicators based on three image sensors of TM and ETM+. For this purpose, the researchers obtained the Temperature Vegetation Index (TVX) from the images. Their results showed that land use change is an important factor for increasing the Earth's surface temperature. It also showed high temperature in areas with scattered vegetation and low temperature in areas with dense vegetation. It has been used in the statistical period of 2013-2015 in the city of Isfahan as well. The results of this research showed that there was a sharp thermal gradient due to the presence of Urban Cold Islands (UCI) between the center and suburbs. The largest UCI was identified in Region 6 (Ahmadi et al., 2016). Keywords: Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), spatial statistics, Isfahan City Assumptions It seemed that the growth and development of the city had increased the number of heat islands. It seemed that the heat islands had spread from the surroundings towards the city center in the investigated time period. General purpose Measuring the degree of spatial autocorrelation between land surface temperature and land use Sub-goals: Survey of land use in the summer of 2019 Spatial survey of thermal penalty in the summer of 2019 Research method: In this research, 6 images obtained from Landsat 8 satellite were used Isfahan city in the summer of 2019. Landsat has two sensors; one is called Operational Land Imager (OLI) for Earth observation and the other is Thermal Infra-Red Sensor (TIRS) thermal observation. These two sensors form 11 bands together. The selected images had the wavelengths of 10.30-11.30 µm, spatial resolution of 100 m, and thermal band of 10. The pictures were taken in the warm season when we had the least amount of cloud cover. To prepare the data, atmospheric and geometric corrections on satellite data were used from the digital height data. Then, the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were calculated by using Google Earth Engine and radiometric corrections were implemented on the data. Results and conclusion: This research paid attention to changes in the spatial autocorrelation pattern of surface temperature and its relationship with land use. For this purpose, hot spot index and nearest neighbor average were used. ArcGIS was used to apply the methods. The results of the nearest neighborhood average index showed that Isfahan had some changes in the spatial correlation of ground surface temperature with a high confidence level and the dispersion was clustered at the 99% confidence level. Based on the patterns of hot spots in Regions 5 and 6, which were located in the south of the region, it played a significant role in the formation and creation of thermal islands with 99% hot clusters. There were areas of negative spatial autocorrelation (99% cold clustering areas) in the center of Isfahan city where Regions 1 and 3 existed due to the presence of water use (33 bridges) and thus, a significant part of Isfahan city lacked a statistically significant pattern. The results showed that the areas with vegetation and water use weakened the heat island effect and the areas, in which the built regions were expanded accelerated the heat island effect. In the planning and development of the city, more attention should be paid to greening the city of Amar. Spatial statistics studies can lead to a suitable and new model for the officials, politicians, and urban planners to use in the future. References - Clark, w.a.v & Hosking, p.l (1986). Statistical Methods for geographers, John Wiley, (32)2, 65-68. - Guo, A.Yang J,Sun W,Xiao X (2020). Impact of urban morphology and landscape characteristics on spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land surface temperature. Sustainable Cities and Society, 63, 1024-1043. - Irons,J. DwyerJ.BarsiJ.(2012). The next Landsat satellite: The Landsat Data Continuity ission. Remote Sens. Environ, (122)4, 11–21. - Jeganathan A. Andimuthu,R; Prasannavenkatesh, R; Kumar, Divya S. .(2016). Spatial Variation of Temperature and Indicative of the Urban Heat Island in Chennai Metropolitan Area, India, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, (123)1, 83-95. - Jiang, J., & Tian, G. (2010). Analysis of the impact of land use/land cover change on land surface temperature with remote sensing. Procardia environmental sciences, (2)3, 571-575. - Karakuş, C. B. (2019). The impact of land use/land cover (LULC) changes on land surface temperature in Sivas City Center and its surroundings and assessment of Urban Heat Island. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 55(4), 669-684. - Kashki, A. Karami M.Zandi R. Roki Z (2021). Evaluation of the effect of geographical parameters on the formation of the land surface temperature by applying OLS and GWR, A case study Shiraz City, Iran. Urban Climate, 37, 100832.‏ - Lee, J., & Wong, D. W. (2001). Statistical analysis with ArcView GIS. John Wiley &Sons. - Macintyre, H. Heaviside, C. Taylor, J. Picettial R. (2018). Assessing urban population vulnerability and environmental risks across an urban area during heat waves – implications for health protection. Sci. Total Environ, (37)2, 610-611. - Miss, F. M. (2020). Analyzing spatial variations of relationships between Land Surface Temperature and some remotely sensed indices in different land uses. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, (19)4, 1003-1059. - Ning, W.ZhaoL.Tang. (2010). Retrieval of atmospheric and land surface parameters from satellite-based Thermal Infrared hyper spectral data using a neural network technique”]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, (34) 9, 3485-3502. - Rozenstein, O.Zhihao Qin.Yevgeny Derimian. Arnon Karnieli (2014). Derivation of land surface temperature for Landsat-8 TIRS using a split window algorithm. Sensors, 14(4), 5768-5780.‏ - Santamouris, M. (2013). Using cool pavements as a mitigation strategy to fight urban heat island—A review of the actual developments. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 224-240. - Shetty MA., & Somashekar, R.K. (2014). Assessment of Vegetation cover through NDVI, Bangalore India. J Appl Res, 4(3), 176-197. - Siqi, J., & Yuhong, W. (2020). Effects of land use and land cover pattern on urban temperature variations: A case study in Hong Kong. Urban Climate, (34)4, 236-249. - Sobrino, J. Jiménez-Muñoz J.Paolini L . (2004). Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5. Remote Sensing of environment, 90(4), 434-440.‏ - Suresh, S. AjaySuresh A .Mani. K. (2016). Estimation of land surface temperature of high range mountain landscape of Devikulan Taluk using Landsat 8 data. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. 5(1), 321-338. - Tan, J. De Yu, Qiang Li, Xuelan Tan & Weijun Zhou. (2020). Spatial relationship between land-use/land-cover change and land surface temperature in the Dongting Lake area, China. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-9. - Thomas,R.W and Hug get,R. J(1980). Modeling in Geography, a mathematical approach, Harper and Row, Publisher, London. - Tran, D. X. Pla, F.Latorre-Carmona, PedroMyint, S, M .Kieu, H.(2017). Characterizing the relationship between land use land cover change and land surface temperature. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 124, 119-132.‏ - Wan, Z. (1999). MODIS land-surface temperature algorithm theoretical basis document (LST ATBD). Institute for Computational Earth System Science, Santa Barbara, 75, 18.‏ - Wan, Z. Zhanga Y , Q Zhanga Q , Zhao-liang Li a. (2002), Validation of the land-surface temperature products retrieved from Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spector radiometer data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 83(1), 163-180. - Zhao, He. Li A, Wen F & Yu D. (2018). The impact of the terrain effect on land surface temperature variation based on Landsat-8 observations in mountainous areas, International Journal of Remote Sensing, (13)3, 1-20. - Zhao,Li, Z. et. al. (2010). Investigating spatial non-stationary and scale-dependent relationships between urban surface temperature and environmental factors using geographically weighted regression. Environmental Modelling & Software, (25)3, 1789- 1800. - Yuan, F., and Bauer, M. E. (2011). Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery. Remote sensing of Environment, 106(3), 375-386.‏ - Yue, W., and Xu, L. (2013). Thermal environment effect of urban water landscape. Shengtai Xuebao/Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33(6), 1852-1859.‏ - Zhou, G. Huang, and M. L. Cadenasso,.(2011). Does spatial configuration matter? Understanding the effects of land cover pattern on land surface temperature in urban landscapes, Landscape and Urban Planning.(102), 54-63. - Zhu, CIdemudia C. Fengb W.(2019). Improved logistic regression model for diabetes prediction by integrating PCA and K-means techniques. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 17, 100179.‏ - Zullo, F. Fazio, G. ; Romano, B. ; Marucci, A. ; Fiorini, L..(2019). Effects of urban growth spatial pattern (UGSP) on the land surface temperature (LST): A study in the Po Valley (Italy). Science of the Total Environment, 650, 1740-1751.‏ Figures and Tables - Fig. 1: Map of the study area (Source: authors, 1400) - Fig. 2: Steps to examine the changes through Landsat satellite imagery - Fig. 4: Land use map of Isfahan City in 2019 (Source: writers, 2021) - Table 2: Areas of landuse per square kilometer in 2019 (Source: authors, 2021) - Table 3: Minimum, average, and maximum changes of ground surface temperature in land use (Source: authors, 2021) - Fig. 5: Spatial autocorrelation of surface temperature (Source: authors, 2021) - Fig. 6: Clustering of hot and cold spots (Source: authors, 2021) - Fig. 7: Charts of land use share in hot and cold spots (Source: authors, 2021)

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26770_8567df6aa07e16c5fbecf7f9b28e0672.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 34 1 2023 03 21 Measuring Accessibility to Medical Centers in Isfahan City Using 2SFCA Method Measuring Accessibility to Medical Centers in Isfahan City Using 2SFCA Method 77 98 26947 10.22108/gep.2022.133178.1511 FA Ansar Gholami M.S. of Remote Sensing and GIS, Center for Remote Sensing and GIS Research, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran , Babak Mirbagheri Assistant Professor, Center for Remote Sensing and GIS Research, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Ali Akbar Matkan Professor of the Center for Remote Sensing and GIS Research, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5394-4599 Alireza Shakiba Associate Professor of the Center for Remote Sensing and GIS Research, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 04 08 Abstract One of the most important challenges facing policymakers and urban planners in recent decades is the issue of accessibility to a variety of urban services. The main purpose of this study was thecalculation of the accessibility of census blocks to medical centers using the Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (2SFCA) method in Isfahan City. In the present study, according to the conditions with and without the limitations of the accessibility radii, different types of distance decay functions were used. The results showed that the 2SFCA method with the use of the cumulative opportunity negative linear function had the highest average of correlation for calculating accessibility to medical centers in comparison with other functions. Calculation of average accessibility in the 15 main regions of Isfahan City showed that the central regions (3, 1, and 5) had the highest decrease and the marginal regions (9, 8, and 11) had the highest increase in the unlimited compared to the limited mode. In general, based on the obtained results of 2SFCA method and the calculated Gini index, the level of inequality in accessibility of census blocks to health services was high in Isfahan City and this inequality increased in terms of accessibility to both hospitals and clinics. Since the extended 2SFCA method has a high capability for assessing supply and demand, as well as catchment area, application of this method can provide a great help for managers and planners in theassessment of the population’s access to a variety of services, such as emergency services and healthcare. Keywords: spatial accessibility, 2SFCA method, distance decay function, medical centers, Isfahan Introduction One of the most important challenges faced by policymakers and urban planners in recent decades has been the subjct of access to a variety of urban services. Hospital and clinic centers as the most important urban facilities play an important role in serving people. handeling access to healthcare requires examining the factors, such as spatial distribution of services and demands. Distribution of healthcare centers can affect ease of accessibility for applicants. As health is the basis of social, economic, political, and cultural developments of human societies, identifying deprived areas in terms of accessibility and planning for equitable accessibility to health services for all members of society are essential. Methodology In the present study, the Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method (2SFCA) was employed to calculate the access of census blocks to medical centers (hospitals and clinics) in the city of Isfahan for limited and unlimited accessibility radii. To define the most appropriate distance decay function in the 2SFCA method, the average of Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the accessibility values obtained from different distance decay functions was used. The distance decay function with the highest mean correlation of accessibility values compared to other functions was determined as the most appropriate function in the 2SFCA method. Also, the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were applied to compare inequalities of access to medical centers in Isfahan. Results and Discussion The results showed that the use of the negative linear cumulative opportunity distance decay function had the highest average correlation in the accessibility values compared to other functions. In the case of limited accessibility radius, the central regions and some northwest and east areas had the highest accessibility to hospitals. In the case of unlimited radius, the central areas had the most accessibility, while accessibility decreased as the distance from these areas increased. Calculation of the average accessibility in the 15 main regions of Isfahan showed that the central (3, 1 and 5) and marginal (9, 8, and 11) regions had the highest decrease and increase in the unlimited compared to the limited mode, respectively. Also, the sensitivity analysis of accessibility to hospitals showed that Al-Zahra and Hazrat Zahra hospitals in Districts 5 and 14 had the greatest impacts on the accessibility of cesus blocks to hospital services in Isfahan City. Comparing the accessibility of census blocks to both hospitals and clinics with accessibility only to hospitals showed an increase in accessibility in the central areas of the city due to the greater concentration of clinics in those areas. However, in the case of combination of hospitals and clinics, the Gini coefficient was equal to 0.60, which showed an increase of 0.04 compared to the case of accessibility only to hospitals, which indicated that inequality was higher in the combinatorial case. Conclusion Considering the supply and demand simultaneously, the 2SFCA method can provide a more realistic assessment of the accessibility status of census blocks to medical services. In general, based on the obtained results by this method and due to considering the limited radius of accessibility and calculating the Gini index, the level of inequality in the accessibility of census blocks to health services was high in Isfahan City, while this inequality increased in the case of accessibility to both hospitals and clinics. References - Apparicio, P., Gelb, J., Dubé, A. S., Kingham, S., Gauvin, L., & Robitaille, É. (2017). The approaches to measuring the potential spatial access to urban health services revisited: distance types and aggregation-error issues. International Journal of Health Geographics, 16(1), 1-24. - Bryant Jr, J. and Delamater, P. L. (2019). Examination of spatial accessibility at micro- and macro-levels using the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method. Annals of GIS, 25(3), 219-229. - Chatterjee, S. and Hadi, A. S. (2006). Regression analysis by example. 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons. - Chen, X. and Jia, P. (2019). A comparative analysis of accessibility measures by the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 33(9), 1739-1758. - Dai, D. (2010). Black residential segregation, disparities in spatial access to health care facilities, and late-stage breast cancer diagnosis in metropolitan Detroit. Health & Place, 16(5), 1038-1052. - Dewulf, B., Neutens, T., De Weerdt, Y., & Van de Weghe, N. (2013). Accessibility to primary health care in Belgium: an evaluation of policies awarding financial assistance in shortage areas. BMC Family Practice, 14(1), 1-13. - Goswami, S., Murthy, C. A., & Das, A. K. (2018). Sparsity measure of a network graph: Gini index. Information Sciences, 462, 16-39. - Hashtarkhani, S., Kiani, B., Bergquist, R., Bagheri, N., Vafaeinejad, R., & Tara, M. (2020). An age-integrated approach to improve measurement of potential spatial accessibility to emergency medical services for urban areas. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 35(3), 788-798. - Jamtsho, S., Corner, R., & Dewan, A. (2015). Spatio-temporal analysis of spatial accessibility to primary health care in Bhutan. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(3), 1584-1604. - Kiran, K. C., Corcoran, J., & Chhetri, P. (2020). Measuring the spatial accessibility to fire stations using enhanced floating catchment method. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 69, 100-673. - Luo, W. (2004). Using a GIS-based floating catchment method to assess areas with shortage of physicians. Health & Place, 10(1), 1-11. - Luo, W. and Qi, Y. (2009). Health & place: An enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method for measuring spatial accessibility to primary care physicians. Health & Place, 15(4), 1100-1107. - Luo, W. and Wang, F. (2003). Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: Synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30(6), 865-884. - McGrail, M. R. and Humphreys, J. S. (2014). Measuring spatial accessibility to primary health care services: Utilising dynamic catchment sizes. Applied Geography, 54, 182-188. - Ngui, A. N. and Apparicio, P. (2011). Optimizing the two-step floating catchment area method for measuring spatial accessibility to medical clinics in Montreal. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 1-12. - Peng, Z. R. (1997). The jobs-housing balance and urban commuting. Urban Studies, 34(8), 1215-1235. - Park, J. and Goldberg, D. W. (2022). An Examination of the Stochastic Distribution of Spatial Accessibility to Intensive Care Unit Beds during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of the Greater Houston Area of Texas. Geographical Analysis. - Radke, J. and Mu, L. (2000). Spatial decompositions, modeling and mapping service regions to predict access to social programs. Geographic Information Sciences, 6(2), 105-112. - Wang, F. (2000). Modeling Commuting Patterns in Chicago in a GIS Environment: A Job Accessibility Perspective. Professional Geographer, 52(1), 120-133. - Wang, L. (2007). Immigration, ethnicity, and accessibility to culturally diverse family physicians. Health and Place, 13(3), 656-671. - Wang, F. (2012). Measurement, optimization, and impact of health care accessibility: a methodological review. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 102(5), 1104-1112. - Zhang, S., Song, X., & Zhou, J. (2021). An equity and efficiency integrated grid-to-level 2SFCA approach: spatial accessibility of multilevel healthcare. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20(1), 1-14. Abstract One of the most important challenges facing policymakers and urban planners in recent decades is the issue of accessibility to a variety of urban services. The main purpose of this study was thecalculation of the accessibility of census blocks to medical centers using the Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (2SFCA) method in Isfahan City. In the present study, according to the conditions with and without the limitations of the accessibility radii, different types of distance decay functions were used. The results showed that the 2SFCA method with the use of the cumulative opportunity negative linear function had the highest average of correlation for calculating accessibility to medical centers in comparison with other functions. Calculation of average accessibility in the 15 main regions of Isfahan City showed that the central regions (3, 1, and 5) had the highest decrease and the marginal regions (9, 8, and 11) had the highest increase in the unlimited compared to the limited mode. In general, based on the obtained results of 2SFCA method and the calculated Gini index, the level of inequality in accessibility of census blocks to health services was high in Isfahan City and this inequality increased in terms of accessibility to both hospitals and clinics. Since the extended 2SFCA method has a high capability for assessing supply and demand, as well as catchment area, application of this method can provide a great help for managers and planners in theassessment of the population’s access to a variety of services, such as emergency services and healthcare. Keywords: spatial accessibility, 2SFCA method, distance decay function, medical centers, Isfahan Introduction One of the most important challenges faced by policymakers and urban planners in recent decades has been the subjct of access to a variety of urban services. Hospital and clinic centers as the most important urban facilities play an important role in serving people. handeling access to healthcare requires examining the factors, such as spatial distribution of services and demands. Distribution of healthcare centers can affect ease of accessibility for applicants. As health is the basis of social, economic, political, and cultural developments of human societies, identifying deprived areas in terms of accessibility and planning for equitable accessibility to health services for all members of society are essential. Methodology In the present study, the Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method (2SFCA) was employed to calculate the access of census blocks to medical centers (hospitals and clinics) in the city of Isfahan for limited and unlimited accessibility radii. To define the most appropriate distance decay function in the 2SFCA method, the average of Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the accessibility values obtained from different distance decay functions was used. The distance decay function with the highest mean correlation of accessibility values compared to other functions was determined as the most appropriate function in the 2SFCA method. Also, the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were applied to compare inequalities of access to medical centers in Isfahan. Results and Discussion The results showed that the use of the negative linear cumulative opportunity distance decay function had the highest average correlation in the accessibility values compared to other functions. In the case of limited accessibility radius, the central regions and some northwest and east areas had the highest accessibility to hospitals. In the case of unlimited radius, the central areas had the most accessibility, while accessibility decreased as the distance from these areas increased. Calculation of the average accessibility in the 15 main regions of Isfahan showed that the central (3, 1 and 5) and marginal (9, 8, and 11) regions had the highest decrease and increase in the unlimited compared to the limited mode, respectively. Also, the sensitivity analysis of accessibility to hospitals showed that Al-Zahra and Hazrat Zahra hospitals in Districts 5 and 14 had the greatest impacts on the accessibility of cesus blocks to hospital services in Isfahan City. Comparing the accessibility of census blocks to both hospitals and clinics with accessibility only to hospitals showed an increase in accessibility in the central areas of the city due to the greater concentration of clinics in those areas. However, in the case of combination of hospitals and clinics, the Gini coefficient was equal to 0.60, which showed an increase of 0.04 compared to the case of accessibility only to hospitals, which indicated that inequality was higher in the combinatorial case. Conclusion Considering the supply and demand simultaneously, the 2SFCA method can provide a more realistic assessment of the accessibility status of census blocks to medical services. In general, based on the obtained results by this method and due to considering the limited radius of accessibility and calculating the Gini index, the level of inequality in the accessibility of census blocks to health services was high in Isfahan City, while this inequality increased in the case of accessibility to both hospitals and clinics. References - Apparicio, P., Gelb, J., Dubé, A. S., Kingham, S., Gauvin, L., & Robitaille, É. (2017). The approaches to measuring the potential spatial access to urban health services revisited: distance types and aggregation-error issues. International Journal of Health Geographics, 16(1), 1-24. - Bryant Jr, J. and Delamater, P. L. (2019). Examination of spatial accessibility at micro- and macro-levels using the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method. Annals of GIS, 25(3), 219-229. - Chatterjee, S. and Hadi, A. S. (2006). Regression analysis by example. 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons. - Chen, X. and Jia, P. (2019). A comparative analysis of accessibility measures by the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 33(9), 1739-1758. - Dai, D. (2010). Black residential segregation, disparities in spatial access to health care facilities, and late-stage breast cancer diagnosis in metropolitan Detroit. Health & Place, 16(5), 1038-1052. - Dewulf, B., Neutens, T., De Weerdt, Y., & Van de Weghe, N. (2013). Accessibility to primary health care in Belgium: an evaluation of policies awarding financial assistance in shortage areas. BMC Family Practice, 14(1), 1-13. - Goswami, S., Murthy, C. A., & Das, A. K. (2018). Sparsity measure of a network graph: Gini index. Information Sciences, 462, 16-39. - Hashtarkhani, S., Kiani, B., Bergquist, R., Bagheri, N., Vafaeinejad, R., & Tara, M. (2020). An age-integrated approach to improve measurement of potential spatial accessibility to emergency medical services for urban areas. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 35(3), 788-798. - Jamtsho, S., Corner, R., & Dewan, A. (2015). Spatio-temporal analysis of spatial accessibility to primary health care in Bhutan. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(3), 1584-1604. - Kiran, K. C., Corcoran, J., & Chhetri, P. (2020). Measuring the spatial accessibility to fire stations using enhanced floating catchment method. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 69, 100-673. - Luo, W. (2004). Using a GIS-based floating catchment method to assess areas with shortage of physicians. Health & Place, 10(1), 1-11. - Luo, W. and Qi, Y. (2009). Health & place: An enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method for measuring spatial accessibility to primary care physicians. Health & Place, 15(4), 1100-1107. - Luo, W. and Wang, F. (2003). Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: Synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30(6), 865-884. - McGrail, M. R. and Humphreys, J. S. (2014). Measuring spatial accessibility to primary health care services: Utilising dynamic catchment sizes. Applied Geography, 54, 182-188. - Ngui, A. N. and Apparicio, P. (2011). Optimizing the two-step floating catchment area method for measuring spatial accessibility to medical clinics in Montreal. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 1-12. - Peng, Z. R. (1997). The jobs-housing balance and urban commuting. Urban Studies, 34(8), 1215-1235. - Park, J. and Goldberg, D. W. (2022). An Examination of the Stochastic Distribution of Spatial Accessibility to Intensive Care Unit Beds during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of the Greater Houston Area of Texas. Geographical Analysis. - Radke, J. and Mu, L. (2000). Spatial decompositions, modeling and mapping service regions to predict access to social programs. Geographic Information Sciences, 6(2), 105-112. - Wang, F. (2000). Modeling Commuting Patterns in Chicago in a GIS Environment: A Job Accessibility Perspective. Professional Geographer, 52(1), 120-133. - Wang, L. (2007). Immigration, ethnicity, and accessibility to culturally diverse family physicians. Health and Place, 13(3), 656-671. - Wang, F. (2012). Measurement, optimization, and impact of health care accessibility: a methodological review. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 102(5), 1104-1112. - Zhang, S., Song, X., & Zhou, J. (2021). An equity and efficiency integrated grid-to-level 2SFCA approach: spatial accessibility of multilevel healthcare. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20(1), 1-14.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_26947_58522e8916c458d62e4aa9fb70efd8d2.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 34 1 2023 03 21 Spatial Analysis of Jiroft Plain Subsidence Using the Coherence Pixel Technique (CPT) Spatial Analysis of Jiroft Plain Subsidence Using the Coherence Pixel Technique (CPT) 99 116 27025 10.22108/gep.2022.133667.1525 FA Ali Mehrabi Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Sadegh Karimi Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Mehran Khalesi M.Sc. Student of Environmental Hazards, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Journal Article 2022 05 21 Abstract The phenomenon of land subsidence is one of the most important environmental hazards that have affected many plains of the country today. Jiroft Plain located in Kerman Province is also one of the areas where subsidence effects are evident. In this research, besides analyzing the spatial subsidence of Jiroft Plain and determining the extent and trend of its spread over a period of time, the effective factors in this phenomenon were investigated. For this purpose, the Sentinel-1 radar images related to the years of 2014-2022 were used. The Coherence Pixel Technique (CPT) was utilized to map the affected areas and determine the subsidence rate. The results of this method showed that the subsidence rate in Jiroft Plain had increased from 11 cm in 2014 to 13 cm in 2022. In addition, its area had increased during this period and the expansion trend had moved towards the northern areas of the plain. To analyze the causative factors of this phenomenon, in addition to studying the changes in the groundwater level of the plain and its relationship with subsidence, the roles of faults and soil thickness in creating or intensifying this phenomenon were investigated. The results showed that in addition to the uncontrolled abstraction from the aquifer, the subsidence of Jiroft Plain was affected by Sabzevaran Fault, while subsidence intensity was higher in the areas with higher soil thickness. Keywords: subsidence, groundwater, fault, spatial relationship, Jiroft Plain Introduction The phenomenon of subsidence is one of the growing and fundamental problems in most human societies, which often occurs as a result of human activities. Improper use of water in agricultural and industrial sectors due to the increasing population growth has led to adverse quantitative and qualitative effects on water resources. Understanding the spatial extent and measuring the amount of subsidence as accurately as possible can be considered as the first step in studying this phenomenon. Therefore, by recognizing the spatial characteristics and temporal behavior of this phenomenon, it is possible to present and develop a regional model of it as well as practical and basic solutions to reduce the damage associated with it and prevent its future trends. The use of radar interferometry method in recent years as an efficient tool for monitoring displacements caused by various phenomena, such as volcanoes, subsidence, earthquakes, and landslides, etc., has been considered by earth scientists. The advantages of this method compared to the previous one include the possibility of calculating displacements with centimeter-level accuracy, providing continuous and extensive spatial coverage, and having the ability to operate it in any weather conditions. So far, various studies have qualitatively identified the relationship between groundwater level declines and occurrence of subsidence. However, few studies have tested this relationship quantitatively. Jiroft Plain has been facing a serious drought crisis and declining groundwater levels in recent years. In fact, changes in the agricultural pattern, reduced rainfall, and occurrence of continuous droughts have led to unplanned and unprincipled use of groundwater resources and decline of groundwater levels in the catchment area of Jiroft Plain and have provided conditions for the occurrence and expansion of land subsidence. Therefore, subsidence monitoring has been proposed as an efficient method for identifying and displaying the regional situations in terms of the risk of land subsidence by planners and managers and made it possible to plan and implement appropriate prevention programs. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was spatial analysis of Jiroft Plain subsidence and evaluation of the effects of uncontrolled groundwater abstraction on land subsidence and fault development. To this end, 73 Sentinel-1 images related to the period of 2014-2021 were processed by using the CPT technique. The darkest areas were related to agricultural areas, which had the least amounts of coherence since their vegetations had not remained constant over time and caused a temporal correlation in the interfering phase. Methodology The first step in the CPT processing was production of differential interferometers. Initially, the images were referenced in pairs and the interferometers were selected from the items that had spatial and temporal baselines of less than 100 and 365 m, respectively. Based on this, 72 mapping overlays were generated. Along with the various interferences, the related coherence maps were generated. Coherence is a good estimator of phase quality and is used in the pixel selection phase. Coherence values range from 0 that shows a completely uncorrelated phase or pure noise to 1 that indicates a coherent or noise-free phase. In the second step, differential interferometers were processed to obtain the deformation time series, which included linear and nonlinear components and DEM error. Not all image pixels are suitable for processing due to lacking correlation. Among the various pixel selection criteria, a coherence-based criterion was used. Therefore, all the pixels that had a mean coherence value of less than 0.6 were discarded. Figure 3 shows the coherence map created by the CPT for Jiroft Plain where the brightest areas showed the most coherent areas, which corresponded to barren lands, mountainous lands and highlands, and residential areas because they showed very little change over time. Discussion Figure 4 shows the magnitude of the shifts that occurred along the satellite's line of sight as a result of Sentinel-1 data processing from April 12, 2014 to September 21, 2021. The total number of pixels calculated from the Sentinel-1 data set by the CPT technique reached 2571. The calculations revealed a high deformation rate with a maximum speed of up to -13 cm per year for satellite visibility in the central and southern parts of Jiroft Plain from 2014 to 2021. The positive values indicated that the surface was rising. Most of these values were located in the mountains around the plain. Motion may be related to tectonic factors and the isostatic process. In contrast, the negative values indicated subsidence, which was mainly concentrated in the central and southern parts of the plain. As can be seen in Figure 4, the displacements in the direction of satellite view of the points varied from +3 to -13 mm. In addition, the results showed the increasing trend of subsidence over time in Jiroft Plain. From 2014 to 2022, the area affected by subsidence had increased from 530 km2 in 2014 to 580 km2 in 2022, showing an expansion from the southern to the northern areas of the plain. In addition to the extent of the subsidence rate, it had increased from 11 cm in 2014 to 13 cm in 2022. Conclusion In this study, the subsidence phenomenon of Jiroft Plain was investigated and its relationship with various factors was analyzed. The displacements that had occurred and were then obtained from the CPT technique indicated that the study area had undergone progressive subsidence. The subsidence rate in the southern and southeastern parts of the plain had increased from 11 ear to 13 cm per year over an 8-year period. In addition, during this period, the area affected by this phenomenon had increased from 530 to 580 km2 and had been drawn to the northern parts of the plain over time. Investigation of groundwater level changes in Jiroft Plain and its compliance with the subsidence areas showed that improper abstraction from the aquifer had been an important and key factor in creating this phenomenon. In addition, it is worth noting that the areas with the highest subsidence rate corresponded to the areas with the highest soil thickness. Thus, their impacts on the subsidence were investigated due to the enclosure of Jiroft Plain by faults. The results of this study showed that Sabzevaran Fault had controlled subsidence and affected this phenomenon. Finally, the subsidence of Jiroft Plain could be considered as a result of two factors, one was the uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater and the other one was the activity of faults, which could affect each other. This issue had intensified the subsidence phenomenon. Abstract The phenomenon of land subsidence is one of the most important environmental hazards that have affected many plains of the country today. Jiroft Plain located in Kerman Province is also one of the areas where subsidence effects are evident. In this research, besides analyzing the spatial subsidence of Jiroft Plain and determining the extent and trend of its spread over a period of time, the effective factors in this phenomenon were investigated. For this purpose, the Sentinel-1 radar images related to the years of 2014-2022 were used. The Coherence Pixel Technique (CPT) was utilized to map the affected areas and determine the subsidence rate. The results of this method showed that the subsidence rate in Jiroft Plain had increased from 11 cm in 2014 to 13 cm in 2022. In addition, its area had increased during this period and the expansion trend had moved towards the northern areas of the plain. To analyze the causative factors of this phenomenon, in addition to studying the changes in the groundwater level of the plain and its relationship with subsidence, the roles of faults and soil thickness in creating or intensifying this phenomenon were investigated. The results showed that in addition to the uncontrolled abstraction from the aquifer, the subsidence of Jiroft Plain was affected by Sabzevaran Fault, while subsidence intensity was higher in the areas with higher soil thickness. Keywords: subsidence, groundwater, fault, spatial relationship, Jiroft Plain Introduction The phenomenon of subsidence is one of the growing and fundamental problems in most human societies, which often occurs as a result of human activities. Improper use of water in agricultural and industrial sectors due to the increasing population growth has led to adverse quantitative and qualitative effects on water resources. Understanding the spatial extent and measuring the amount of subsidence as accurately as possible can be considered as the first step in studying this phenomenon. Therefore, by recognizing the spatial characteristics and temporal behavior of this phenomenon, it is possible to present and develop a regional model of it as well as practical and basic solutions to reduce the damage associated with it and prevent its future trends. The use of radar interferometry method in recent years as an efficient tool for monitoring displacements caused by various phenomena, such as volcanoes, subsidence, earthquakes, and landslides, etc., has been considered by earth scientists. The advantages of this method compared to the previous one include the possibility of calculating displacements with centimeter-level accuracy, providing continuous and extensive spatial coverage, and having the ability to operate it in any weather conditions. So far, various studies have qualitatively identified the relationship between groundwater level declines and occurrence of subsidence. However, few studies have tested this relationship quantitatively. Jiroft Plain has been facing a serious drought crisis and declining groundwater levels in recent years. In fact, changes in the agricultural pattern, reduced rainfall, and occurrence of continuous droughts have led to unplanned and unprincipled use of groundwater resources and decline of groundwater levels in the catchment area of Jiroft Plain and have provided conditions for the occurrence and expansion of land subsidence. Therefore, subsidence monitoring has been proposed as an efficient method for identifying and displaying the regional situations in terms of the risk of land subsidence by planners and managers and made it possible to plan and implement appropriate prevention programs. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was spatial analysis of Jiroft Plain subsidence and evaluation of the effects of uncontrolled groundwater abstraction on land subsidence and fault development. To this end, 73 Sentinel-1 images related to the period of 2014-2021 were processed by using the CPT technique. The darkest areas were related to agricultural areas, which had the least amounts of coherence since their vegetations had not remained constant over time and caused a temporal correlation in the interfering phase. Methodology The first step in the CPT processing was production of differential interferometers. Initially, the images were referenced in pairs and the interferometers were selected from the items that had spatial and temporal baselines of less than 100 and 365 m, respectively. Based on this, 72 mapping overlays were generated. Along with the various interferences, the related coherence maps were generated. Coherence is a good estimator of phase quality and is used in the pixel selection phase. Coherence values range from 0 that shows a completely uncorrelated phase or pure noise to 1 that indicates a coherent or noise-free phase. In the second step, differential interferometers were processed to obtain the deformation time series, which included linear and nonlinear components and DEM error. Not all image pixels are suitable for processing due to lacking correlation. Among the various pixel selection criteria, a coherence-based criterion was used. Therefore, all the pixels that had a mean coherence value of less than 0.6 were discarded. Figure 3 shows the coherence map created by the CPT for Jiroft Plain where the brightest areas showed the most coherent areas, which corresponded to barren lands, mountainous lands and highlands, and residential areas because they showed very little change over time. Discussion Figure 4 shows the magnitude of the shifts that occurred along the satellite's line of sight as a result of Sentinel-1 data processing from April 12, 2014 to September 21, 2021. The total number of pixels calculated from the Sentinel-1 data set by the CPT technique reached 2571. The calculations revealed a high deformation rate with a maximum speed of up to -13 cm per year for satellite visibility in the central and southern parts of Jiroft Plain from 2014 to 2021. The positive values indicated that the surface was rising. Most of these values were located in the mountains around the plain. Motion may be related to tectonic factors and the isostatic process. In contrast, the negative values indicated subsidence, which was mainly concentrated in the central and southern parts of the plain. As can be seen in Figure 4, the displacements in the direction of satellite view of the points varied from +3 to -13 mm. In addition, the results showed the increasing trend of subsidence over time in Jiroft Plain. From 2014 to 2022, the area affected by subsidence had increased from 530 km2 in 2014 to 580 km2 in 2022, showing an expansion from the southern to the northern areas of the plain. In addition to the extent of the subsidence rate, it had increased from 11 cm in 2014 to 13 cm in 2022. Conclusion In this study, the subsidence phenomenon of Jiroft Plain was investigated and its relationship with various factors was analyzed. The displacements that had occurred and were then obtained from the CPT technique indicated that the study area had undergone progressive subsidence. The subsidence rate in the southern and southeastern parts of the plain had increased from 11 ear to 13 cm per year over an 8-year period. In addition, during this period, the area affected by this phenomenon had increased from 530 to 580 km2 and had been drawn to the northern parts of the plain over time. Investigation of groundwater level changes in Jiroft Plain and its compliance with the subsidence areas showed that improper abstraction from the aquifer had been an important and key factor in creating this phenomenon. In addition, it is worth noting that the areas with the highest subsidence rate corresponded to the areas with the highest soil thickness. Thus, their impacts on the subsidence were investigated due to the enclosure of Jiroft Plain by faults. The results of this study showed that Sabzevaran Fault had controlled subsidence and affected this phenomenon. Finally, the subsidence of Jiroft Plain could be considered as a result of two factors, one was the uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater and the other one was the activity of faults, which could affect each other. This issue had intensified the subsidence phenomenon.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_27025_5e40b0d99fd12101dc4480c859ab2317.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 34 1 2023 03 21 Future Research of the Housing Supply System in Iran's Metropolises: A Case Study of Ahvaz Metropolis Future Research of the Housing Supply System in Iran's Metropolises: A Case Study of Ahvaz Metropolis 117 140 27034 10.22108/gep.2022.134535.1537 FA Masoud Safaeepour Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Fahime Fadaei Jazi Ph.D. Student Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2022 08 03 Abstract The aim of the current research was to identify the effective factors in the future state of housing planning in Ahvaz metropolis. The research method was applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the nature. In this regard, by applying the mutual effects analysis method in Mikmak software, the key factors affecting the housing supply system of Ahvaz City were identified. Finally, the effective factors of the housing supply system in the mentioned city were selected by using the scenario writing method in the software and the scenario wizard was executed. The findings showed that the 7 factors of migration, marginalization, weakening of the value of national currency, low ability to pay loans, increase in land prices, insignificant credit facilities, and lack of an integrated and coordinated management system in the housing sector had the most impacts and key roles in the system. They provided housing in Ahvaz City. Keywords: future research, housing, housing supply, Ahvaz metropolis Introduction In recent decades, the cities of Iran have experienced an increasing concentration of population; yet, the weakness of economic management, lack of comprehensive housing planning, and inadequacy of the government's economic infrastructure have caused the problem of housing shortage and inadequate housing supply. The various policies and programs of the government have not led to good results either. The issue of the land market has caused a large part of lands in the capital to be attracted and ultimately, a large number of citizens to be deprived of shelter. Ahvaz metropolis in Khuzestan Province has undergone extensive demographic and spatial changes during the last decade for 3 main reasons: 1) having provincial centrality, 2) becoming a major industrial hub in line with adopting the policy of creating a growth hub, and 3) disrupting the order of the urban network as a result of the 8-year war and destruction of the major partner cities (Abadan and Khorramshahr) in favor of the all-round development of this city. As a result of these factors, the population of this city has had an increase of 120,098 to 1184,788 people during the years of 1956-2016). In the first general census of the country in 2015, Ahvaz had a population of 120,098 people. Therefore, this rapid population growth has caused problems, such as low quality of housing in the city, lack of ownership by a group of citizens, small areas of residential units, etc. Based on this, this research sought to research the future of the housing supply system in Ahvaz metropolis to respond to the current and future needs and solve the existing problems in this city. In this regard, the main goal of the current research was to identify the most important factors influencing the future state of housing planning in Ahvaz metropolis. Methodology The main purpose of this research was to identify the most important factors influencing the future state of housing planning in Ahvaz metropolis. Therefore, a descriptive-analytical and survey method was chosen in this research. In the first step, a list of the primary factors that played a role in the housing supply system of Ahvaz City were identified as the research variables by using documentary sources and previous researches, as well as the Delphi questionnaire. The research variables were analyzed based on an expert questionnaire. In the research process, by using the mutual effects analysis method and Micmac software, the influences of the primary factors on each other were evaluated in the form of the expert questionnaire. Finally, by using another questionnaire, the key factors of housing supply in Ahvaz City were selected via the scenario writing method in the Scenario Wizard software. The statistical population of the research included the specialists and experts of the urban area. The size of the studied sample was determined through the theoretical saturation of 30 experts through the snowball sampling method. The validity of the research tool was evaluated by university professors and it was confirmed after fixing the problems and deficiencies. To measure the reliability of the first expert’s questionnaire (analysis of mutual effects) and the second expert’s questionnaire (scenario writing), the questionnaire was completed by 10% of the experts and then, the results obtained from the supervisor could be cited and confirmed. Discussion The results showed that 7 key factors played a role in the housing supply system of Ahvaz City. As shown in Figure 3, these factors include migration, marginalization, weakening of the value of national currency, low ability to pay loans, increase in land prices, insignificant credit facilities, and lack of an integrated and coordinated management system in the housing sector. Also, the results revealed that the 3rd scenario was the most optimistic and promising scenario for the housing supply system of Ahvaz City with 5 favorable conditions and a suitable percentage of 42.87%. The 1st and 2nd scenarios were intermediate. The 2nd and 4th scenarios were respectively the most critical scenarios with unfavorable situations for the housing supply system of Ahvaz City. Conclusion Housing is one of the most essential human needs after food and clothing and it is very important for the preservation and survival of the individuals and society. It is related to one of the most basic and sensitive sectors in economic and social development planning. The rapid growth of population in Ahvaz City has caused problems, such as low quality of housing in the city, lack of ownership by a group of citizens, small areas of residential units, inappropriate interference of activities by residing adjacent to the functional zones of the city, especially heavy industries and administrative-service zones, placement of extensive military, industrial, and wasteland uses in the middle of the residential context (one of the main factors of disintegration of the urban structure of this city), existence of the residential formal or informal settlements, like villages outside the legal boundaries and adjacent to the city, which have their own service and infrastructure needs, illegal constructions in the river boundary and encroachment on its bed, etc. In addition, financial and economic inabilities of low-income groups on the one hand and lack of modern planning and appropriate support mechanisms on the other hand have prevented the vulnerable groups from having access to suitable housing. This lack of access has shown itself in various forms of marginalization and ugly urban landscapes and has caused all kinds of social and economic problems. All these clearly reveal the necessity of fundamental change in the planning process from the traditional method based on forecasting trends towards modern planning with a forward-looking approach. Cities need to be planned with a new approach to recognizing the future challenges so as not to be caught off guard in the face of the upcoming challenges and can take control and manage a favorable future condition. References: - Alavi, A., Benari, S., & Samadi, M. (2017). Analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in the city of Ahvaz and forecasting the required housing until 2021. Geography and Human Relations, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 867-850. - Arvin, M (2014). Survey of urban sprawl with an emphasis on endogenous development (Case study of Ahvaz City). Master's thesis in the field of geography and urban planning, University of Tehran, supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Pourahmad. - Iran Statistics Center (2015-2016). - Sherizadeh, A., Roostayi, Sh., & Hakimi, H. (2018). Identifying the key factors affecting the future status of low-income housing planning in Tabriz metropolis with a future research approach. Urban Research and Planning Quarterly, 10th year, No. 38, pp. 39-49. - Yazdani, M. H., Hasanpour, S., & Hashemi Masoumabad, R. (2018). Spatial analysis of social and physical dimensions of housing in the areas of Ahvaz City: Physical Development Planning. Scientific Research Journal, Year 4, No. 2, Serial 14, pp. 51-66. - Adeoye, D. O. (2016). Challenges of Urban Housing Quality: Insights and Experiences of Akure, Nigeria. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, pp. 260-268. - Bharath, H. A. et al. (2018). Modeling urban dynamics in rapidly urbanizing Indian cities. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 21 (3), pp. 201-210. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2017.08.002 - Cobbinah, P. B. and Niminga-Beka, R. (2017). Urbanization in Ghana: Residential land use under siege in Kumasi central cities. 60, Part A, pp. 388-401. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.10.011 - Garbawaziri. A. and Roosli, R. (2013). Housing Policies and Programs in Nigeria: A Review of the Concept and Implementation. Business Management Dynamics. - Lamé, G., Jouini, O., & Cardinal, J. (2019). Methods and contexts: Challenges of planning with scenarios in a hospital’s division. Futures, Vol. 105, pp. 78-90. - Malpass, P. and Victory, C. (2010). The Modernization of Social Housing in England. International Journal of Housing Policy, 10 (1), pp. 3-18. DOI: 10.1080/14616710903565647 - McClure, K. (2019). What should be the future of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program? Housing Policy Debate, 29 (1), pp. 65-81.‏ - Miller, J. D. and Hutchins, M. (2017). The impacts of urbanization and climate change on urban flooding and urban water quality: A review of the evidence concerning the United Kingdom. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 12, pp. 345-362. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.06.006 - Moulaert, F. (Editor) et al. (2014). The International Handbook on Social Innovation: Collective Action, Social Learning, and Transdisciplinary Research. Cheltenham: UK Edward Elgar. - OCED (2015). How’s Life? Measuring Well-Being. DOI: http: //dx.doi.org/10.1787/how_life-2015-en - Pawson, H., Milligan, V., & Yates, J. (2020). Financing and Governing Affordable Rental Housing. In Housing Policy in Australia, Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp. 259-298.‏ - Pons, A. and Rullan, O. (2014). The expansion of urbanization in the Balearic Islands (1956-2006). Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 3 (2), pp. 78-88. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2014.11.004 - Rowland, N. and Spaniol, M. (2017). Social foundation of scenario planning. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 124, pp. 6-15. - Schwarts, A. F. (2014). Housing Policy in the United States. - Short, J. R. (2014). Urban theory: A critical assessment. Palgrave Macmillan. - UNDESA/PD (2012). World urbanization prospects: The 2011 revision. New York: United Nations. - Zedlewski, S. R. and Waller, M. (2002). The Importance of Housing Benefits to Welfare Success. Center on Urban & Metropolitan Policy and the Urban Institute. - Zhang, M. and Rasiah, R. (2016). Localization of state policy: Shandong's experience in financing Cheap Rental Housing in urban China. Habitat International, 56, pp. 1-10. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.04.003 Figures and Tables - Table 1: Housing provision policies in Iran at different times - Table 1: Population of Ahvaz City during the years of 1956-2016 - Fig. 1: Location of the study area (Vice President of Planning and Development of Human Capital of Ahvaz Municipality, 2022) - Table 3: Factors and components affecting the housing supply system of Ahvaz City - Table 4: Descriptive statistics of the respondents' status - Table 5: The direct and indirect effects of the factors on each other - Fig. 2: The distribution diagram of the variables in the impact-affectability axis based on the direct effects - Fig. 3: Factors affecting the housing supply system of Ahvaz City - Table 6: Key factors, situation, and possible assumptions facing the system - Table 7: Status of each of the key factors according to the compatible scenarios - Table 8: Coefficients, number, and percentage of each of the scenarios based on the 3 spectra Abstract The aim of the current research was to identify the effective factors in the future state of housing planning in Ahvaz metropolis. The research method was applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the nature. In this regard, by applying the mutual effects analysis method in Mikmak software, the key factors affecting the housing supply system of Ahvaz City were identified. Finally, the effective factors of the housing supply system in the mentioned city were selected by using the scenario writing method in the software and the scenario wizard was executed. The findings showed that the 7 factors of migration, marginalization, weakening of the value of national currency, low ability to pay loans, increase in land prices, insignificant credit facilities, and lack of an integrated and coordinated management system in the housing sector had the most impacts and key roles in the system. They provided housing in Ahvaz City. Keywords: future research, housing, housing supply, Ahvaz metropolis Introduction In recent decades, the cities of Iran have experienced an increasing concentration of population; yet, the weakness of economic management, lack of comprehensive housing planning, and inadequacy of the government's economic infrastructure have caused the problem of housing shortage and inadequate housing supply. The various policies and programs of the government have not led to good results either. The issue of the land market has caused a large part of lands in the capital to be attracted and ultimately, a large number of citizens to be deprived of shelter. Ahvaz metropolis in Khuzestan Province has undergone extensive demographic and spatial changes during the last decade for 3 main reasons: 1) having provincial centrality, 2) becoming a major industrial hub in line with adopting the policy of creating a growth hub, and 3) disrupting the order of the urban network as a result of the 8-year war and destruction of the major partner cities (Abadan and Khorramshahr) in favor of the all-round development of this city. As a result of these factors, the population of this city has had an increase of 120,098 to 1184,788 people during the years of 1956-2016). In the first general census of the country in 2015, Ahvaz had a population of 120,098 people. Therefore, this rapid population growth has caused problems, such as low quality of housing in the city, lack of ownership by a group of citizens, small areas of residential units, etc. Based on this, this research sought to research the future of the housing supply system in Ahvaz metropolis to respond to the current and future needs and solve the existing problems in this city. In this regard, the main goal of the current research was to identify the most important factors influencing the future state of housing planning in Ahvaz metropolis. Methodology The main purpose of this research was to identify the most important factors influencing the future state of housing planning in Ahvaz metropolis. Therefore, a descriptive-analytical and survey method was chosen in this research. In the first step, a list of the primary factors that played a role in the housing supply system of Ahvaz City were identified as the research variables by using documentary sources and previous researches, as well as the Delphi questionnaire. The research variables were analyzed based on an expert questionnaire. In the research process, by using the mutual effects analysis method and Micmac software, the influences of the primary factors on each other were evaluated in the form of the expert questionnaire. Finally, by using another questionnaire, the key factors of housing supply in Ahvaz City were selected via the scenario writing method in the Scenario Wizard software. The statistical population of the research included the specialists and experts of the urban area. The size of the studied sample was determined through the theoretical saturation of 30 experts through the snowball sampling method. The validity of the research tool was evaluated by university professors and it was confirmed after fixing the problems and deficiencies. To measure the reliability of the first expert’s questionnaire (analysis of mutual effects) and the second expert’s questionnaire (scenario writing), the questionnaire was completed by 10% of the experts and then, the results obtained from the supervisor could be cited and confirmed. Discussion The results showed that 7 key factors played a role in the housing supply system of Ahvaz City. As shown in Figure 3, these factors include migration, marginalization, weakening of the value of national currency, low ability to pay loans, increase in land prices, insignificant credit facilities, and lack of an integrated and coordinated management system in the housing sector. Also, the results revealed that the 3rd scenario was the most optimistic and promising scenario for the housing supply system of Ahvaz City with 5 favorable conditions and a suitable percentage of 42.87%. The 1st and 2nd scenarios were intermediate. The 2nd and 4th scenarios were respectively the most critical scenarios with unfavorable situations for the housing supply system of Ahvaz City. Conclusion Housing is one of the most essential human needs after food and clothing and it is very important for the preservation and survival of the individuals and society. It is related to one of the most basic and sensitive sectors in economic and social development planning. The rapid growth of population in Ahvaz City has caused problems, such as low quality of housing in the city, lack of ownership by a group of citizens, small areas of residential units, inappropriate interference of activities by residing adjacent to the functional zones of the city, especially heavy industries and administrative-service zones, placement of extensive military, industrial, and wasteland uses in the middle of the residential context (one of the main factors of disintegration of the urban structure of this city), existence of the residential formal or informal settlements, like villages outside the legal boundaries and adjacent to the city, which have their own service and infrastructure needs, illegal constructions in the river boundary and encroachment on its bed, etc. In addition, financial and economic inabilities of low-income groups on the one hand and lack of modern planning and appropriate support mechanisms on the other hand have prevented the vulnerable groups from having access to suitable housing. 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Habitat International, 56, pp. 1-10. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.04.003 Figures and Tables - Table 1: Housing provision policies in Iran at different times - Table 1: Population of Ahvaz City during the years of 1956-2016 - Fig. 1: Location of the study area (Vice President of Planning and Development of Human Capital of Ahvaz Municipality, 2022) - Table 3: Factors and components affecting the housing supply system of Ahvaz City - Table 4: Descriptive statistics of the respondents' status - Table 5: The direct and indirect effects of the factors on each other - Fig. 2: The distribution diagram of the variables in the impact-affectability axis based on the direct effects - Fig. 3: Factors affecting the housing supply system of Ahvaz City - Table 6: Key factors, situation, and possible assumptions facing the system - Table 7: Status of each of the key factors according to the compatible scenarios - Table 8: Coefficients, number, and percentage of each of the scenarios based on the 3 spectra

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