دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 35 2 2024 06 21 The Potential of Water Outflow from the Folds of Zagros Mountains to the Persian Gulf Watershed پتانسیل خروجی آب از چین خوردگیهای زاگرس به حوضۀ آبریز خلیج‌‎فارس 1 22 28134 10.22108/gep.2024.137318.1577 FA غلامحسن جعفری دانشیار ژئومورفولوژی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران نرگس فولادی کارشناسی ارشد ژئومورفولوژی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران Journal Article 2023 04 11 Abstract The Zagros Mountain range channels a significant volume of water towards the Persian Gulf basin due to the presence of gorges, diverting it from a potential southeast trajectory parallel to the Zagros folds. This study aimed to assess the water flow through the Zagros straits, utilizing 1:50,000 topographic and 1:100,000 geological maps, Iran's Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and various library sources. Hydrometric stations were used as the starting point and their associated sub-basins were delineated. The relationship between precipitation and elevation in each basin was analyzed to extract the precipitation layer of each sub-basin and calculate its average precipitation. Considering the sub-basin areas, the precipitation amount over a specific period was estimated and compared with the recorded discharges. The findings revealed that approximately 110,695 billion cubic meters of water were channeled to the Persian Gulf via the tidal currents of the Zagros Mountains. Notably, the sub-basins with lower discharge relative to the received precipitation, including Gilvan, Simre, Sartang Dolab, Qara Aghaj, and Dez, were situated to the east of the Zagros main thrust, while those with higher discharge were located to the west. This disparity in discharge on either side of the Zagros main thrust could be attributed to various mountain features, such as land surface slope, position in relation to incoming streams, karst, and faulting. Keywords: Debit, Gap, Karst, Watershed, Zagros. Introduction Iran, spanning an area of 1,648,195 km2, is characterized as one of the arid countries globally. Recent climate classifications indicate that approximately 90% of Iran's territory experiences dry and semi-arid conditions with over 40% facing a critical water scarcity crisis (Masoudian, 2011, p. 60). Notably, the intricate nature of the Zagros system has led to the water network often intersecting the folds perpendicularly and forming narrow gaps en route to the Persian Gulf's base level, facilitating substantial water transfer to the external watershed area. This study aimed to investigate the water transfer through the Zagros Gorges. While previous research has focused on the role of karst and fault systems in the sub-surface and underground water potential within the sub-basins of the Zagros Mountain range, their specific impacts on water transfer have received comparatively less attention. This article addressed this gap by evaluating their influence on a basin-specific basis while examining the effects of these gaps on water transfer from the Zagros Rivers. Materials & Methods To assess the impact of karst on surface water resources and the volume of water conveyed through the Zagros Gorges on a basin-specific basis, we employed 1:50,000-scale topographic and 1:100,000-scale geological maps, Iran's Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and various library sources. The initial step involved identifying the hydrometric stations and extracting their associated sub-basins. In the Zagros Mountains, local topographical features and the positioning of basin areas in relation to incoming rainfall significantly influence precipitation levels in addition to the well-established correlation between rainfall and altitude. To comprehensively evaluate the climatic conditions of the Zagros region, we utilized data from the statistical stations (rainfall, temperature, and discharge), the Esfazari Database spanning 49 years, and discharge data from the Water Organization. Employing Excel software, we determined the relationships between precipitation, temperature, and station elevation, focusing on those with an explanatory coefficient exceeding 70%. This facilitated the extraction of the precipitation layer for each sub-basin and the calculation of their average precipitation. Considering the sub-basin areas, we estimated the precipitation volume over a specific period and compared it with the recorded discharge data. Subsequently, we estimated the annual average rainfall and temperature for 156 basins in the Zagros region. Leveraging the DEM layer, we calculated the maximum and minimum basin elevations and determined their respective areas using GIS software. While 36 out of the 156 sub-basins were equipped with hydrological stations, we utilized Justin's method to estimate the discharge for the remaining basins, leveraging the similar functions of watersheds within the Zagros unit. Research Findings The comprehensive survey of the expansive basins of Simre, Karun, Qara-Aghaj, Dez, and Gilvan within the Zagros Mountain range revealed that the alluvial rivers channeled an impressive 110,695 billion m3 of water from the internal basins to the Persian Gulf basin through the creation of gorges and hydrological connections between the alluvial areas via depressions. It was evident that the volume of water output was not solely contingent on the basin areas. Notably, the sub-basins of Sartang Dolab and Tang Dez exhibited the highest outflow of water. The deep incisions of the folds coupled with faulting and limestone dissolution facilitated the transfer of water from the interior regions, particularly in basins characterized by varying elevations. The substantial proliferation of carbonate formations and the water potential of upstream karst aquifers manifested through the emergence of karst waters from springs significantly augmented surface water volume and played a pivotal role in sustaining underground streams within the karst aquifers. Limestone and karst formations were notably more prevalent on the eastern slope of the primary Zagros thrust than on the western slope. Furthermore, the density of faults was higher on the eastern slope, contributing to the creation of seams and cracks in limestone formations and the expansion of karst features. The springs originating from karst formations were more prevalent on the eastern slopes. It is noteworthy that the sub-basins with lower discharges relative to the received precipitation among the five basins of Gilvan, Simre, Sartang Dolab, Qara Aghaj, and Dez were situated to the east of the Zagros main fault. Conversely, those with higher discharges relative to the received precipitation were located to the west of the Zagros main fault. This disparity in discharge on either side of the Zagros main thrust could be attributed to various mountain features, including the slopes of the mountain land surfaces, their positioning in relation to the incoming streams, as well as the presence of karst and faulting. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The towering Zagros range is characterized by an extensive network of faults and folds, spanning approximately 1600 km from Lake Van in eastern Turkey to Bandar Abbas at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, encompassing significant portions of Iran and Iraq (Oberlander, 2000, p. 13). Within the Zagros region, the mountains correspond to anticlines, while the valleys correspond to synclines. Anticlines and synclines are formed as a result of upward and downward movements of rock layers during folding and their physical appearance is linked to the undulating nature of folding waves (Zomordian, 2013, p. 209). Many of the rivers originating from the heights of the Zagros are perennial with some exhibiting substantial flow and turbulence. This hydrological characteristic has led to the natural evolution of basin limitations and expansions, as well as river capture during the Quaternary period (Ramesht, 2014). The majority of the basins within the Zagros Mountain range are situated within the folded Zagros or accordion levels characterized by expansive synclinal currents. The interconnection of these synclinal currents through saddles has resulted in the formation of numerous gaps, facilitating the outflow of significant water volumes to exoreic basins in Iran. Furthermore, geological factors, faults, and topography of the area may have influenced the modulation of output flow, either reducing or increasing it. چکیده بر اثر شکل‌گیری تنگ‌ها در رشته‌کوه زاگرس آب فراوانی به حوضۀ خلیج‌فارس هدایت می‌شود که در صورت نبودن تنگ ها، آب ها موازی با چین خوردگی های زاگرس، به سمت جنوب شرق هدایت می شدند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر برآورد آب انتقال‌یافته با تنگ‌های زاگرس است. به این منظور از نقشه‌های 1:50000 توپوگرافی، 1:100000 زمین‌شناسی، مدل رقومی ارتفاع ایران و منابع کتابخانه‌‌ای استفاده شد؛ بنابراین در این پژوهش لایۀ ایستگاه‌های هیدرومتری انتخاب و به‌عنوان نقطۀ خروجی، زیرحوضه‌های مسلط به آنها استخراج شد. در پژوهش حاضر روابط بین بارش با ارتفاع هر حوضه برآورد و بر‌اساس آنها لایه‌های هم‌بارش و متوسط بارش هر زیرحوضه محاسبه شد. با در نظر گرفتن وسعت زیر‌حوضه‌ها حجم بارش دوره‌های مدنظر برآورد و با دبی‌های ایجاد‌شده مقایسه و تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل شد. نتایج حاکی از آن است که با جریان‌های ناودیسی رشته‌کوه زاگرس، 110،695 میلیارد متر‌ مکعب آب به خلیج‌فارس هدایت می‌شود. در‌میان پنج حوضۀ گیلوان، سیمره، سرتنگ دولاب، قره آغاج و دز زیرحوضه‌هایی که دبی کم دارند در دامنه‌های شرقی و زیرحوضه‌های با دبی زیاد در دامنه غربی تراست اصلی زاگرس واقع شده‌ است. علت تفاوت در دبی دو دامنه را می‌توان در چند ویژگی زاگرس ردیابی کرد: 1- شیب دامنه‌های کوهستانی؛ 2- موقعیت دامنه‌ها نسبت به جریان‌های ورودی؛ 3- کارست و گسل‌خوردگی. هرچند حجم دبی حوضه‌های شرقی نسبت به دبی حوضه‌های غربی کمتر است، زمان آبدهی آنها طولانی‌تر است.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_28134_c0eba9df637e89cef85ab719796b428f.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 35 2 2024 06 21 Evaluation of the Quality of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Prepared by Using Sentinel-1 Images for Extracting Waterway Networks: A Comparative Study in Taftan Watershed بررسی کیفیت مدل رقومی ارتفاعی تهیه‌شده از تصاویر سنتینل -1 برای استخراج آبراهه‌ها: مطالعۀ تطبیقی در حوضۀ آبخیز تفتان 23 44 27809 10.22108/gep.2023.135341.1547 FA مصطفی مهدوی‌فرد کارشناسی ارشد گروه سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران ایوب محمدی محقق پسادکترای گروه سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران محمد حسین رضائی مقدم استاد تمام گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران صدرا کریم زاده ، استادیار گروه سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز،تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2022 10 11 Abstract Morphometric study of a watershed plays a very important role in land structure. Remote sensing methods provide a good tool for studying and extracting stream networks. One of the common methods for extracting waterway networks and conducting a morphometric study of watersheds is the use of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) with a high spatial resolution. The purpose of this study was to extract stream networks by using the DEMs of high spatial resolution, such as ALOS-1 and Sentinel-1, and those of medium spatial resolution like SRTM and TanDemX. To produce the DEM by using Sentinel-1 images, the InSAR method was applied. Finally, to validate the accuracy of this DEM for checking Sentinel-1 ability to extract stream networks, the ALOS-1 DEM with the spatial resolution of 12.5 m was used. The results revealed that the produced DEMs by using Sentinel-1 images had a high correlation of about 0.99 with the reference data of ALOS-1, thus showing the high capability of the DEM for extracting stream networks. The results of extracting the waterway networks demonstrated that each of the two DEMs of Sentinel-1 and ALOS-1 with high spatial resolutions could extract 9 waterway networks, while the digital models of SRTM and TanDemX with medium resolutions could only extract 7 and 6 stream networks, respectively. The studies indicated that the baseline parameters, as well as the time difference between the two Master and Slave images in InSAR, had to be highly considered by researchers to improve the quality of the Sentinel-1 DEM. Keywords: Digital Elvation Model (DEM), Sentinel-1 Image, InSAR, Stream Extraction, Remote Sensing, Taftan Introduction Stream network is an important feature for hydrological modeling, geomorphological analysis of the landscape, and many other applications. Recently, Digital Elevation Models (DEM) have emerged as a powerful tool for assessing landscape deformation via time, place, and especially stream network analysis, which itself requires a DEM of high spatial resolution. In Iran, due to the lack of DEMs with high spatial resolutions, more digitized topographic maps are used, which are time-consuming to scan. With recent advances in optical and radar remote sensing, these limitations can be partially overcome and various methods can be used to produce DEMs. The main advantage of using radar data compared to other methods is that these types of satellites can capture images of the regions in any weather conditions and even during day and night. This can be an acceptable method for producing DEMs with high spatial resolutions in different spatial and temporal conditions. One of the most important and common methods of producing the DEMs of radar data is using InSAR technique, which considers the phase difference between two radar images to produce DEMs. So far, few studies have been conducted to produce a DEM with high spatial resolution and finally accurately extract waterway networks in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to generate a DEM between Sentinel-1 images by using InSAR and evaluating it with the ALOS-PALSAR DEM. Finally, using the sentinel-1, ALOS, TanDemX, and SRTM DEMs, the stream networks could be extracted in the study area. Materials and Methods In this study, two images of Sentinel-1 with the time difference of about 12 days and baseline of 161 were used by InSAR to produce a DEM. The D8 algorithm was used to extract the stream networks from the DEMs of ALOS-1, SRTM-1arc, TanDemX, and Sentinel-1 in the study area. Research findings The DEM produced by Sentinel-1 had a correlation of 0.99 with the base-altitude digital model (ALOS), but the standard deviation between these two data was 31 m despite the obtained positive result. The DEMs of Sentinel-1 and ALOS-1 were both able to extract 9 rates of stream networks, but the DEMs of SRTM and TanDEMX were both able to extract 7 and 6 stream networks, respectively. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Analysis of the results obtained from the compatibility of the DEMs of Sentinel-1 and ALOS-1 showed that the high correlation between these two data could confirm extractions of the stream networks, which exactly resulted in the same extraction of the stream rate. On the other hand, SRTM and TanDemX satellites both had relatively similar results, but the reason for not extracting a rate with TanDemX compared to SRTM was the different spatial resolutions between the two satellites. بررسی مورفومتری یک حوضۀ آبخیز نقش بسیار مهمی در ساختار زمین دارد. روش‌های سنجش از دور ابزار مناسبی برای بررسی و استخراج شبکۀ آبراهه به ‌شمار می‌آیند. یکی از روش‌های رایج برای استخراج شبکۀ آبراهه و بررسی مورفومتری حوضۀ آبخیز بهره‌گیری از مدل‌های رقومی ارتفاعی با قدرت تفکیک مکانی زیاد است. هدف از این پژوهش، استخراج شبکۀ آبراهه با استفاده از مدل‌های رقومی با قدرت تفکیک مکانی زیاد مانند آلوس و سنتینل -1 و مدل‌های رقومی با قدرت تفکیک مکانی متوسط مانند اس آر تی ام و تان دم ایکس است. به‌منظور تهیۀ مدل رقومی ارتفاعی سنتینل -1 از روش تداخل‌سنجی راداری استفاده شد. درنهایت، برای اعتبارسنجی دقت این مدل رقومی ارتفاعی از آلوس استفاده شد. نتایج نشان‌دهندۀ آن است که مدل رقومی ارتفاعی تهیه‌شده از سنتینل -1 با دادۀ مرجع در این پژوهش (آلوس) دارای همبستگی حدود 99/0 که نشان‌دهندۀ قابلیت زیاد این مدل رقومی ارتفاعی در استخراج شبکۀ آبراهه است. نتایج استخراج آبراهه حاکی از آن است که دو مدل رقومی ارتفاعی با قدرت تفکیک مکانی زیاد سنتینل -1 و آلوس هرکدام تعداد 9 شبکۀ آبراهه را استخراج کردند؛ در حالی که مدل‌های رقومی با قدرت تفکیک مکانی متوسط اس آر تی ام و تان دم ایکس به‌ترتیب توانستند فقط 7 و 6 شبکۀ آبراهه را استخراج کنند. بررسی‌ها در این پژوهش نشان‌دهندۀ آن است که برای بهبود کیفیت مدل رقومی ارتفاعی سنتینل -1 باید پارامترهای خط مبنا و همچنین اختلاف زمانی بین دو تصویر قدیم و جدید در تداخل‌سنجی راداری بسیار موردتوجه پژوهشگران قرار گیرد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_27809_f1bc8b81498421ece30d5255ecb06636.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 35 2 2024 06 21 Crop Mapping from Landsat-8 Images Time Series Using Machine-Learning Methods (Case Study: Marvdasht in Fars Province) تهیۀ نقشۀ نوع محصول کشاورزی از سری زمانی تصاویر لندست-8 با استفاده از روش‌های یادگیری ماشین (مطالعۀ موردی: مرودشت استان فارس) 45 66 28115 10.22108/gep.2024.138615.1601 FA ایمان خسروی استادیار گروه مهندسی نقشه‌برداری، دانشکدۀ مهندسی عمران و حمل‌و‌نقل، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2023 08 06 Abstract One of the key priorities of the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad is the mapping of croplands to estimate crop acreage and annual yield. In recent decades, remote sensing technology has proven to be highly effective in estimating the extent of crop cultivation through the use of timely images and synchronized data with diverse spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions, leveraging advanced machine-learning algorithms. This study presented a framework for crop mapping in Marvdasht, Fars Province, by utilizing time series of Landsat-8 satellite images and advanced machine-learning algorithms. The employed algorithms included Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Rotation Forest (RoF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) analysis. The results indicated that the dynamic time warping and random forest methods outperformed others, achieving significantly higher accuracy (with an overall accuracy improvement of 10-12%) in generating the agricultural land-use map of the study area. Furthermore, this research demonstrated the effectiveness of Bands 2-5 of Landsat-8 satellite in confidently identifying all crops in this region using the mentioned methods. Keywords: Crop Mapping, Crop Acreage Estimation, Landsat-8 Satellite, Machine Learning, Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), Remote Sensing. Introduction One of the key priorities of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad and the related organizations is to create a cropland map for estimating crop area and annual yield of strategic products. This study aimed to establish a framework based on classification algorithms using time series of Landsat-8 satellite images to estimate the crop acreage of agricultural products. The study area was the city of Marvdasht in Fars Province, which boasted a relatively diverse range of agricultural crop types. In addition to the main satellite bands, the NDVI time series was also utilized for collecting the data in this research. Various classification methods, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Rotation Forest (RoF), were compared with the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) method as well. Furthermore, a reliable cropland map of the study area was prepared by using each method. Methodology In this study, a rule-based framework utilizing well-known classifiers, such as DT, RF, RoF, SVM, and DTW methods, was proposed by using an 8-day time series of Landsat-8 satellite images and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the region. The proposed framework consisted of two fundamental steps: Firstly, non-agricultural areas, including urban areas, water bodies, and mountainous regions, were masked in the region by using several rules. Subsequently, the agricultural fields were classified. To mask urban areas, the Standard Deviation (SD) of the time series of the NDVI index was employed. For identifying water bodies, a simple thresholding method was used based on the negative NDVI values. Additionally, the DEM of the region was utilized to mask highland areas. Finally, the pixels belonging to agricultural areas were classified by using the five algorithms, i.e., DT, RF, RoF, SVM, and DTW. Research Findings Using only the NDVI index, the methods achieved an overall accuracy between 81% and 86% (Kappa coefficient of 0.78-0.83). Notably, the RF and DTW methods exhibited the highest overall accuracy. The resulting SD also indicated the high stability of these two methods compared to the others. Conversely, the RoF method demonstrated the lowest accuracy, while the DT method proved to be less stable than all the other methods. The SVM method, exhibited similar inefficiency and low reliability in identifying summer crops and tomato products as the RoF method although it achieved relatively a good overall accuracy and kappa coefficient. In contrast, the RF and DTW methods were able to distinguish tomato products with relatively good accuracy, but they did not perform well in detecting summer crops. It appeared that regardless of the classification method, relying solely on the NDVI index was insufficient for vegetation identification. Another important observation was that none of these methods achieved the standard accuracy of 85% for identifying products in the study area. Even the RF and DTW methods, which exhibited higher F-score values in most classes compared to the other methods, could not meet this standard accuracy for most classes, including sugar beet, wheat, corn, summer crops, and tomatoes. Therefore, it could be concluded that relying solely on the NDVI index might not be effective for classifying the agricultural croplands of this region. When the time series of the spectral bands were used in conjunction with the NDVI index time series, the overall accuracy of all the methods improved from 88% to 96% (a 6-12% increase in accuracy). The highest increase in accuracy was 12% and 10% for the DTW and RF methods, respectively. Additionally, these two methods exhibited greater stability compared to the other methods. The inclusion of spectral bands even provided additional assistance to the DT, RoF, and SVM methods in identifying certain crops, such as summer crops and tomatoes, which had been challenging to identify in the previous stage. Another noteworthy point was that, with the addition of spectral bands, the standard accuracy of 85% was ultimately achieved for all crop types in the city of Marvdasht by the two methods of DTW and RF. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This article explored the creation of a cropland map for the agricultural fields of Marvdasht City in Fars Province during the 2014-15 crop year using remote sensing images. An 8-day time series of the spectral bands of 2 to 5 and the NDVI index of Landsat-8 satellite images were employed. This case study encompassed a wide variety of crops, including alfalfa, barley, wheat, corn, sugar beet, tomato, rice, and summer crops. The classification methods utilized in this study comprised Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Rotation Forest (RoF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithms. The implementation of these methods in the mentioned area led to the following conclusions: The DTW and RF methods proved to be more effective than the other methods in identifying agricultural crop types in the study area. Conversely, the DT and RoF methods exhibited subpar performance. The overall low accuracy and inability to identify certain products, such as tomatoes and summer crops, by relying solely on the NDVI index, raised doubts about the efficacy of this method in this region. On the other hand, the DTW method as a novel approach demonstrated excellent efficiency in identifying the agricultural crop types in this region. In summary, this article underscored that, relying solely on the NDVI index for creating a reliable and effective cropland map in Marvdasht was insufficient and it was imperative to incorporate additional features, such as spectral bands, to achieve high accuracy in crop mapping. چکیده یکی از اولویت‌های مهم وزارت جهاد کشاورزی، تهیۀ نقشۀ نوع محصول کشاورزی برای تخمین میزان سطح زیرکشت محصولات استراتژیک و برآورد سالیانۀ میزان تولید آنهاست. در دهه‌های اخیر، فناوری سنجش از دور به‌دلیل تهیۀ تصاویر و داده‌های به‌هنگام با تفکیک‌پذیری‌های متنوع مکانی، زمانی و طیفی و با بهره‌گیری از الگوریتم‌های یادگیری ماشین بهبودیافته در تخمین میزان سطح زیرکشت محصولات کارایی زیادی را نشان داده است. در پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از سری زمانی تصاویر ماهوارۀ لندست-8 و الگوریتم‌های یادگیری ماشین پیشرفته یک چهارچوب تهیۀ نقشۀ نوع محصول کشاورزی مرودشت استان فارس ارائه شد. الگوریتم‌های به‌ کار گرفته ‌شده شامل الگوریتم درخت تصمیم، جنگل تصادفی، جنگل دورانی، ماشین‌‌ بردار پشتیبان و آنالیز انحراف زمانی پویا بود. نتایج نشان داد که روش‌های آنالیز انحراف زمانی پویا و جنگل تصادفی نسبت به روش‌های دیگر کارایی بسیار بیشتری (با افزایش دقت کلی به میزان 10% تا 12% بیشتر) در تهیۀ نقشۀ نوع محصول کشاورزی منطقۀ مطالعه‌شده داشتند. همچنین، در این پژوهش قابلیت باندهای 2 تا 5 ماهوارۀ لندست-8 در شناسایی کارا و مطمئن همۀ محصولات این منطقه با استفاده از روش‌های مذکور اثبات شد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_28115_87da73276d1203371b395075cbb9f7f3.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 35 2 2024 06 21 Structural Analysis of Rural Management in the Framework of Good Governance in the Villages of Ardabil County with a Future Research Approach تحلیل ساختاری مدیریت روستایی در چهارچوب حکمرانی خوب در روستاهای شهرستان اردبیل با رویکرد آینده‌پژوهی 67 86 28180 10.22108/gep.2024.138006.1591 FA بهرام ایمانی دانشیار، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران جواد معدنی استادیار، گروه مدیریت دولتی و گردشگری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران رامین نصرتی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران Journal Article 2023 06 18 Abstract Given the rapid pace of change we currently experience, adopting a sound approach to rural governance can lay the foundation for creating sustainable and inclusive communities. This study aimed to identify the key drivers and effective strategies for enhancing the performance of good governance indicators in rural management within Ardabil Province. Applying a future-oriented research approach, the study followed an applied and mixed research method, employing a sequential exploratory approach. In the initial phase, the qualitative Delphi method was used, involving a survey of experts (comprising 28 individuals) associated with the research topic. This phase extracted the factors and variables that contributed to good rural governance. Subsequently, the scenario planning method was applied, utilizing the weight approach in consultation with experts. The software tool of MICMAC was employed to identify the driving factors, while the Scenario Wizard software was used to analyze future scenarios. Initially, 12 key factors were identified, which were later consolidated into 10 factors due to overlap. A total of 26 potential situations were considered for these key factors. The software generated 902 scenarios, of which 16 were deemed valid with 3 scenarios demonstrating high compatibility. The results obtained highlighted the system's instability with the most significant impact attributed to the transparency index, central justice, and accountability. The decision-making influence exerted by influential groups in rural management created a critical situation across all three scenarios, emphasizing the crucial role of public oversight and participation of villagers in advancing the goals of good rural governance. Keywords: Rural Management, Good Governance, Futurology, Ardabil Province. Introduction Rural management plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable rural development by organizing institutions and guiding the rural environment and society. Given the existence of social and economic relationships, establishment of effective management organizations in rural areas is essential. In light of the limited resources, challenges, and issues faced by rural communities, strong and integrated village management becomes even more critical for rural development. Such management should foster creativity, encourage active participation, and promote a comprehensive understanding of development. The concept of good governance first introduced in the field of economics in 1979 now encompasses the principles of exercising power in a manner that facilitates sustainable development. Good rural governance as a human-driven construct empowers rural communities to achieve their development goals through effective management. It involves the responsible regulation of public affairs, compliance with legal and legitimate requirements, and establishment of a government that aligns with both individual and collective social values. To expand the application of good rural governance, it is imperative to organize people and rural communities into civil organizations, forming small social networks that leverage their abilities, talents, and creativity. Such approaches are essential for sustainable rural development, which relies on capacity-building, empowerment, and networking mechanisms, such as institutional capital. Effective rural management necessitates the adoption of new managerial and institutional models and approaches. One such model is good governance, which emphasizes participation, performance, transparency, accountability, responsibility, legality, consensus, efficiency, justice, and effectiveness. Ardabil City not only faces the aforementioned challenges, but also grapples with inadequate conditions in terms of good governance dimensions and criteria, weak development management, lack of effective non-governmental organizations, low levels of public participation in local management, and relatively low indicators. Against the backdrop of the complexities and uncertainties of the present era, this research aimed to identify the key drivers that enhance the performance of good governance indicators in rural management using a future-oriented research approach. Materials & Methods This study adopted an applied research design with a mixed method, aligning with the principles of futurology. A sequential exploratory approach was employed to examine the current state of rural management within the framework of good governance, encompassing an analysis of the past and present to inform future projections. In the initial phase, the qualitative Delphi method was utilized, drawing insights from various scholarly sources to finalize the indicators of good governance in rural management. Subsequently, the quantitative method of scenario planning was employed to identify the primary drivers. Both library research and fieldwork were conducted to gather data for this study. A questionnaire served as the data collection tool, incorporating open-ended questions to ascertain the research variables and closed-ended questions to assign weights to the variables for the analysis of key drivers. The target population for this study comprised experts, specialists, and officials in relevant fields, such as geography and rural planning, geography and urban planning, political geography, public administration, organizational management, and sociology. A sample of 28 qualified individuals was selected using non-probability sampling methods in Ardabil Province in 2019. Research Findings This study aimed to analyze the most significant determinants and influencing factors in enhancing the state of good rural governance in Ardabil City. The research identified 12 key factors, which were subsequently merged into 10 factors due to their similarity. These factors encompassed influential variables, risk variables, and regulatory variables, all crucial in determining the state of good rural governance. To explore potential future scenarios, 26 different situations were considered for Ardabil City. Among these scenarios, 12 were favorable, 5 were static, and 9 were critical. A questionnaire in the form of a matrix of mutual effects was designed and administered to experts to gauge their perspectives. From this extensive set of potential situations, a total of 51,378 combined scenarios were extracted, covering the entire range of possible future scenarios for good rural governance in Ardabil City. Using Scenario Wizard software, 9,020 scenarios were generated, of which 16 were deemed valid and 3 exhibited a high level of compatibility. Among the three scenarios with high compatibility, the first and second scenarios presented favorable conditions with 9 favorable and 1 critical sub-scenarios. The third scenario, however, depicted critical conditions with 9 critical and 1 static sub-scenarios. From the examination of 32 variables across 8 indicators of participation, accountability, legality, central justice, transparency, collective agreement, efficiency, and effectiveness, the influential and key factors were identified. Among the variables investigated, 12 variables exhibited scores higher than the average and were thus selected as the influential and key factors for improving the state of good rural governance in Ardabil City. Notably, the transparency index, central justice, and accountability were found to exert the greatest impact based on the obtained results. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Currently, good rural governance stands as a critical approach in the realm of rural management. Given the rapid pace of changes we are currently experiencing, this approach holds the potential to create sustainable and livable settlements for all as evidenced by its indicators. Among the key factors examined, the complete implementation of conflict of interests emerged as the most compatible and influential aspect. This finding underscored the need to strengthen favorable situations and mitigate critical ones to improve the state of good rural governance in Ardabil City. Additionally, the second category highlighted the importance of involving village residents in decision-making and development planning processes. This aspect emerged as a significant factor that could either bolster or weaken good rural governance in Ardabil City. Transparency, in particular, served as a catalyst for the interconnectedness of other key factors and drivers. These elements formed a networked flow where the implementation of one factor impacted the implementation of others, influencing and shaping their outcomes. This category emphasized the crucial nature of transparency in the villages of Ardabil City, necessitating careful consideration and attention. با‌توجه به سرعت تغییرات فعلی در دنیا که در‌حال حاضر با آن مواجه هستیم، رویکرد حکمرانی خوب روستایی می‌تواند زمینۀ ایجاد یک سکونتگاه قابل زیست را برای همگان فراهم آورد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر شناسایی پیشران‌های کلیدی و مؤثر در بهبود وضعیت عملکرد شاخص‌های حکمرانی خوب در مدیریت روستایی استان اردبیل با استفاده از رویکرد آینده‌پژوهی است. این پژوهش کاربردی و روش آن ترکیبی است که در آن با استفاده از رویکرد متوالی اکتشافی موضوع بررسی شده است. در فاز اول پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش کیفی دلفی و نظرسنجی از کارشناسان مرتبط با موضوع بررسی‌شده (شامل 28 نفر)، عوامل و متغیرهای دخیل در امر حکمرانی خوب روستایی استخراج و در فاز دوم عوامل پیشران با استفاده از روش برنامه‌ریزی سناریو و نیز با استفاده از رویکرد وزن‌دهی و براساس نظر کارشناسان در نرم‌افزار MicMac مشخص و درنهایت، سناریوهای پیش‌رو با استفاده از نرم‌افزار ScenarioWizard بررسی شد. در این پژوهش 12 عامل کلیدی شناسایی شد که باتوجه به شباهت آنها به یکدیگر آن عوامل در 10 عامل ادغام و تعداد 26 وضعیت احتمالی برای عوامل کلیدی در‌نظر گرفته شد. سناریوهای ارائه‌شده در نرم‌افزار Scenario Wizard 902 سناریو بود که از این تعداد 16 سناریو معتبر بود و 3 سناریو سازگاری زیاد داشت. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده در این پژوهش ناپایداری سیستم را نشان می‌دهد که باتوجه به این نتایج بیشترین میزان اثرگذاری مربوط به شاخص شفافیت، عدالت‌محوری و پاسخگویی است. تأثیر گروه‌های صاحب‌نفوذ در تصمیم‌گیری‌های مربوط به مدیریت روستایی در هر سه سناریو وضعیت بحرانی ایجاد می‌کند. درنهایت، نظارت مردمی و مداخلۀ روستاییان در مدیریت روستا نقش اساسی در پیشبرد هدف‌های حکمرانی خوب روستایی دارد.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_28180_8164131c61411f28c239e1fabf73853e.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 35 2 2024 06 21 Optimizing the Crop Cultivation Pattern of Sahne Township Based on Limited Water Resources بهینه‌سازی الگوی کشت محصولات زراعی شهرستان صحنه بر‌اساس محدودیت منابع 87 114 28311 10.22108/gep.2024.138492.1598 FA آزاده اعظمی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد توسعۀ روستایی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران علی اصغر میرک زاده دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران آرش آذری دانشیار گروه مهندسی منابع آب، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0002-9643-3331 Journal Article 2023 08 21 Abstract The increasing demand for limited resources, especially water resources, is one of the most fundamental problems of the agricultural sector. The excessive extraction of water resources, especially underground water resources, has caused the level of underground water resources to decrease. In this regard, planning for the optimal use of these limited resources, taking into account the conflicting goals of increasing profit, increasing performance, and environmental goals, including reducing the consumption of water, fertilizers, and chemical poisons seems necessary. It should be noted that decision-making in such conditions is associated with many complications. The present study aims at optimizing the production of agricultural products by simultaneously considering the goals of profit maximization, yield increase, and minimization of water, fertilizer, and chemical pesticide consumption by using the fuzzy goal programming in the Sanheh Plain for 7 products including wheat, sugar beet, alfalfa, coriander, sunflower, grain corn, and rice. Exploitation of deep and semi-deep wells of this plain was selected as the statistical population of the study. The results show that in the optimal model in the final scenario, in addition to the fact that the cultivated area is in a good condition and less than the existing condition, the economic benefit environmental goals and increased yield have also been provided. As a result, it is suggested that to obtain better results in the studied society, the current situation should be gradually improved and the model should be updated to ensure the expected results according to the existing conditions. Keywords: Agricultural Development, Optimization, Multi-criteria Decision Making, Fuzzy Goal, Resource limitation, Programming. Introduction Due to agricultural activities that depend heavily on water resources, a shortage of water poses a significant challenge to maintaining income-generating production activities and making efficient use of resources, necessitating the use of a complementary water source (Muditha Perera, 2009). A thorough analysis of Iran's water resource situation reveals significant issues. The country’s water situation has gotten to a critical point due to frequent droughts and excessive surface and subsurface water harvesting (Madani et al., 2016). This has led to the country moving toward the escalation of long-term water tensions. Furthermore, there should be a rise in the number of forbidden plains, which hold over 95% of the nation's subsurface water potential (Ministry of Energy, 2019). However, under the current agricultural system, farmers view maximizing profit as their primary objective and constantly raise input costs to increase profit. An imbalance between agriculture and the environment has resulted from excessive use, which has lowered agricultural product quality standards and even contaminated the environment (Suying, 2017). All of the plains in the agricultural hub province of Kermanshah are in poor condition. The 3% decrease in rainfall over the same long-term period has also led to an increase in the amount of subsurface water resources being extracted. This sum suggests a nine percent reduction in the Sahneh Plain (Regional Water Company of Kermanshah Province, 2023). We see the cultivation of water-intensive crops like rice, the use of traditional irrigation methods, the illegal drilling of wells and the deepening of underground wells, the negligent harvesting of these resources, and the negligent application of chemical fertilizers despite these issues. The result of the country’s trustees for water resources’ efforts to protect and replenish existing resources and use water as efficiently as possible has been undermined by the pursuit of economic profit maximization, despite the deplorable state of the environment and water resources, which farmers are concerned about. In such a situation, implementing tactics to maximize product output while maximizing the utilization of available resources can be considered a suitable course of action. Materials and Methods This applied research was carried out using the survey method. For the data analysis, descriptive-analytical data processing was employed. In order to maximize profit, increase yield, and minimize the use of water, chemical fertilizers, and chemical poisons in the Sahneh Plain, this research was conducted to optimize agricultural product production. Users of deep and semi-deep wells (421 users) comprised the investigated community. The Cochran formula, which has 201 users, was used to calculate the sample size. The Agricultural Organization, the Regional Water Organization of Kermanshah Province, the Water Resources Management of Iran, and the Statistics Organization were used to gather secondary data. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to gather the necessary data for the field section. After collecting the data according to the scenarios, the information related to the decision variables for each decision variable is extracted separately and replaced in the objective function. To verify the intended scenarios, a fuzzy goal-planning technique was employed. Research Findings Seven irrigated crops with the greatest area under cultivation have been studied as decision factors in this study: Wheat, sugar beet, coriander, sunflower, alfalfa, grain corn, and rice are some of these products. Results of the first objective: profit maximization This scenario defines 7 decision variables, 1 fuzzy constraint, and 45 definite constraints in total. The model's results indicate that, if maximizing profit is the sole objective, then cultivating wheat, sugar beet, and alfalfa crops, which yield the highest scenario profit, should be taken into consideration. The results of the second objective: increasing performance In this scenario, a total of 45 definite constraints, 2 fuzzy constraints, and 7 decision variables are defined. The most optimal possible state, in which the sum of deviations in the objective function is zero, is an increase of 77.7% in the area under wheat cultivation and 34.52% in the area under sugar beet cultivation. In the above scenario, increasing the yield of two crops, wheat and sugar beet, is more strategically important. Therefore, it is possible to use the above function in situations where only increasing performance is of interest. The results of the third objective: minimizing the consumption of water, fertilizers, and chemical poisons In this scenario, a total of 45 deterministic constraints, 3 fuzzy constraints, and 7 decision variables are defined. In this function, three ideas of minimizing the consumption of water, fertilizer, and chemical poisons are simultaneously included in the model. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the goal of minimizing the consumption of water, fertilizer, and chemical toxins will be achieved by considering the cultivation of crops such as sunflower, coriander, and wheat. In addition, the production of crops such as rice and alfalfa should be avoided. The results of the fourth objective: Optimizing the production of agricultural products by simultaneously considering the goals of maximizing profit-increasing yield and minimizing the consumption of water, fertilizers, and chemical pesticides In this scenario, a total of 45 definite constraints, 6 fuzzy constraints, and 7 decision variables are defined. The above goal seeks to cover as many beneficiaries as possible. The results obtained from the analysis of the obtained model show that the highest rate of achieving the result is related to the sunflower crop. Therefore, the cultivation of the above crop can provide favorable economic benefits for farmers. In addition, from an environmental point of view, it has met the goal of minimizing the use of fertilizers and chemical poisons due to the use of less water and less use of fertilizers and chemical poisons than other products. In general, to achieve the above goal, the cultivation of crops such as sunflower, sugar beet, and alfalfa should be on the agenda, and on the other hand, corn cultivation, which has the lowest rate of achieving the goal, should be avoided. Water Consumption Examining the amount of water consumption in all the investigated scenarios shows a reduction in consumption compared to the current situation. In the high-level profit maximization scenario allocated to the alfalfa product, which is caused by the high economic value of this product, it has caused the lowest amount of water reduction compared to the existing situation. In the second scenario, however, due to the consideration of two crops, wheat and sugar beet, and not considering other crops in the water consumption model, it may be placed in the lowest state compared to other scenarios. In the third scenario, based on the aim of minimizing the consumption of water, fertilizers, and chemical pesticides, the cultivation of sunflower, coriander, and wheat should be considered. On the other hand, crops such as rice and corn should be avoided. In the fourth goal, the three goals of profit maximization, efficiency increase, and minimization of water, chemical fertilizer, and chemical poison consumption are taken into consideration at the same time. In the above function, the amount of water consumption has decreased significantly compared to the existing conditions, which can be caused by the decrease in the area under rice cultivation. In general, the obtained results show that if the optimized model is used, the amount of water consumption will decrease by 1023/15compared to the existing state Discussion of Results and Conclusions It is necessary to employ strategies that enable the simultaneous consideration of these competing objectives in order to arrive at this model. As the seven crops with the largest cultivated area in the community under study (i.e. wheat, sugar beet, alfalfa, coriander, sunflower, seed corn, and rice), the present study was conducted to maximize crop productivity in the Sahneh Plain. Farmers' cultivation practices are not optimal, according to a comparison of the results from the optimized proposed model regarding all of the study area's limitations. Optimizing this model appears to be essential for providing farmers with the expected profit while also allocating scarce resources in the best possible way. The suggested model has accomplished all the intended objectives of raising profit, yield, and decreasing water, fertilizer, and chemical toxicity. The model's optimization results demonstrate that, despite a rise in profit, the above model's application has resulted in a notable reduction in water consumption. It recommended taking action to encourage farmers to use this model by putting in place support programs and policies from the government and pertinent institutions, as a new model might be difficult for the society to accept. رشد روز‌افزون تقاضا برای منابع محدود به‌ویژه منابع آب یکی از اساسی‌ترین مسائل بخش کشاورزی است به طوری که برداشت بی‌رویه از منابع آبی به‌ویژه منابع آب زیرزمینی سبب کاهش سطح منابع آب زیرزمینی شده است. در همین راستا، برنامه‌ریزی در راستای استفادۀ بهینه از این منابع محدود با در نظر گرفتن هدف‌های متضاد ضروری است؛ بنابراین باید توجه داشت که تصمیم‌گیری در چنین شرایطی با پیچیدگی‌های بسیاری همراه است. در پژوهش حاضر بهینه‌سازی تولید محصولات زراعی با در نظر گرفتن همزمان تولید آرمان‌های حداکثرسازی سود، افزایش عملکرد و کمینه‌سازی مصرف آب، کود و سموم شیمیایی با استفاده از روش برنامه‌ریزی آرمانی فازی در دشت صحنه برای 7 محصول گندم، چغندر‌قند، یونجه، گشنیز، آفتابگردان، ذرت دانه‌ای و برنج بررسی می‌شود. بهرهبرداران از چاه‌های عمیق و نیمه‌عمیق این دشت به‌عنوان جامعۀ آماری مطالعه‌شده انتخاب شد. مقایسۀ الگوی کشت موجود و سطح تولید بهینه‌شده، بهینه‌نبودن وضعیت موجود به‌ویژه در بُعد زیست‌محیطی را نشان می‌دهد؛ به‌گونه‌ای که میزان مصرف آب در بالاترین حد از وضعیت موجود در دشت صحنه قرار دارد. این موضوع اقتصادی‌بودن سیستم کشت موجود را تأیید می‌کند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد در مدل بهینۀ سناریوی نهایی بررسی‌شده علاوه‌بر آنکه سطح کشت در وضعیت مناسب و کمتر از وضعیت موجود قرار دارد، سود اقتصادی، هدف‌های زیست‌محیطی و افزایش عملکرد نیز تأمین شده است؛ در‌نتیجه پیشنهاد می‌شود که برای حصول نتایج بهتر در جامعۀ مطالعه‌شده به‌تدریج به اصلاح وضعیت موجود اقدام و سپس برای اطمینان از بروز نتایج مورد انتظار با‌‌توجه به شرایط موجود، مدل بهینه به‌‌ روز رسانی شود.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_28311_631631688ad05451cf8c3218e9bf4524.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 35 2 2024 06 21 Analyzing the Effects of Land Reforms on the Rural Social Structure: A Case Study of Shian Village, Kermanshah Province, Iran واکاوی تأثیرات اصلاحات ارضی بر ساختار اجتماعی روستایی (مورد مطالعه: روستای قلعه‌ شیان، استان کرمانشاه) 140 115 28338 10.22108/gep.2024.138609.1600 FA نصرت عزیزی دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد توسعۀ روستایی، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران فرحناز رستمی قبادی دانشیار، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران شهپر گراوندی استادیار، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران لیدا شرفی دکترای توسعۀ کشاورزی، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران Journal Article 2023 08 17 Abstract: Implementation of land reforms in Iran has brought about significant social and geographical changes in rural villages across the country. These changes have predominantly disrupted the existing social structures in these rural areas. While several studies have been conducted on this subject, few have explored the local perspective and the context-specific nature of these social structures. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of land reforms on the social structure of Qaleh Shian Village in Kermanshah Province. The research adopted a qualitative paradigm and employed a descriptive-exploratory methodology. The study population comprised individuals, who possessed a deep understanding of the village and had resided there for over 50 years, with their lands being subject to land reform laws. These individuals were selected through purposive sampling and data were collected through individual and semi-structured in-depth interviews. Content analysis was conducted for data analysis. The research findings revealed that prior to land reforms, the social structure of Qaleh Shian Village had encompassed a ruling class (consisting of landlords, sharecroppers, and overseers), independents (including landowners, independent farmers, and settlers), and followers (comprising tenant farmers, sharecroppers, day laborers, and migrants). However, after the implementation of land reforms, this classification had undergone changes, resulting in a social structure characterized by landowners (comprising large and small landowners, as well as water rights holders), followers (including agricultural laborers and settlers), and educated individuals (comprising educators, teachers, physicians, and supporters). Furthermore, the results indicated that although land reforms had mitigated social inequalities to some extent and partially fulfilled people's expectations, landlords, sharecroppers, and overseers continued to wield social status and power within the community. Based on these research findings, it is recommended that planners and policymakers give due consideration to the geographical factor in social structuring during land reforms. Keywords: Land Reforms, Social Structure, Qaleh Shian Village, Social Stratification. Introduction: The land reforms implemented in the 1940s have had a profound impact on land ownership and the social structure of rural villages in Iran, significantly influencing the lives of villagers. In rural communities, the ownership and value of land are directly linked, forming the basis of social class structure. Examination of social classes and stratification not only reveals the underlying contradictions within social relations, but also highlights the key factors influencing societal developments. While numerous studies have been conducted in recent decades on various aspects of land reform and its consequences, most have focused on the political and economic dimensions. However, only a limited number of studies have explored the social structure resulting from land reform, which plays a crucial role in societal evolution. Therefore, emphasizing this aspect is of utmost importance. Materials & Methods: This study adopted a qualitative approach with a practical purpose, utilizing a descriptive-analytical research method to investigate the impacts of land reforms on the social structure of Shian District. The participants in this study were community members, who were over 50 years old and had either directly participated in the land reform plan themselves or had their fathers benefit or suffer from the plan, thus having firsthand experience with land reform. Targeted sampling was employed to identify and select these individuals with the assistance of the village headmen and local elders, who provided guidance in identifying suitable interviewees (totaling 32 people). To gather information, in-depth individual interviews and semi-structured conversations were conducted with knowledgeable individuals and elderly farmers from the region. The interviewees were asked to share their insights on the changes in social classes, social power dynamics, and social relationships before and after the implementation of land reforms, which were then graphically represented. After each interview, the recorded materials were meticulously organized and categorized as written text, from which general concepts were extracted. The interviews were conducted over 5 sessions with an average duration of 30 to 45 minutes. Data collection for the researchers concluded when data saturation was reached, which was indicated by the repetition of information. For data analysis, both the graphical representations and transcribed interview texts were examined and analyzed by the researchers. Research Findings: Implementation of agrarian reforms had brought about significant changes and transformations in the structure of rural society. The key catalyst for this transformation was the erosion of social and political power held by the landowners (Maleks). As a result, the class structure had undergone a substantial shift, leading to the emergence of new classes and strata within the rural society. According to the research findings, land reforms had had the effect of expanding the middle class in the district under study. This middle class comprised individuals, who either did not possess agricultural land initially or owned only a small amount, but they had become property owners through land division. Some individuals within this group had acquired additional land due to their favorable relationships with landowners. Additionally, the reconfiguration of the class structure had introduced new groups and classes to the rural society, resulting in a complete overhaul of the previous social order. The educated classes previously employed by the government had begun serving in rural areas as part of knowledge and welfare initiatives following land reforms. Their contributions to improving the well-being of villagers had earned them considerable respect and popularity within the community. Discussion of Results & Conclusion: The rural peasants and simple farmers in Shian District, who relied solely on their labor before agrarian reforms, lacked expertise, capital, cultivation tools, and decision-making power. They constituted the majority of the rural population and belonged to a distinct class separate from the wealthy landowners. This class distinction had inherently led to social inequalities. Analyzing the agrarian reform program through Max Weber's perspective, which considers wealth, power, image, and social status as drivers of class conflict, revealed that land division and ownership among the farmers had improved the image and social standing of the villagers. Therefore, it could be argued that land reforms had mitigated social inequalities and reduced class conflicts in the village. Prior to land reforms, the social structure of the village had been based on traditional modes of production where cooperative farming practices had intertwined with the social and cultural aspects of the villagers' lives. These cooperative and traditional partnerships had deeply rooted in rural community customs, fostered social cohesion, and strengthened cooperation and camaraderie among the villagers. However, implementation of agrarian reforms had disrupted this structure, leading to a decline in social cohesion and a reduction in the level of intimacy, empathy, and cooperation within the society. According to the research findings, the majority of farmers perceived the implementation of agrarian reforms as necessary and viewed it positively, despite acknowledging some shortcomings in the program's execution and management. The positive effects of the reforms could not be disregarded. However, it is important to note that the impact of the program might vary across different locations, depending on environmental conditions, which could yield different outcomes and consequences. As a solution to address these inequalities, the transfer of private property and means of production from individuals to society, along with fair income distribution free from discrimination, could help equalize the situation for everyone. Therefore, it is recommended that planners and policymakers of rural development programs take into account the environmental conditions and regional capacities when designing and implementing such programs. Practical and tailored initiatives should be developed accordingly. با وقوع اصلاحات ارضی در ایران تغییرات و پیامدهای مختلف اجتماعی و جغرافیایی در روستاهای کشور به وقوع پیوست. این تغییرات باعث بر هم ریختن ساختارهای اجتماعی در منطقه‌های روستایی شد. کمتر پژوهشی را می‌توان یافت که محققان در آن با نگاه محلی ساختارهای اجتماعی را بررسی کرده باشند؛ از این رو در پژوهش حاضر سعی شده است اثر‌های اصلاحات ارضی بر ساختار اجتماعی روستای قلعه‌شیان در استان کرمانشاه مطالعه شود. برای این منظور از پارادایم کیفی و روش توصیفی-اکتشافی بهره گرفته شد. جامعۀ مطالعه‌شده مطلعان و افراد بالای 50 سال سابقۀ سکونت در روستا بودند که زمین‌های آنان مشمول قانون اصلاحات ارضی شده بود. این افراد با بهره‌گیری از نمونه‌گیری هدفمند بارز انتخاب و سپس داده‌ها با مصاحبه‌های عمیق فردی و نیمه‌ساختارمند جمع‌آوری شد. در این پژوهش برای تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل داده‌ها از تحلیل محتوا استفاده شد. طبق یافته‌های پژوهش ساختار اجتماعی روستای قلعه‌شیان تا قبل از اصلاحات ارضی به‌صورت طبقۀ حاکم (مالک، مباشر، کدخدا)، مستقل (میزان‌دار، کشاورزان مستقل و خوش‌نشین) و پیرو (میراب، جفتیار، مزور و ورزر) بود که بعد از اصلاحات ارضی، ساختار اجتماعی به‌صورت زمین‌دار (زمین‌داران بزرگ، زمین‌داران کوچک و آبخورها)، پیرو (کارگران کشاورزی و خوش‌نشینان) و تحصیلکرده‌ها (مروجان، معلمان، پزشکان و بهیاران) تغییر پیدا کرد. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد که برخلاف اینکه اصلاحات ارضی از میزان نابرابری‌های اجتماعی کاسته و تا حدی انتظارات مردم را برآورده کرده است، همچنان مالک، مباشر و کدخدا در بین مردم از منزلت و قدرت اجتماعی برخوردار هستند. با‌توجه به یافته‌های این پژوهش به برنامه‌ریزان و سیاست‌مداران توصیه می‌شود در جریان اصلاحات ارضی به عامل جغرافیایی در ساختاربندی اجتماعی توجه جدّی داشته باشند.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_28338_8503d622a7a320759ccf4cde65a889d8.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 35 2 2024 06 21 Analyzing the Adverse Impact of Inadequate Administrative Divisions on Natural Ecosystem Degradation: A Case Study of the Bakhtegan-Tashk Basin تحلیل الگوی نامناسب تقسیمات کشوری بر تخریب اکوسیستم‌های طبیعی (مطالعۀ موردی: حوضۀ آبریز بختگان و طشک) 141 168 28152 10.22108/gep.2024.139115.1609 FA زهرا احمدی پور استاد جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران حسن جعفرزاده دکترای جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران حسن بهنام مرشدی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2023 09 26 Abstract: Organization and management of political space through administrative divisions play a crucial role in effectively managing natural territories and their interconnected ecosystems. Failure to align political-administrative boundaries with the natural characteristics of regions, particularly the borders and boundaries of basins, poses a significant threat to ecosystem connectivity. In this study, by employing a descriptive-analytical approach and drawing on library sources, we examined the impacts of political organization of space, specifically national divisions and their changes, on the ecosystem of the Bakhtegan Lake and Tashk Basin. As the second-largest lake in the country, this basin served as a critical case study. The research findings revealed that frequent and arbitrary changes in the country's administrative divisions, particularly the creation of new units and cities in the upstream areas of the basin, had resulted in an increase in political-administrative territories, predominance of a sectoral development approach at the basin level, proliferation of local actors, passage of water currents across multiple political-administrative territories, escalation of hydropolitical tensions, hindrance of integrated basin management, loss of natural homogeneity, and failure to align the basin's natural borders with political-administrative borders. Consequently, this trend had facilitated the unrestrained exploitation of water resources in the upstream territories, disregarding environmental and ecosystem linkages with the lake and ultimately leading to its depletion. Keywords: Basin, Administrative Divisions, Ecosystem, Kor and Sivand Rivers, Water Tension, Bakhtegan and Tashk Lakes. Introduction Recent studies have revealed that Fars Province has experienced the highest rate of changes in terms of national divisions and establishment of political-administrative units compared to other provinces in the country. These transformations have primarily occurred within the Bakhtegan-Tashk Basin. Given the significant implications of changes in national divisions on the local and regional ecosystems, this research aimed to investigate the developments in country divisions within the mentioned basin over the past few decades. Additionally, the study analyzed the impact of these changes on the ecosystem of the Bakhtegan and Tashk lakes. Materials & Methods This study adopted a practical research approach with the intention of providing valuable insights for planners and decision-makers. In terms of its qualitative nature and methodology, it was characterized as a descriptive-analytical research study. The primary objective was to examine the impacts of the pattern of country divisions and its associated changes on the Bakhtegan-Tashk Basin. Research Findings Based on the calculations derived from the provided table, the Bakhtegan-Tashk Basin encompassed 18 cities, 36 districts, and 81 villages. Additionally, the basin was home to approximately 2,400,000 individuals out of the total population of Fars Province in 2015, which stood at 4,851,274. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study indicated several key factors that significantly impacted the Bakhtegan-Tashk Basin. The unregulated and haphazard expansions of divisional levels and components within the basin, along with the misalignment of political-administrative boundaries with the basin's natural boundaries, had had adverse consequences. Adoption of sectoral policies at the political-administrative level without considering the ecosystem linkages of the basin had further exacerbated the situation. This had led to intensified competition, hydropolitical tensions, and conflicts at the basin level, hindering the implementation of integrated basin management strategies. Environmental considerations had been largely overlooked, resulting in the obstruction and diversion of natural water flow in the upstream areas, excessive water extraction, environmental pollution, and disruptions in the natural drainage process of Bakhtegan and Tashk lakes. These findings highlighted the urgent need for comprehensive and coordinated measures to address these challenges and ensure sustainable management of the basin's resources. چگونگی مدیریت و سازماندهی سیاسی فضا در قالب تقسیمات کشوری نقش مهمی در مدیریت قلمروهای طبیعی و پیوندهای اکوسیستمی آنها دارد. تطبیق‌نداشتن مرزبندی‌های سیاسی–اداری با عوارض طبیعی منطقه‌ها به‌ویژه مرزها و محدوده‌های حوضه‌های آبریز یکی از عوامل مهم تهدید پیوندهای اکوسیستمی منطقه‌هاست. با‌توجه به این امر در پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش توصیفی–تحلیلی و با تکیه بر منابع کتابخانه‌ای تأثیرات چگونگی سازماندهی سیاسی فضا در قالب تقسیمات کشوری و تغییرات آن بر اکوسیستم حوضۀ آبریز دریاچۀ بختگان و طشک به‌عنوان دومین دریاچۀ بزرگ کشور بررسی شده است. نتایج نشان داد که تغییرات مکرر و غیر‌اصولی تقسیمات کشوری در قالب ایجاد واحدها و شهرستان‌های جدید به‌ویژه در منطقه‌های بالادستی حوضه باعث افزایش تعداد قلمروهای سیاسی–اداری، حاکم‌شدن رویکرد توسعه‌بخشی در‌سطح حوضه، افزایش بازیگران محلی، عبور جریان‌های آبی از قلمروهای سیاسی-اداری متعدّد، گسترش تنش‌های هیدروپلیتیکی، امکان‌پذیر‌نبودن مدیریت یکپارچۀ حوضه، از بین رفتن همگنی‌های طبیعی و تطبیق‌نداشتن مرزهای طبیعی حوضه با مرزهای سیاسی-اداری شده که چنین شرایطی در گسترش بهره‌برداری از منابع آبی در‌سطح قلمروهای بالادستی حوضه بدون توجه به پیوندهای زیست‌محیطی و اکوسیستمی آن با دریاچۀ مطالعه‌شده و در‌نتیجه خشک‌شدن آن مؤثر بوده است.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_28152_2701ee0e7cb2d3e463c03afae684a30d.pdf