University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 36 1 2025 03 21 Vulnerability Zoning of Abdanan County against Earthquake Risk Vulnerability Zoning of Abdanan County against Earthquake Risk 1 22 29417 10.22108/gep.2025.143524.1690 FA Mousa Abedini Professor. in Geomorphology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Aَghayary Leila Ph.D. in Geomorphology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Elnaz Piroozi Assistant professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2024 12 01 Abstract Earthquakes are among the most devastating natural disasters, causing significant damage to human society. Therefore, assessing seismic vulnerability and developing strategies to mitigate this risk are critical issues today. Abdanan County located in southern Ilam Province is particularly susceptible to earthquakes due to numerous fault lines, a history of destructive seismic events, and inadequate adherence to safety standards. This study aimed to measure and evaluate the earthquake vulnerability of the county. To conduct this research, we first prepared digital layers representing the factors influencing earthquake occurrences. We then standardized the criteria maps using fuzzy membership functions and weighted the criteria through the CRITIC method. Finally, we employed the multi-criteria analysis method of ARAS to create a zoning map with 5 vulnerability levels. The results indicated that the most significant variables affecting vulnerability were the distance from the earthquake epicenter (weight: 0.153), land use (0.133), geological formation (0.130), and distance from faults (0.125). According to our findings, approximately 22.20 to 30.35% of the county’s total area fell within the very high vulnerability category. Additionally, the cities of Abdanan, Murmuri, and Sarab Bagh, along with 40 villages, were classified as having very high vulnerability, while 16 villages were categorized as highly vulnerable. Furthermore, using the rock curve method and a sub-curve level of 0.80, we found that the accuracy of the ARAS method in identifying and zoning the vulnerable areas of Abdanan County in relation to earthquake risk was very promising. Keywords: Hazard, Earthquake, Multi-Criteria Analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS). Introduction Earthquakes are among the most destructive natural disasters, consistently inflicting severe damage on human society. According to United Nations reports, earthquakes are the most significant natural disaster in Iran, with a catastrophic event occurring approximately every 10 years, resulting in widespread homelessness and loss of life (Mohammadpour, 2019, p. 78). Creating a zoning map to assess residential vulnerability to earthquakes is an effective method for identifying at-risk areas (Heidarimozaffar & Tajbakhshian, 2022, p. 75). In this study, we focused on zoning the vulnerability of settlements in Abdanan County to earthquake risk, employing the ARAS multi-criteria algorithm to accurately estimate the seismic risk in this region using both spatial and descriptive data. Materials & Methods This study was applied in nature and employed a research methodology that integrated data analysis, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and multi-criteria analysis techniques. We utilized ArcGIS, Idrisi, and Excel software for image processing and data analysis. To assess earthquake hazards, we first identified the key factors influencing vulnerability, including slope, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), geology, land use, distance from the epicenter of previous earthquakes, proximity to communication routes, distance from population centers (both cities and villages), distance from rivers, and distance from fault lines. Next, we prepared information layers corresponding to each factor within the GIS environment. Standardization of these layers was performed using fuzzy membership functions, while factor weighting was conducted using the CRITIC method. The final analysis was carried out using the ARAS multi-criteria method. After developing the vulnerability map for Abdanan County regarding earthquake risk, we evaluated the model’s accuracy using the ROC curve. Research Findings The results from the ARAS method indicated that 531.12 km2 of the total area of Abdanan County fell into the very high vulnerability category, while 726.22 km2 was classified as high vulnerability. Additionally, 687.50 km2 exhibited medium vulnerability potential. Meanwhile, 336.89 and 110.99 km2 were categorized as having low and relatively low vulnerability potential, respectively. A comparative analysis of altitude and slope factors against the final vulnerability map revealed that these at-risk areas spanned various altitudes, ranging from 200 to 2000 m and slope classes from 5° to 80°. In terms of land use, residential areas, agricultural land, forest coverage, and medium pastures constituted the majority of regions with high and very high vulnerability potential. When comparing the distance from population centers to the zoning map, it became evident that vulnerable areas were situated within 0 to 1000 m of these centers. Regarding the distance from communication routes, regions with high vulnerability potential were typically located farther away, between 1000 and 5000 m from these routes. Additionally, the analysis of proximity to rivers indicated that highly vulnerable areas were found within close range, specifically 0 to 800 m from water sources. Notably, the population density of cities and villages tended to cluster near these water sources. Furthermore, areas classified as having very high and high vulnerability were located in close proximity to previous seismic foci, particularly within 0 to 1000 m of these sites. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study indicated that the most significant factors influencing earthquake occurrence in the study area were distance from the epicenter, land use, geological formation, and distance from fault lines. Our analysis revealed that approximately 22.20 and 30.35% of the total area of Abdanan County fell within the very high and high vulnerability categories, respectively. Additionally, the cities of Abdanan, Murmur, and Sarab Bagh, along with 40 villages, were classified as having very high vulnerability, while 16 villages were designated as being in the high vulnerability zone. These results highlighted the considerable seismic risk faced by the region. Given the potential for earthquakes to cause devastating financial and human losses, it is crucial for responsible organizations to heed the findings of this study. They should implement appropriate protective measures developed in consultation with experts to mitigate risks and enhance community resilience against seismic events. Abstract Earthquakes are among the most devastating natural disasters, causing significant damage to human society. Therefore, assessing seismic vulnerability and developing strategies to mitigate this risk are critical issues today. Abdanan County located in southern Ilam Province is particularly susceptible to earthquakes due to numerous fault lines, a history of destructive seismic events, and inadequate adherence to safety standards. This study aimed to measure and evaluate the earthquake vulnerability of the county. To conduct this research, we first prepared digital layers representing the factors influencing earthquake occurrences. We then standardized the criteria maps using fuzzy membership functions and weighted the criteria through the CRITIC method. Finally, we employed the multi-criteria analysis method of ARAS to create a zoning map with 5 vulnerability levels. The results indicated that the most significant variables affecting vulnerability were the distance from the earthquake epicenter (weight: 0.153), land use (0.133), geological formation (0.130), and distance from faults (0.125). According to our findings, approximately 22.20 to 30.35% of the county’s total area fell within the very high vulnerability category. Additionally, the cities of Abdanan, Murmuri, and Sarab Bagh, along with 40 villages, were classified as having very high vulnerability, while 16 villages were categorized as highly vulnerable. Furthermore, using the rock curve method and a sub-curve level of 0.80, we found that the accuracy of the ARAS method in identifying and zoning the vulnerable areas of Abdanan County in relation to earthquake risk was very promising. Keywords: Hazard, Earthquake, Multi-Criteria Analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS). Introduction Earthquakes are among the most destructive natural disasters, consistently inflicting severe damage on human society. According to United Nations reports, earthquakes are the most significant natural disaster in Iran, with a catastrophic event occurring approximately every 10 years, resulting in widespread homelessness and loss of life (Mohammadpour, 2019, p. 78). Creating a zoning map to assess residential vulnerability to earthquakes is an effective method for identifying at-risk areas (Heidarimozaffar & Tajbakhshian, 2022, p. 75). In this study, we focused on zoning the vulnerability of settlements in Abdanan County to earthquake risk, employing the ARAS multi-criteria algorithm to accurately estimate the seismic risk in this region using both spatial and descriptive data. Materials & Methods This study was applied in nature and employed a research methodology that integrated data analysis, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and multi-criteria analysis techniques. We utilized ArcGIS, Idrisi, and Excel software for image processing and data analysis. To assess earthquake hazards, we first identified the key factors influencing vulnerability, including slope, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), geology, land use, distance from the epicenter of previous earthquakes, proximity to communication routes, distance from population centers (both cities and villages), distance from rivers, and distance from fault lines. Next, we prepared information layers corresponding to each factor within the GIS environment. Standardization of these layers was performed using fuzzy membership functions, while factor weighting was conducted using the CRITIC method. The final analysis was carried out using the ARAS multi-criteria method. After developing the vulnerability map for Abdanan County regarding earthquake risk, we evaluated the model’s accuracy using the ROC curve. Research Findings The results from the ARAS method indicated that 531.12 km2 of the total area of Abdanan County fell into the very high vulnerability category, while 726.22 km2 was classified as high vulnerability. Additionally, 687.50 km2 exhibited medium vulnerability potential. Meanwhile, 336.89 and 110.99 km2 were categorized as having low and relatively low vulnerability potential, respectively. A comparative analysis of altitude and slope factors against the final vulnerability map revealed that these at-risk areas spanned various altitudes, ranging from 200 to 2000 m and slope classes from 5° to 80°. In terms of land use, residential areas, agricultural land, forest coverage, and medium pastures constituted the majority of regions with high and very high vulnerability potential. When comparing the distance from population centers to the zoning map, it became evident that vulnerable areas were situated within 0 to 1000 m of these centers. Regarding the distance from communication routes, regions with high vulnerability potential were typically located farther away, between 1000 and 5000 m from these routes. Additionally, the analysis of proximity to rivers indicated that highly vulnerable areas were found within close range, specifically 0 to 800 m from water sources. Notably, the population density of cities and villages tended to cluster near these water sources. Furthermore, areas classified as having very high and high vulnerability were located in close proximity to previous seismic foci, particularly within 0 to 1000 m of these sites. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study indicated that the most significant factors influencing earthquake occurrence in the study area were distance from the epicenter, land use, geological formation, and distance from fault lines. Our analysis revealed that approximately 22.20 and 30.35% of the total area of Abdanan County fell within the very high and high vulnerability categories, respectively. Additionally, the cities of Abdanan, Murmur, and Sarab Bagh, along with 40 villages, were classified as having very high vulnerability, while 16 villages were designated as being in the high vulnerability zone. These results highlighted the considerable seismic risk faced by the region. Given the potential for earthquakes to cause devastating financial and human losses, it is crucial for responsible organizations to heed the findings of this study. They should implement appropriate protective measures developed in consultation with experts to mitigate risks and enhance community resilience against seismic events.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_29417_0d1a03201f2226a6ad9de896217f7ffa.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 36 1 2025 03 21 Protection of Green Heritage in Desert Cities via Transfer of Development Right (TDR) from Village-Based Neighborhoods (Case Study: Abshahi Neighborhood of Yazd City) Protection of Green Heritage in Desert Cities via Transfer of Development Right (TDR) from Village-Based Neighborhoods (Case Study: Abshahi Neighborhood of Yazd City) 23 48 29340 10.22108/gep.2025.141812.1652 FA Fatemeh Arjmandi Master of urban planning, Urbanism Department, school of Art & Architecture, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Reza Akbari Assistant Professor of Urbanism Department, school of Art & Architecture, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Najma Esmailpoor Associate Professor of Urbanism Department, school of Art & Architecture, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2024 06 20 Abstract The rapid population growth and consequent urban expansion have led to the encroachment of rural lands by cities, resulting in transitional areas that often lack both rural identity and urban qualities. This study aimed to protect valuable agricultural and historical lands by presenting a model for the Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) from rural-urban fringes to suitable urban zones. Taking Abshahi Neighborhood of Yazd as a case study, this applied research employed a descriptive methodology, documentary analysis, and expert interviews. Key criteria for sender and receiver areas were identified and weighted using the Friedman test in SPSS. The spatial analysis was conducted using GIS to map zones for sending and receiving development rights. Results indicated that 7 indicators—including agricultural and historical value, land size, and allowable building density—were crucial in selecting suitable areas. The proposed TDR model provided a planning tool to guide sustainable urban growth while preserving irreplaceable rural and historical assets. Keywords: Transfer of Development Rights (TDR), Rural-Urban Interface, Urban Lung, Abshahi Neighborhood, Yazd. Introduction The incorporation of peripheral villages into cities creates socio-economic and physical complexities, forming hybrid rural-urban areas. These transitions often result in the loss of agricultural lands and historical assets, which are critical in desert cities like Yazd. Abshahi, once a rural village, now forms one of the most populated urban neighborhoods due to urban sprawl. This study investigated how the TDR mechanism could protect such lands while managing growth effectively. It addressed the following question: how can development rights be relocated to maintain a balance between preservation and urban expansion? Urban growth in Yazd presents unique challenges and opportunities. The city, located in a desert environment, relies heavily on its agricultural lands for food security and local culture. As urban areas expand, pressure mounts on these lands, leading to potential loss of biodiversity and historical heritage. This research not only explored existing literature on TDR practices, but also highlighted a significant gap in applying this model within Iranian contexts, particularly in desert environments where land value and ecosystem services were vital. Materials & Methods The study followed an applied research framework, employing descriptive methods based on documentary reviews and expert interviews. Initial criteria for identifying “sending” (protection) and “receiving” (development) zones were derived from literature and refined through expert consultation. Data Collection Techniques: The research utilized several data collection techniques, including a comprehensive literature review that informed the baseline understanding of TDR mechanisms. Expert interviews were conducted with urban planners, environmental scientists, and local government officials to gain insights into the unique context of Yazd. The snowball sampling method ensured expert saturation due to the limited number of specialists in this field. Statistical Analysis: Indicators were prioritized using the Friedman test in SPSS, allowing for a robust statistical evaluation of the importance of various factors. A Likert-scale approach was employed for weighting qualitative indicators, facilitating a nuanced understanding of expert opinions. Spatial Analysis: The spatial analyses conducted in GIS were instrumental in identifying suitable zones for the TDR model. By mapping both sending and receiving areas, the study was able to visualize the potential impacts of transferring development rights, providing a clearer picture of urban growth patterns in Yazd. Research Findings The sending zones identified in the study included agricultural fields (88.72 ha), garden houses (14 ha), and registered historical lands (2800 m²) in Abshahi Neighborhood. These areas were proposed for protection under the TDR model, emphasizing their agricultural and cultural significance. Receiving Zones: The receiving zones within Yazd City were identified based on multiple indicators. Key features included the presence of barren land, low population density, and high permitted building density. These characteristics made them suitable for absorbing transferred development rights, thereby facilitating urban growth without encroaching on valuable rural areas. Land Use Optimization: The strategic reallocation of development rights aimed to optimize land use and mitigate pressure on culturally and ecologically sensitive zones. Higher building allowances in receiving areas served as incentives for landowners, while low population densities made these zones more adaptable to future growth. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The research underscored the dualistic nature of rural and urban systems and the challenges that arose when they merged. In desert cities like Yazd, preserving agricultural and historical lands—often referred to as urban lungs—is essential for maintaining ecological balance and cultural heritage. Significance of TDR in Yazd: This study filled a theoretical gap by localizing the TDR concept and identifying key physical, social, and economic indicators for its application. The prioritized indicators for sending zones included agricultural and historical significance, while receiving zones were determined primarily by land availability and development potential. Implications for Urban Planning: The findings could serve as a roadmap for urban planners and researchers, offering insights for implementing TDR in similar contexts. The proposed model not only aided in protecting valuable lands, but also encouraged sustainable urban development practices. Future Research Directions: Future studies should examine the legal and administrative frameworks needed for effective TDR execution in Iran. Additionally, exploring the social implications of TDR on local communities could provide valuable insights into public acceptance and participation in urban planning processes. Engaging local stakeholders, including farmers and residents, in the TDR dialogue is crucial for ensuring that the model is both equitable and effective. In conclusion, the TDR model presents a viable solution for managing urban expansion in Yazd while safeguarding its invaluable agricultural and historical assets. By fostering a balanced approach to development, this study contributed to the broader discourse on sustainable urban planning in desert regions, highlighting the importance of integrated strategies that recognized the interdependence of urban and rural landscapes. The research emphasized that as cities continue to grow, innovative approaches like TDR are essential in addressing the complex challenges posed by urbanization. By adopting such frameworks, cities like Yazd can navigate the pressures of growth while preserving their unique identities and ecological integrity for future generations. Abstract The rapid population growth and consequent urban expansion have led to the encroachment of rural lands by cities, resulting in transitional areas that often lack both rural identity and urban qualities. This study aimed to protect valuable agricultural and historical lands by presenting a model for the Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) from rural-urban fringes to suitable urban zones. Taking Abshahi Neighborhood of Yazd as a case study, this applied research employed a descriptive methodology, documentary analysis, and expert interviews. Key criteria for sender and receiver areas were identified and weighted using the Friedman test in SPSS. The spatial analysis was conducted using GIS to map zones for sending and receiving development rights. Results indicated that 7 indicators—including agricultural and historical value, land size, and allowable building density—were crucial in selecting suitable areas. The proposed TDR model provided a planning tool to guide sustainable urban growth while preserving irreplaceable rural and historical assets. Keywords: Transfer of Development Rights (TDR), Rural-Urban Interface, Urban Lung, Abshahi Neighborhood, Yazd. Introduction The incorporation of peripheral villages into cities creates socio-economic and physical complexities, forming hybrid rural-urban areas. These transitions often result in the loss of agricultural lands and historical assets, which are critical in desert cities like Yazd. Abshahi, once a rural village, now forms one of the most populated urban neighborhoods due to urban sprawl. This study investigated how the TDR mechanism could protect such lands while managing growth effectively. It addressed the following question: how can development rights be relocated to maintain a balance between preservation and urban expansion? Urban growth in Yazd presents unique challenges and opportunities. The city, located in a desert environment, relies heavily on its agricultural lands for food security and local culture. As urban areas expand, pressure mounts on these lands, leading to potential loss of biodiversity and historical heritage. This research not only explored existing literature on TDR practices, but also highlighted a significant gap in applying this model within Iranian contexts, particularly in desert environments where land value and ecosystem services were vital. Materials & Methods The study followed an applied research framework, employing descriptive methods based on documentary reviews and expert interviews. Initial criteria for identifying “sending” (protection) and “receiving” (development) zones were derived from literature and refined through expert consultation. Data Collection Techniques: The research utilized several data collection techniques, including a comprehensive literature review that informed the baseline understanding of TDR mechanisms. Expert interviews were conducted with urban planners, environmental scientists, and local government officials to gain insights into the unique context of Yazd. The snowball sampling method ensured expert saturation due to the limited number of specialists in this field. Statistical Analysis: Indicators were prioritized using the Friedman test in SPSS, allowing for a robust statistical evaluation of the importance of various factors. A Likert-scale approach was employed for weighting qualitative indicators, facilitating a nuanced understanding of expert opinions. Spatial Analysis: The spatial analyses conducted in GIS were instrumental in identifying suitable zones for the TDR model. By mapping both sending and receiving areas, the study was able to visualize the potential impacts of transferring development rights, providing a clearer picture of urban growth patterns in Yazd. Research Findings The sending zones identified in the study included agricultural fields (88.72 ha), garden houses (14 ha), and registered historical lands (2800 m²) in Abshahi Neighborhood. These areas were proposed for protection under the TDR model, emphasizing their agricultural and cultural significance. Receiving Zones: The receiving zones within Yazd City were identified based on multiple indicators. Key features included the presence of barren land, low population density, and high permitted building density. These characteristics made them suitable for absorbing transferred development rights, thereby facilitating urban growth without encroaching on valuable rural areas. Land Use Optimization: The strategic reallocation of development rights aimed to optimize land use and mitigate pressure on culturally and ecologically sensitive zones. Higher building allowances in receiving areas served as incentives for landowners, while low population densities made these zones more adaptable to future growth. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The research underscored the dualistic nature of rural and urban systems and the challenges that arose when they merged. In desert cities like Yazd, preserving agricultural and historical lands—often referred to as urban lungs—is essential for maintaining ecological balance and cultural heritage. Significance of TDR in Yazd: This study filled a theoretical gap by localizing the TDR concept and identifying key physical, social, and economic indicators for its application. The prioritized indicators for sending zones included agricultural and historical significance, while receiving zones were determined primarily by land availability and development potential. Implications for Urban Planning: The findings could serve as a roadmap for urban planners and researchers, offering insights for implementing TDR in similar contexts. The proposed model not only aided in protecting valuable lands, but also encouraged sustainable urban development practices. Future Research Directions: Future studies should examine the legal and administrative frameworks needed for effective TDR execution in Iran. Additionally, exploring the social implications of TDR on local communities could provide valuable insights into public acceptance and participation in urban planning processes. Engaging local stakeholders, including farmers and residents, in the TDR dialogue is crucial for ensuring that the model is both equitable and effective. In conclusion, the TDR model presents a viable solution for managing urban expansion in Yazd while safeguarding its invaluable agricultural and historical assets. By fostering a balanced approach to development, this study contributed to the broader discourse on sustainable urban planning in desert regions, highlighting the importance of integrated strategies that recognized the interdependence of urban and rural landscapes. The research emphasized that as cities continue to grow, innovative approaches like TDR are essential in addressing the complex challenges posed by urbanization. By adopting such frameworks, cities like Yazd can navigate the pressures of growth while preserving their unique identities and ecological integrity for future generations.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_29340_6cf97c5b2a1e3e777aced9c2ec963dbb.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 36 1 2025 03 21 Effect of Quality of Life on Pro-Environmental Behaviors (Case Study: Rural Areas of Kavar Sub-Province) Effect of Quality of Life on Pro-Environmental Behaviors (Case Study: Rural Areas of Kavar Sub-Province) 49 88 29423 10.22108/gep.2025.141987.1654 FA Raana Shaykh-Baygloo Associate professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Department of Geography, School of Economics, Management & Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Saeed Negahban Associate professor of Geomorphology, Department of Geography, School of Economics, Management & Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Fatemeh Heydari Kavari M.Sc. in Geography and Rural Planning, Department of Geography, School of Economics, Management & Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 01 Abstract As awareness of various environmental issues grows and concerns about future environmental degradation increase, the role of human communities in promoting environmental sustainability has gained significant attention. Rural residents, integral to human communities due to their close connection with natural ecosystems, can play a vital role in environmental protection and support. This study aimed to expand the understanding of factors influencing pro-environmental behaviors by examining the impact of quality of life in rural areas. Quality of life is conceptualized as a 4-dimensional construct, encompassing "physical health", "psychological health", "social relationships", and "environment and facilities". Pro-environmental behaviors are defined as a 3-dimensional factor, including individual, social, and civic behaviors. The research focused on villages in Kavar Sub-province of Fars Province, with the unit of analysis being rural residents aged 18 years and older. Data were collected through a questionnaire and both one-sample T-tests and regression analyses were performed using SPSS software. The results from multiple regression analysis indicated that quality of life had a positive and significant effect on pro-environmental behaviors. The adjusted R-squared values for the impact of quality of life on individual, social, and civic dimensions of pro-environmental behaviors were 0.607, 0.387, and 0.432, respectively (p-value < 0.001). These findings suggested that a substantial portion of the variance in pro-environmental behaviors could be explained by variations in quality of life. Further research is recommended to identify additional factors influencing pro-environmental behaviors. Keywords: Quality-of-life, Pro-environmental Behaviors, Rural Residents, Sustainable Development. Introduction The lives and activities of individuals and human communities have always impacted the environment. Many of these effects have driven productivity and resource consumption, but they have also led to significant environmental damage and destruction. Over the past few decades, the negative consequences of human activities on the environment have become so widespread and severe that they have sparked global and local concerns. As awareness of various environmental issues grows, so does the recognition of the role human communities play in promoting environmental sustainability. The frequency and persistence of harmful human behaviors have contributed to deteriorating environmental conditions, particularly in rural areas. Rural residents, integral to human communities and closely connected to the natural environment, can significantly contribute to environmental protection and support. Today, many villages face serious environmental threats. Pro-environmental behaviors among villagers can be crucial for achieving sustainable development. the existing literature on pro-environmental behaviors highlights a variety of factors influencing these actions. While environmental values and concerns may encourage pro-environmental behaviors, it appears that other motivations and structural factors play an even more significant role. To expand the understanding of factors influencing pro-environmental behaviors, this study examined the effect of quality of life on such behaviors in the rural areas of Kavar Sub-province located in Fars province, Iran. Materials & Methods This study was an applied research project aimed at exploring the effect of quality of life on pro-environmental behaviors in the rural areas of Kavar Sub-province of Fars province. It employed a descriptive-analytical approach to its methodology. Data were collected using both documentary and field methods. The statistical population comprised rural areas in Kavar Sub-province, with the unit of analysis being residents aged 18 years and older. According to the 2016 population and housing census, there were 41 rural settlements in Kavar Sub-province, home to a total of 41,756 individuals. Spatial sampling was performed based on two factors: population range of the villages and their spatial distribution. Ultimately, 15 villages were selected for the sample, including Shāh-e Shahidān, Lahkooh, Bāghān, Jalālābād, Ghanāt, Hoorbāf, Ābādeh Ābgarm, Dasht-e Shahrezā, Moorderāz, Hakavān, Arbābi Olyā, Dashtak, Serood, Forud, and Qasr-e Ahmad. Using Cochran's formula, the optimal sample size was determined to be 381 individuals. To ensure robustness, 421 questionnaires were completed. Sampling within each village was conducted using a simple probability sampling method. For data analysis, One-sample T-tests and regression analyses were performed by utilizing SPSS software. Quality of life was conceptualized based on the World Health Organization's quality of life questionnaire as a 4-dimensional construct, comprising "physical health", "psychological health", "social relationships", and "environment and facilities". Pro-environmental behaviors were defined as a 3-dimensional factor, including individual, social, and civic behaviors. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each dimension, as well as all variables, exceeded 0.70, indicating acceptable reliability. To investigate the regression effect of quality of life on pro-environmental behaviors, we first examined the prerequisites for regression analysis. These prerequisites included a linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables, independence of observations, normality of errors, homogeneity of variance, and non-collinearity of independent variables. To assess the linearity of the relationship between the variables, scatter plots were created. The analysis revealed a clear linear pattern between the independent and dependent variables. Independence of observations was evaluated using the Durbin-Watson test, which produced a value within the acceptable range of 1.5 to 2.5, confirming the independence of observations. Normality of errors was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. The results indicated no significant difference between the distribution of errors and a normal distribution. Homogeneity of error variances as the 4th prerequisite for regression analysis was examined through scatter plots, which confirmed the homogeneity of residuals. Finally, the non-collinearity of independent variables was evaluated by calculating two indices: tolerance index and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). A tolerance index above 0.4 and a VIF below 2.5 were considered acceptable. The results indicated very low and acceptable levels of collinearity among the independent variables. Research Findings The average quality of life among rural residents across the four dimensions exceeded the average level as follows: physical health (3.50), psychological health (3.61), social relationships (3.60), and environment and facilities (3.34). Results from the One-sample T-test indicated that the quality of life for rural residents significantly differed from the average, confirming it was indeed higher than the mean. Pro-environmental behaviors among rural residents were assessed across 3 dimensions: individual behaviors, social behaviors, and civic behaviors. Among these, individual behaviors had the highest average value at 3.58, while social behaviors averaged 3.45 and civic behaviors averaged 3.41. The One-sample T-test results revealed that the level of pro-environmental behaviors significantly differed from the assumed average and was higher than the mean. Multiple regression analysis showed that quality of life positively and significantly impacted all dimensions of pro-environmental behaviors, as well as the overall composite measure. The adjusted R-squared values for the effect of quality of life on pro-environmental behaviors in the individual, social, and civic dimensions were 0.607, 0.387, and 0.432, respectively (p-value < 0.001). These findings indicated that the substantial portion of the variance in pro-environmental behaviors could be attributed to variations in quality of life. Additionally, the regression coefficients for all quality of life variables—including physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment and facilities—were statistically significant and positive. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Various factors influence pro-environmental behaviors, many of which have been highlighted in previous studies. For instance, Golchubi Diva and Jalalian (2022) identified environmental awareness and knowledge as key factors, while Yazdani et al. (2021) emphasized the importance of health infrastructure availability. Darvish Noori et al. (2018) pointed to social justice, and Nabavi & Mokhtari Heshi (2019) focused on cultural capital. Miller et al. (2022) discussed general environmental attitudes, and Balundė et al. (2019) examined general environmental considerations. Additionally, Geng et al. (2015) highlighted the significance of bonding with nature as did Raymond et al. (2011) in their study of place attachment. Gosling and Williams (2010) also addressed the importance of bonding with nature in relation to pro-environmental behaviors. To further explore the factors influencing environmental protection behaviors, this study investigated the rural areas of Kavar Sub-province in Fars province and found that the quality of life among rural residents significantly affected individual, social, and civic pro-environmental behaviors. It is recommended that further research be conducted to identify additional factors influencing pro-environmental behaviors. Abstract As awareness of various environmental issues grows and concerns about future environmental degradation increase, the role of human communities in promoting environmental sustainability has gained significant attention. Rural residents, integral to human communities due to their close connection with natural ecosystems, can play a vital role in environmental protection and support. This study aimed to expand the understanding of factors influencing pro-environmental behaviors by examining the impact of quality of life in rural areas. Quality of life is conceptualized as a 4-dimensional construct, encompassing "physical health", "psychological health", "social relationships", and "environment and facilities". Pro-environmental behaviors are defined as a 3-dimensional factor, including individual, social, and civic behaviors. The research focused on villages in Kavar Sub-province of Fars Province, with the unit of analysis being rural residents aged 18 years and older. Data were collected through a questionnaire and both one-sample T-tests and regression analyses were performed using SPSS software. The results from multiple regression analysis indicated that quality of life had a positive and significant effect on pro-environmental behaviors. The adjusted R-squared values for the impact of quality of life on individual, social, and civic dimensions of pro-environmental behaviors were 0.607, 0.387, and 0.432, respectively (p-value < 0.001). These findings suggested that a substantial portion of the variance in pro-environmental behaviors could be explained by variations in quality of life. Further research is recommended to identify additional factors influencing pro-environmental behaviors. Keywords: Quality-of-life, Pro-environmental Behaviors, Rural Residents, Sustainable Development. Introduction The lives and activities of individuals and human communities have always impacted the environment. Many of these effects have driven productivity and resource consumption, but they have also led to significant environmental damage and destruction. Over the past few decades, the negative consequences of human activities on the environment have become so widespread and severe that they have sparked global and local concerns. As awareness of various environmental issues grows, so does the recognition of the role human communities play in promoting environmental sustainability. The frequency and persistence of harmful human behaviors have contributed to deteriorating environmental conditions, particularly in rural areas. Rural residents, integral to human communities and closely connected to the natural environment, can significantly contribute to environmental protection and support. Today, many villages face serious environmental threats. Pro-environmental behaviors among villagers can be crucial for achieving sustainable development. the existing literature on pro-environmental behaviors highlights a variety of factors influencing these actions. While environmental values and concerns may encourage pro-environmental behaviors, it appears that other motivations and structural factors play an even more significant role. To expand the understanding of factors influencing pro-environmental behaviors, this study examined the effect of quality of life on such behaviors in the rural areas of Kavar Sub-province located in Fars province, Iran. Materials & Methods This study was an applied research project aimed at exploring the effect of quality of life on pro-environmental behaviors in the rural areas of Kavar Sub-province of Fars province. It employed a descriptive-analytical approach to its methodology. Data were collected using both documentary and field methods. The statistical population comprised rural areas in Kavar Sub-province, with the unit of analysis being residents aged 18 years and older. According to the 2016 population and housing census, there were 41 rural settlements in Kavar Sub-province, home to a total of 41,756 individuals. Spatial sampling was performed based on two factors: population range of the villages and their spatial distribution. Ultimately, 15 villages were selected for the sample, including Shāh-e Shahidān, Lahkooh, Bāghān, Jalālābād, Ghanāt, Hoorbāf, Ābādeh Ābgarm, Dasht-e Shahrezā, Moorderāz, Hakavān, Arbābi Olyā, Dashtak, Serood, Forud, and Qasr-e Ahmad. Using Cochran's formula, the optimal sample size was determined to be 381 individuals. To ensure robustness, 421 questionnaires were completed. Sampling within each village was conducted using a simple probability sampling method. For data analysis, One-sample T-tests and regression analyses were performed by utilizing SPSS software. Quality of life was conceptualized based on the World Health Organization's quality of life questionnaire as a 4-dimensional construct, comprising "physical health", "psychological health", "social relationships", and "environment and facilities". Pro-environmental behaviors were defined as a 3-dimensional factor, including individual, social, and civic behaviors. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each dimension, as well as all variables, exceeded 0.70, indicating acceptable reliability. To investigate the regression effect of quality of life on pro-environmental behaviors, we first examined the prerequisites for regression analysis. These prerequisites included a linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables, independence of observations, normality of errors, homogeneity of variance, and non-collinearity of independent variables. To assess the linearity of the relationship between the variables, scatter plots were created. The analysis revealed a clear linear pattern between the independent and dependent variables. Independence of observations was evaluated using the Durbin-Watson test, which produced a value within the acceptable range of 1.5 to 2.5, confirming the independence of observations. Normality of errors was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. The results indicated no significant difference between the distribution of errors and a normal distribution. Homogeneity of error variances as the 4th prerequisite for regression analysis was examined through scatter plots, which confirmed the homogeneity of residuals. Finally, the non-collinearity of independent variables was evaluated by calculating two indices: tolerance index and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). A tolerance index above 0.4 and a VIF below 2.5 were considered acceptable. The results indicated very low and acceptable levels of collinearity among the independent variables. Research Findings The average quality of life among rural residents across the four dimensions exceeded the average level as follows: physical health (3.50), psychological health (3.61), social relationships (3.60), and environment and facilities (3.34). Results from the One-sample T-test indicated that the quality of life for rural residents significantly differed from the average, confirming it was indeed higher than the mean. Pro-environmental behaviors among rural residents were assessed across 3 dimensions: individual behaviors, social behaviors, and civic behaviors. Among these, individual behaviors had the highest average value at 3.58, while social behaviors averaged 3.45 and civic behaviors averaged 3.41. The One-sample T-test results revealed that the level of pro-environmental behaviors significantly differed from the assumed average and was higher than the mean. Multiple regression analysis showed that quality of life positively and significantly impacted all dimensions of pro-environmental behaviors, as well as the overall composite measure. The adjusted R-squared values for the effect of quality of life on pro-environmental behaviors in the individual, social, and civic dimensions were 0.607, 0.387, and 0.432, respectively (p-value < 0.001). These findings indicated that the substantial portion of the variance in pro-environmental behaviors could be attributed to variations in quality of life. Additionally, the regression coefficients for all quality of life variables—including physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment and facilities—were statistically significant and positive. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Various factors influence pro-environmental behaviors, many of which have been highlighted in previous studies. For instance, Golchubi Diva and Jalalian (2022) identified environmental awareness and knowledge as key factors, while Yazdani et al. (2021) emphasized the importance of health infrastructure availability. Darvish Noori et al. (2018) pointed to social justice, and Nabavi & Mokhtari Heshi (2019) focused on cultural capital. Miller et al. (2022) discussed general environmental attitudes, and Balundė et al. (2019) examined general environmental considerations. Additionally, Geng et al. (2015) highlighted the significance of bonding with nature as did Raymond et al. (2011) in their study of place attachment. Gosling and Williams (2010) also addressed the importance of bonding with nature in relation to pro-environmental behaviors. To further explore the factors influencing environmental protection behaviors, this study investigated the rural areas of Kavar Sub-province in Fars province and found that the quality of life among rural residents significantly affected individual, social, and civic pro-environmental behaviors. It is recommended that further research be conducted to identify additional factors influencing pro-environmental behaviors.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_29423_cb6b3a556a1fa77b4f8a3fd58c5082ea.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 36 1 2025 03 21 Assessment of Shoreline Retreat and Dust Source Potential in the Southeastern Caspian Sea Coastline from 1995 to 2022 Assessment of Shoreline Retreat and Dust Source Potential in the Southeastern Caspian Sea Coastline from 1995 to 2022 89 114 29584 10.22108/gep.2025.143462.1684 FA Abdolazim Ghanghermeh Associate professor of Climatology, Department of Geography, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran Gholamreza Roshan Associate professor of Climatology, Department of Geography, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran Ziauddin Esfandiari Master student of Climatology, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 21 Abstract The Caspian Sea, the world's largest enclosed lake, has experienced significant fluctuations in water levels in recent years, primarily driven by climate change and unsustainable human exploitation of water resources. These changes have resulted in declining water levels, substantial coastal retreat—especially along the southeastern shores—and expansion of arid regions. This study examined the trends of desertification and the potential emergence of dust sources in the area from 1995 to 2022. For this analysis, we utilized Landsat satellite data along with vegetation (NDVI) and water (NDWI) indices. Statistical analyses revealed a consistent decline in the water level of the Caspian Sea since 1995, reaching its lowest point in the 185-year instrumental record, particularly between 2020 and 2022. The findings indicated that this decrease in water levels had led to significant changes in local vegetation. In regions, such as the Gorgan Gulf, the advance of vegetation had mitigated the formation of dust sources, whereas in Gomishan Wetland, insufficient vegetation cover had heightened the potential for dust source formation. Furthermore, analyses showed that since 2011, the trend of desertification had accelerated with notable increases in vegetation, particularly in herbaceous and shrub areas. Overall, the results suggested that if the downward trend in the water level of the Caspian Sea persists, desertification in coastal areas will intensify and more regions of Gomishan Wetland will face an increased risk of becoming dust sources. Keywords: Shoreline Retreat, Dust Sources, Caspian Water Level Fluctuations, Gomishan Wetland, Gorgan Bay. Introduction The Caspian Sea, the world’s largest enclosed lake, has undergone significant fluctuations in water levels in recent years, primarily due to climate change and unsustainable exploitation of water resources. Factors, such as reduced precipitation, rising temperatures, and excessive extraction from the Volga River—which supplies approximately 80% of the Caspian’s water—have exacerbated these fluctuations. As a result, water levels have declined, leading to substantial shoreline retreat, particularly along the southeastern coast, and expansion of arid zones. These changes have triggered severe environmental and ecological consequences, including accelerated desertification, shoreline erosion, and an increased risk of dust hotspots, especially in areas like Gorgan Bay and Gomishan Wetland. This study aimed to investigate the trends of desertification and the potential formation of dust sources along the southeastern coastline of the Caspian Sea from 1995 to 2022. Materials & Methods This study utilized satellite imagery from Landsat 5, 7, and 8, along with water level data from the Caspian Sea sourced from reputable institutions, including the Caspian National Studies Center, ECMWF, and DAHITI. The satellite imagery was processed using the Google Earth Engine platform, where vegetation (NDVI) and water (NDWI) indices were calculated to analyze shoreline changes and desertification trends. The NDVI was classified into 4 categories: water bodies, barren land, grassy-shrubby vegetation, and forests, while the NDWI was employed to delineate water-land boundaries. The coastal area was segmented into 6 zones based on slope and width to evaluate regions prone to desertification. To assess changes in water levels, the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) was applied to detect abrupt shifts and the Mann-Kendall test was utilized to confirm the significance of trends. The expansion of vegetation cover and the potential for dust hotspots in newly exposed lands were analyzed using statistical methods and 5-year interval maps. Research Findings The results indicated that the water level of the Caspian Sea had steadily declined since 1995, reaching its lowest point at -28.5 m in 185 years between 2020 and 2022. This decline had intensified from 2006, with a notable drop of 64 cm during the period from 2020 to 2022. The Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) confirmed abrupt changes in water levels, showing reductions of 102 cm from 1995 to 2022 and 88 cm from 2005 to 2022, while the Mann-Kendall test validated a significant downward trend. These changes had resulted in shoreline retreat covering 460.51 km² with the most pronounced impacts in Gomishan Wetland (225.71 km²) and the western parts of Gorgan Bay (202.03 km²). NDVI analysis revealed that from 1995 to 2010, desertification and vegetation changes had been minimal with annual increases of 4.54 km² in barren land and 4.71 km² in grassy-shrubby vegetation. However, since 2011, desertification had accelerated, with grassy-shrubby vegetation expanding by 20.84 km² and barren land by 5.84 km² annually. In Gorgan Bay, particularly in its western regions and the Caspian-Gorgan intersection, rapid vegetation expansion—such as an 80.88 km² surge post-2013—had mitigated the formation of dust hotspots. Conversely, Gomishan Wetland, which had experienced a greater increase in barren land (70.769 km² post-2013) compared to vegetation (59.778 km²), demonstrated a higher potential for dust source formation. Statistical analyses confirmed that vegetation changes were significant and often abrupt in most zones, while changes in barren land were less statistically significant in areas, such as the northern shore of Gorgan Bay. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The decline in Caspian Sea water levels and the resulting shoreline retreat have significantly impacted southeastern coastal ecosystems. In Gorgan Bay, the rapid expansion of grassy-shrubby vegetation in newly exposed areas has reduced the risk of dust hotspots, challenging earlier predictions of dust source formation in this region. Conversely, in Gomishan Wetland, the prevalence of barren land over vegetation cover increases its vulnerability to becoming a dust source, posing a threat to surrounding areas. These differences can be attributed to variations in coastal slope, soil characteristics, and ecosystem resilience. If the decline in water levels continues, desertification is likely to intensify, particularly in Gomishan Wetland, thereby elevating the risk of dust source formation. This study highlighted the critical importance of restoring vegetation cover with resilient native species, such as grasses and shrubs, and implementing sustainable water management practices in the Caspian basin to prevent the emergence of dust hotspots. Continuous monitoring and protective measures are essential for maintaining the ecological balance of the Caspian coast. Abstract The Caspian Sea, the world's largest enclosed lake, has experienced significant fluctuations in water levels in recent years, primarily driven by climate change and unsustainable human exploitation of water resources. These changes have resulted in declining water levels, substantial coastal retreat—especially along the southeastern shores—and expansion of arid regions. This study examined the trends of desertification and the potential emergence of dust sources in the area from 1995 to 2022. For this analysis, we utilized Landsat satellite data along with vegetation (NDVI) and water (NDWI) indices. Statistical analyses revealed a consistent decline in the water level of the Caspian Sea since 1995, reaching its lowest point in the 185-year instrumental record, particularly between 2020 and 2022. The findings indicated that this decrease in water levels had led to significant changes in local vegetation. In regions, such as the Gorgan Gulf, the advance of vegetation had mitigated the formation of dust sources, whereas in Gomishan Wetland, insufficient vegetation cover had heightened the potential for dust source formation. Furthermore, analyses showed that since 2011, the trend of desertification had accelerated with notable increases in vegetation, particularly in herbaceous and shrub areas. Overall, the results suggested that if the downward trend in the water level of the Caspian Sea persists, desertification in coastal areas will intensify and more regions of Gomishan Wetland will face an increased risk of becoming dust sources. Keywords: Shoreline Retreat, Dust Sources, Caspian Water Level Fluctuations, Gomishan Wetland, Gorgan Bay. Introduction The Caspian Sea, the world’s largest enclosed lake, has undergone significant fluctuations in water levels in recent years, primarily due to climate change and unsustainable exploitation of water resources. Factors, such as reduced precipitation, rising temperatures, and excessive extraction from the Volga River—which supplies approximately 80% of the Caspian’s water—have exacerbated these fluctuations. As a result, water levels have declined, leading to substantial shoreline retreat, particularly along the southeastern coast, and expansion of arid zones. These changes have triggered severe environmental and ecological consequences, including accelerated desertification, shoreline erosion, and an increased risk of dust hotspots, especially in areas like Gorgan Bay and Gomishan Wetland. This study aimed to investigate the trends of desertification and the potential formation of dust sources along the southeastern coastline of the Caspian Sea from 1995 to 2022. Materials & Methods This study utilized satellite imagery from Landsat 5, 7, and 8, along with water level data from the Caspian Sea sourced from reputable institutions, including the Caspian National Studies Center, ECMWF, and DAHITI. The satellite imagery was processed using the Google Earth Engine platform, where vegetation (NDVI) and water (NDWI) indices were calculated to analyze shoreline changes and desertification trends. The NDVI was classified into 4 categories: water bodies, barren land, grassy-shrubby vegetation, and forests, while the NDWI was employed to delineate water-land boundaries. The coastal area was segmented into 6 zones based on slope and width to evaluate regions prone to desertification. To assess changes in water levels, the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) was applied to detect abrupt shifts and the Mann-Kendall test was utilized to confirm the significance of trends. The expansion of vegetation cover and the potential for dust hotspots in newly exposed lands were analyzed using statistical methods and 5-year interval maps. Research Findings The results indicated that the water level of the Caspian Sea had steadily declined since 1995, reaching its lowest point at -28.5 m in 185 years between 2020 and 2022. This decline had intensified from 2006, with a notable drop of 64 cm during the period from 2020 to 2022. The Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) confirmed abrupt changes in water levels, showing reductions of 102 cm from 1995 to 2022 and 88 cm from 2005 to 2022, while the Mann-Kendall test validated a significant downward trend. These changes had resulted in shoreline retreat covering 460.51 km² with the most pronounced impacts in Gomishan Wetland (225.71 km²) and the western parts of Gorgan Bay (202.03 km²). NDVI analysis revealed that from 1995 to 2010, desertification and vegetation changes had been minimal with annual increases of 4.54 km² in barren land and 4.71 km² in grassy-shrubby vegetation. However, since 2011, desertification had accelerated, with grassy-shrubby vegetation expanding by 20.84 km² and barren land by 5.84 km² annually. In Gorgan Bay, particularly in its western regions and the Caspian-Gorgan intersection, rapid vegetation expansion—such as an 80.88 km² surge post-2013—had mitigated the formation of dust hotspots. Conversely, Gomishan Wetland, which had experienced a greater increase in barren land (70.769 km² post-2013) compared to vegetation (59.778 km²), demonstrated a higher potential for dust source formation. Statistical analyses confirmed that vegetation changes were significant and often abrupt in most zones, while changes in barren land were less statistically significant in areas, such as the northern shore of Gorgan Bay. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The decline in Caspian Sea water levels and the resulting shoreline retreat have significantly impacted southeastern coastal ecosystems. In Gorgan Bay, the rapid expansion of grassy-shrubby vegetation in newly exposed areas has reduced the risk of dust hotspots, challenging earlier predictions of dust source formation in this region. Conversely, in Gomishan Wetland, the prevalence of barren land over vegetation cover increases its vulnerability to becoming a dust source, posing a threat to surrounding areas. These differences can be attributed to variations in coastal slope, soil characteristics, and ecosystem resilience. If the decline in water levels continues, desertification is likely to intensify, particularly in Gomishan Wetland, thereby elevating the risk of dust source formation. This study highlighted the critical importance of restoring vegetation cover with resilient native species, such as grasses and shrubs, and implementing sustainable water management practices in the Caspian basin to prevent the emergence of dust hotspots. Continuous monitoring and protective measures are essential for maintaining the ecological balance of the Caspian coast.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_29584_463947068c0f832e698b2808a700c6c1.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 36 1 2025 03 21 Landuse Planning Analysis of Areas Susceptible to Extensive Nature-Based Tourism Development in Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge Landuse Planning Analysis of Areas Susceptible to Extensive Nature-Based Tourism Development in Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge 115 154 29513 10.22108/gep.2025.143941.1701 FA Sayed Hojjat Mousavi Associate professor, Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran Arash Sadeghi M.Sc. Graduate of Ecotourism, Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran Journal Article 2025 01 11 Abstract Ecotourism in protected areas, a vital sub-sector of ecotourism, plays a crucial role in preserving landscapes, biodiversity, and natural reserves. Consequently, the expansion of recreational activities in these areas necessitates careful planning. This research aimed to evaluate the potential for ecotourism by employing spatial data analysis methods to identify regions suitable for extensive recreation. We calculated the carrying capacity using the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) model in Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge. Five criteria were selected: ruggedness and landscape, climate, human factors, biological aspects, and limiting factors. The weighted combination of these layers resulted in a final map indicating potential for extensive ecotourism during both warm and cold seasons. The findings revealed that during the warm season, 117,948 hectares (39%) were classified as very suitable, 135,137 hectares (44%) as suitable, and 52,769 hectares (17%) as unsuitable. In the cold season, 82,347 hectares (27%) were very suitable, 128,213 hectares (42%) suitable, and 95,294 hectares (31%) unsuitable. Overall, a significant portion of the area, 115,911.25 hectares (76%), demonstrated high potential for ecotourism development. Additionally, the physical, real, and effective carrying capacities were determined to be 8,557, 4,884, and 2,665 visitors per year, respectively. By promoting this biosite and highlighting its biological, natural, and ecological values, it could emerge as a key destination for nature tourism. With proper planning to establish infrastructure, enhance tourism facilities, and develop skilled human resources, its capacity for visitor acceptance can be further increased. Keywords: Ecotourism, Landuse Planning Analysis, Extensive Recreation, Wildlife Refuge, Abbasabad. Introduction As the global population grows, the demand for access to pristine natural spaces for recreation increases. The significance of such access is widely acknowledged for its role in enhancing both physical and mental health. Consequently, two concurrent trends are emerging: one for ecotourism services, which is growing at an annual rate of 20–30%, and another focused on environmental protection. In response to varying environmental contexts, diverse nature tourism activities are being developed, with ecotourism standing out as a sustainable way to engage with nature. The success of ecotourism relies on the presence of beautiful landscapes, biological heritage, wildlife, and cultural diversity, all of which must be protected to ensure its sustainability. Ecotourism is fundamentally nature-based, incorporating education and interpretation of the natural environment, and is managed to promote ecological sustainability. This approach allows the natural and cultural environment to be utilized wisely, meeting tourist demands while simultaneously preserving environmental functions and fostering economic development within local communities. Iran boasts a vast and diverse territory, rich in species, genetic diversity, and various habitats. The country features an array of ecosystems, including deserts and playas with hot, dry climates, semi-tropical plains, temperate to cold mountains, broadleaf forests, coastal areas, wetlands, and both salt and freshwater lakes. These geographical and climatic conditions highlight the country's potential for nature tourism, suggesting that it could serve as a significant driver for sustainable development. To this end, protected areas have been established to conserve biological species and natural ecosystems, recognizing the economic, social, cultural, and historical values of natural landscapes while also enhancing their material and spiritual potential. Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge is one of the country's most pristine and untouched ecosystems, providing a safe habitat for a diverse range of animal species. This area holds significant potential for the development of nature tourism due to its unique natural features. A crucial first step in the sustainable development of ecotourism in such regions is evaluating the ecological potential for extensive recreation through careful planning and analysis of carrying capacity. This study aimed to assess the ecological potential for developing nature tourism using spatial data analysis methods and software. It focused on identifying areas suitable for extensive recreation and determining their carrying capacity within Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge. Given the importance of local flora and fauna, as well as the regulations governing protected areas, tourism development must be conducted in a manner that safeguards environmental values while also addressing the interests of stakeholders. In line with these principles, the primary objectives of this research included evaluating the ecological potential for ecotourism development and calculating the tourism carrying capacity in Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge. Materials & Methods Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge is situated in the eastern part of Isfahan Province, encompassing areas within Nayin and Khor counties. The western boundary of this region begins 90 kilometers along the Nayin-Chopanan road and extends eastward to the two branches of Bayazeh. Covering an area of 305,000 hectares, the refuge lies between longitudes 53°52' to 55°8' east and latitudes 33°11' to 33°44' north. To assess the ecological potential of the region for nature tourism and identify areas suitable for extensive recreation during both warm and cold seasons, several steps were undertaken. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was employed for planning analysis and map creation. The primary aim of establishing wildlife sanctuaries was to support populations of rare and unique species. Therefore, the design of a model and the selection of criteria and sub-criteria for identifying the most suitable locations for extensive recreation in the refuge had to prioritize both the satisfaction of nature tourists and preservation of ecosystem integrity and biodiversity. To develop a model for locating extensive recreation within the refuge, a combination of library research and field surveys was conducted. Five main criteria were established: terrain (roughness and geomorphology), human factors (access, services, and tourism facilities), climate (climatic elements), biological factors (vegetation cover and habitat safety), and limiting factors (hazards). Each criterion included multiple sub-criteria. Digital layers for the identified sub-criteria were created using foundational data, including digital elevation models, topographic, geological, soil, land use, and vegetation maps, as well as Google Earth and Landsat 7 satellite images. Climatic data from nearby meteorological stations were incorporated through spatial analysis, interpolation, densitometry, and area determination functions within the ArcGIS software environment. Finally, after calculating the area suitable for nature tourism, the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) model was employed to estimate the carrying capacity of the refuge. This assessment determined the number of tourists that could be accommodated in the area at 3 levels: physical (PCC), real (RCC), and effective (ECC). Research Findings The landscape was shaped by geomorphological processes, natural conflicts, and human activities, such as agriculture and land use. This study utilized 6 sub-criteria—elevation, formation type, slope, slope direction, soil class, and land use—to evaluate the landscape characteristics. The assessment of elevation revealed that the region's altitude ranged from a minimum of 789 m to a maximum of 2,390 m. This variation in height was attributed to the presence of the Abbas Abad Mountains, which ran through the center of the wildlife refuge, providing optimal living conditions for various biological species. The slope analysis indicated a range from 0% to 249.878%, with the steepest slopes occurring in the central areas of the refuge, closely linked to the topography of the Abbas Abad Mountains. In terms of slope direction, all 8 cardinal and intercardinal directions were represented within the refuge though the east-west orientation of the mountain range predominantly influenced the northern and southern aspects. Soil conditions, along with climate and water resources, played a critical role in determining vegetation types and the settlement patterns of biological communities. The soil classification within Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge included 4 categories: rocky lands, sand dunes, eridiosols, and badlands. Land use in the refuge encompassed tree plantations (including coniferous and mountain almond), teak plantations, rocky areas, saline lands, medium-quality pastures, poor pastures, and agricultural fields. Climate plays a crucial role in ecotourism planning, significantly influencing destination selection, equipment needs, travel duration, and length of stay. This study focused on the key climatic elements that affected tourists' comfort, utilizing 5 sub-criteria: annual average temperature, annual average relative humidity, annual average precipitation, annual average wind speed, and total annual sunshine hours. The findings indicated that total annual sunshine hours in the region ranged from 3,321.87 to 3,372.64 hours. The annual average temperature varied between 18.82 and 20.08 degrees Celsius. Relative humidity levels fluctuated from 30.64% to 32.20%. Annual precipitation ranged from 87.38 to 9,462.96 millimeters. Lastly, the annual average wind speed was recorded between 3.73 and 5.25 knots. These climatic factors were essential for understanding the region's suitability for ecotourism and enhancing the overall visitor experience. The presence of appropriate arrangements, infrastructure, facilities, and services at a tourist destination was essential for its creation and development. This study evaluated these factors under the human criterion. The accessibility sub-criterion focused on 2 indicators: distance to communication roads and road density. The findings revealed that the maximum distance to communication roads in the region was 17,381.7 meters, while the maximum road density was 1.94835 meters per square meter. Additionally, the study assessed the distance to urban and rural centers as part of the sub-criterion of population centers. The results indicated that the distance to urban centers in Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge ranged from a minimum of 35,827.4 meters to a maximum of 78,403.5 meters, with the maximum distance to rural centers being 38,918.9 meters. Under the hazard criterion, 2 active mines were located in the region: Ghaem Decorative Stone Mine and Salis Good Mine with a maximum distance of 59,770.4 meters from these sites. The coexistence of historical and cultural attractions alongside natural features presented a unique opportunity for ecotourism development. The proximity to these attractions was directly related to their desirability for ecotourism. Therefore, the distance from these sites was used as an evaluation criterion, yielding a maximum distance of 23,892.5 meters. Finally, the biological criterion assessed the density and type of vegetation cover in the area. The vegetation types included conifers, almond trees, thuja, artemisia, sedges, saltbush, annual grasses, and areas devoid of vegetation. The density map of vegetation cover indicated NDVI values ranging from -0.536 to 0.798, reflecting coverage conditions from very poor to dense. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The extensive nature tourism recreation maps revealed that during the warm season, 117,948 hectares (39%) were classified as very suitable, 135,137 hectares (44%) as suitable, and 52,769 hectares (17%) as unsuitable for extensive recreation. In contrast, during the cold season, 82,347 hectares (27%) were very suitable, 128,213 hectares (42%) were suitable, and 95,294 hectares (31%) were unsuitable. Based on these findings, the Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC) for the very suitable and suitable categories of extensive recreation was calculated to be 2,359 and 2,703 people per year, respectively, in the warm season. For the cold season, the carrying capacities were estimated at 1,367 and 2,128 people per year, respectively, resulting in a total PCC of 8,557 people annually. Considering limiting factors, such as watercourses, active mining areas, roadways, habitat protection zones, and breeding seasons, the actual carrying capacity for the very suitable and suitable categories during the warm season was estimated to be 1,331 and 1,460 people per year, respectively. In the cold season, these figures were 805 and 1,288 people per year. The management adjustment coefficient determined by evaluating access levels, equipment and support services, the availability of natural and cultural attractions, visibility of biological species and geotourism phenomena, legal protections, and productivity restrictions was calculated at 42.45%. Consequently, the Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) for the very suitable and suitable categories during the warm period was estimated to be 726 and 797 people per year, respectively. For the cold period, the ECCs were projected at 439 and 703 people per year, respectively. Overall, while Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge has significant potential for developing ecotourism, it remains relatively unknown to the majority of the public with recognition primarily limited to a few researchers and nature enthusiasts. As a result, it lacks a prominent position among other attractive tourist destinations in the country. To enhance its visibility, it is essential to promote the refuge through mass media, highlighting its biological, cultural, and ecological values to ecotourism communities. This effort could encourage the inclusion of the area and its villages in nature tour itineraries. Investments from both the private and public sectors, along with the training of specialized personnel and the development of necessary facilities and infrastructure, will create a solid foundation for attracting tourists. This, in turn, will help raise awareness of the ecosystem's values and foster sustainable biotourism. In line with the study's findings, several recommendations are proposed: Infrastructure Development: Establishing facilities and infrastructure essential for nature tourism, including roads, camps, and transportation services Capacity Consideration: Paying close attention to the region's carrying capacity and limitations in tourism development programs Investment Opportunities: Creating a conducive environment for participation and investment from various sectors Community Involvement: Engaging local communities in the planning and development of tourism while ensuring their participation in protecting the region Education and Awareness: Informing and educating both tourists and the local community about the values of protected areas and the importance of conservation Organized Tours: Facilitating independent groups of visitors through small tours Signage: Installing educational and warning signs along nature trails to enhance visitor understanding and safety. Implementing these strategies can significantly enhance attractiveness of the refuge as a sustainable ecotourism destination. Abstract Ecotourism in protected areas, a vital sub-sector of ecotourism, plays a crucial role in preserving landscapes, biodiversity, and natural reserves. Consequently, the expansion of recreational activities in these areas necessitates careful planning. This research aimed to evaluate the potential for ecotourism by employing spatial data analysis methods to identify regions suitable for extensive recreation. We calculated the carrying capacity using the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) model in Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge. Five criteria were selected: ruggedness and landscape, climate, human factors, biological aspects, and limiting factors. The weighted combination of these layers resulted in a final map indicating potential for extensive ecotourism during both warm and cold seasons. The findings revealed that during the warm season, 117,948 hectares (39%) were classified as very suitable, 135,137 hectares (44%) as suitable, and 52,769 hectares (17%) as unsuitable. In the cold season, 82,347 hectares (27%) were very suitable, 128,213 hectares (42%) suitable, and 95,294 hectares (31%) unsuitable. Overall, a significant portion of the area, 115,911.25 hectares (76%), demonstrated high potential for ecotourism development. Additionally, the physical, real, and effective carrying capacities were determined to be 8,557, 4,884, and 2,665 visitors per year, respectively. By promoting this biosite and highlighting its biological, natural, and ecological values, it could emerge as a key destination for nature tourism. With proper planning to establish infrastructure, enhance tourism facilities, and develop skilled human resources, its capacity for visitor acceptance can be further increased. Keywords: Ecotourism, Landuse Planning Analysis, Extensive Recreation, Wildlife Refuge, Abbasabad. Introduction As the global population grows, the demand for access to pristine natural spaces for recreation increases. The significance of such access is widely acknowledged for its role in enhancing both physical and mental health. Consequently, two concurrent trends are emerging: one for ecotourism services, which is growing at an annual rate of 20–30%, and another focused on environmental protection. In response to varying environmental contexts, diverse nature tourism activities are being developed, with ecotourism standing out as a sustainable way to engage with nature. The success of ecotourism relies on the presence of beautiful landscapes, biological heritage, wildlife, and cultural diversity, all of which must be protected to ensure its sustainability. Ecotourism is fundamentally nature-based, incorporating education and interpretation of the natural environment, and is managed to promote ecological sustainability. This approach allows the natural and cultural environment to be utilized wisely, meeting tourist demands while simultaneously preserving environmental functions and fostering economic development within local communities. Iran boasts a vast and diverse territory, rich in species, genetic diversity, and various habitats. The country features an array of ecosystems, including deserts and playas with hot, dry climates, semi-tropical plains, temperate to cold mountains, broadleaf forests, coastal areas, wetlands, and both salt and freshwater lakes. These geographical and climatic conditions highlight the country's potential for nature tourism, suggesting that it could serve as a significant driver for sustainable development. To this end, protected areas have been established to conserve biological species and natural ecosystems, recognizing the economic, social, cultural, and historical values of natural landscapes while also enhancing their material and spiritual potential. Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge is one of the country's most pristine and untouched ecosystems, providing a safe habitat for a diverse range of animal species. This area holds significant potential for the development of nature tourism due to its unique natural features. A crucial first step in the sustainable development of ecotourism in such regions is evaluating the ecological potential for extensive recreation through careful planning and analysis of carrying capacity. This study aimed to assess the ecological potential for developing nature tourism using spatial data analysis methods and software. It focused on identifying areas suitable for extensive recreation and determining their carrying capacity within Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge. Given the importance of local flora and fauna, as well as the regulations governing protected areas, tourism development must be conducted in a manner that safeguards environmental values while also addressing the interests of stakeholders. In line with these principles, the primary objectives of this research included evaluating the ecological potential for ecotourism development and calculating the tourism carrying capacity in Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge. Materials & Methods Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge is situated in the eastern part of Isfahan Province, encompassing areas within Nayin and Khor counties. The western boundary of this region begins 90 kilometers along the Nayin-Chopanan road and extends eastward to the two branches of Bayazeh. Covering an area of 305,000 hectares, the refuge lies between longitudes 53°52' to 55°8' east and latitudes 33°11' to 33°44' north. To assess the ecological potential of the region for nature tourism and identify areas suitable for extensive recreation during both warm and cold seasons, several steps were undertaken. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was employed for planning analysis and map creation. The primary aim of establishing wildlife sanctuaries was to support populations of rare and unique species. Therefore, the design of a model and the selection of criteria and sub-criteria for identifying the most suitable locations for extensive recreation in the refuge had to prioritize both the satisfaction of nature tourists and preservation of ecosystem integrity and biodiversity. To develop a model for locating extensive recreation within the refuge, a combination of library research and field surveys was conducted. Five main criteria were established: terrain (roughness and geomorphology), human factors (access, services, and tourism facilities), climate (climatic elements), biological factors (vegetation cover and habitat safety), and limiting factors (hazards). Each criterion included multiple sub-criteria. Digital layers for the identified sub-criteria were created using foundational data, including digital elevation models, topographic, geological, soil, land use, and vegetation maps, as well as Google Earth and Landsat 7 satellite images. Climatic data from nearby meteorological stations were incorporated through spatial analysis, interpolation, densitometry, and area determination functions within the ArcGIS software environment. Finally, after calculating the area suitable for nature tourism, the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) model was employed to estimate the carrying capacity of the refuge. This assessment determined the number of tourists that could be accommodated in the area at 3 levels: physical (PCC), real (RCC), and effective (ECC). Research Findings The landscape was shaped by geomorphological processes, natural conflicts, and human activities, such as agriculture and land use. This study utilized 6 sub-criteria—elevation, formation type, slope, slope direction, soil class, and land use—to evaluate the landscape characteristics. The assessment of elevation revealed that the region's altitude ranged from a minimum of 789 m to a maximum of 2,390 m. This variation in height was attributed to the presence of the Abbas Abad Mountains, which ran through the center of the wildlife refuge, providing optimal living conditions for various biological species. The slope analysis indicated a range from 0% to 249.878%, with the steepest slopes occurring in the central areas of the refuge, closely linked to the topography of the Abbas Abad Mountains. In terms of slope direction, all 8 cardinal and intercardinal directions were represented within the refuge though the east-west orientation of the mountain range predominantly influenced the northern and southern aspects. Soil conditions, along with climate and water resources, played a critical role in determining vegetation types and the settlement patterns of biological communities. The soil classification within Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge included 4 categories: rocky lands, sand dunes, eridiosols, and badlands. Land use in the refuge encompassed tree plantations (including coniferous and mountain almond), teak plantations, rocky areas, saline lands, medium-quality pastures, poor pastures, and agricultural fields. Climate plays a crucial role in ecotourism planning, significantly influencing destination selection, equipment needs, travel duration, and length of stay. This study focused on the key climatic elements that affected tourists' comfort, utilizing 5 sub-criteria: annual average temperature, annual average relative humidity, annual average precipitation, annual average wind speed, and total annual sunshine hours. The findings indicated that total annual sunshine hours in the region ranged from 3,321.87 to 3,372.64 hours. The annual average temperature varied between 18.82 and 20.08 degrees Celsius. Relative humidity levels fluctuated from 30.64% to 32.20%. Annual precipitation ranged from 87.38 to 9,462.96 millimeters. Lastly, the annual average wind speed was recorded between 3.73 and 5.25 knots. These climatic factors were essential for understanding the region's suitability for ecotourism and enhancing the overall visitor experience. The presence of appropriate arrangements, infrastructure, facilities, and services at a tourist destination was essential for its creation and development. This study evaluated these factors under the human criterion. The accessibility sub-criterion focused on 2 indicators: distance to communication roads and road density. The findings revealed that the maximum distance to communication roads in the region was 17,381.7 meters, while the maximum road density was 1.94835 meters per square meter. Additionally, the study assessed the distance to urban and rural centers as part of the sub-criterion of population centers. The results indicated that the distance to urban centers in Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge ranged from a minimum of 35,827.4 meters to a maximum of 78,403.5 meters, with the maximum distance to rural centers being 38,918.9 meters. Under the hazard criterion, 2 active mines were located in the region: Ghaem Decorative Stone Mine and Salis Good Mine with a maximum distance of 59,770.4 meters from these sites. The coexistence of historical and cultural attractions alongside natural features presented a unique opportunity for ecotourism development. The proximity to these attractions was directly related to their desirability for ecotourism. Therefore, the distance from these sites was used as an evaluation criterion, yielding a maximum distance of 23,892.5 meters. Finally, the biological criterion assessed the density and type of vegetation cover in the area. The vegetation types included conifers, almond trees, thuja, artemisia, sedges, saltbush, annual grasses, and areas devoid of vegetation. The density map of vegetation cover indicated NDVI values ranging from -0.536 to 0.798, reflecting coverage conditions from very poor to dense. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The extensive nature tourism recreation maps revealed that during the warm season, 117,948 hectares (39%) were classified as very suitable, 135,137 hectares (44%) as suitable, and 52,769 hectares (17%) as unsuitable for extensive recreation. In contrast, during the cold season, 82,347 hectares (27%) were very suitable, 128,213 hectares (42%) were suitable, and 95,294 hectares (31%) were unsuitable. Based on these findings, the Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC) for the very suitable and suitable categories of extensive recreation was calculated to be 2,359 and 2,703 people per year, respectively, in the warm season. For the cold season, the carrying capacities were estimated at 1,367 and 2,128 people per year, respectively, resulting in a total PCC of 8,557 people annually. Considering limiting factors, such as watercourses, active mining areas, roadways, habitat protection zones, and breeding seasons, the actual carrying capacity for the very suitable and suitable categories during the warm season was estimated to be 1,331 and 1,460 people per year, respectively. In the cold season, these figures were 805 and 1,288 people per year. The management adjustment coefficient determined by evaluating access levels, equipment and support services, the availability of natural and cultural attractions, visibility of biological species and geotourism phenomena, legal protections, and productivity restrictions was calculated at 42.45%. Consequently, the Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) for the very suitable and suitable categories during the warm period was estimated to be 726 and 797 people per year, respectively. For the cold period, the ECCs were projected at 439 and 703 people per year, respectively. Overall, while Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge has significant potential for developing ecotourism, it remains relatively unknown to the majority of the public with recognition primarily limited to a few researchers and nature enthusiasts. As a result, it lacks a prominent position among other attractive tourist destinations in the country. To enhance its visibility, it is essential to promote the refuge through mass media, highlighting its biological, cultural, and ecological values to ecotourism communities. This effort could encourage the inclusion of the area and its villages in nature tour itineraries. Investments from both the private and public sectors, along with the training of specialized personnel and the development of necessary facilities and infrastructure, will create a solid foundation for attracting tourists. This, in turn, will help raise awareness of the ecosystem's values and foster sustainable biotourism. In line with the study's findings, several recommendations are proposed: Infrastructure Development: Establishing facilities and infrastructure essential for nature tourism, including roads, camps, and transportation services Capacity Consideration: Paying close attention to the region's carrying capacity and limitations in tourism development programs Investment Opportunities: Creating a conducive environment for participation and investment from various sectors Community Involvement: Engaging local communities in the planning and development of tourism while ensuring their participation in protecting the region Education and Awareness: Informing and educating both tourists and the local community about the values of protected areas and the importance of conservation Organized Tours: Facilitating independent groups of visitors through small tours Signage: Installing educational and warning signs along nature trails to enhance visitor understanding and safety. Implementing these strategies can significantly enhance attractiveness of the refuge as a sustainable ecotourism destination.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_29513_22191418102dac124d5420cd1539f0c9.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 36 1 2025 03 21 Globalization of Place and Urban Branding: Lessons for the City of Isfahan Based on Global Experiences Globalization of Place and Urban Branding: Lessons for the City of Isfahan Based on Global Experiences 155 182 29604 10.22108/gep.2025.144577.1712 FA Pegah Kheirollahi Ph.D. candidate in Economic Sociology and Development, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Hmanid Dehghani Assistant professor in Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 06 Abstract The process of globalization is transforming various aspects of society, leading to an evolution in the concepts of space and place. As cities adapt to this global landscape, their identities are redefined to align with these changes. A vital strategy for successful globalization is city branding, which involves creating a unique identity for a city to attract various forms of capital, including financial and human resources, in order to compete effectively in the global market. A crucial component of city branding is consideration of social and cultural characteristics. This research aimed to explore successful examples of city branding that integrate social, cultural, and spatial factors. Specifically, it sought to investigate the potential for city branding in Isfahan and propose a framework for its implementation. The methodology employed was descriptive and analytical, focusing on 5 cities—Budapest, Doha, Barcelona, Amsterdam, and Helsinki—recognized for their success in city branding and serving as models for Isfahan. The findings indicated that, despite Isfahan's rich and diverse social, cultural, and spatial potential for branding, the primary challenge lay in effectively communicating the city's global image and its assets. Although Isfahan possesses numerous untapped potentials that may exceed those of the aforementioned cities, it currently lacks a cohesive representation of these assets on the global stage. Keywords: Globalizing, City Branding, Global Representation, Space and Place, Isfahan. Introduction Globalization has impacted various aspects of social life and cities are no exception. They compete with one another to secure their positions within the global system. A key strategy for cities in this competitive landscape is city branding. City branding is the process of defining a unique identity for a city, enabling it to effectively compete for economic, human, and political resources on a global scale. This concept is closely tied to globalization as it helps cities establish themselves as global entities. Each city strives to present its identity as part of the globalized world. Therefore, city branding extends beyond economic and tourism considerations; it also encompasses social and cultural dimensions. Globalization of urban spaces challenges traditional definitions of citizenship, local governance, and everyday life, prompting a redefinition that is often more democratic in nature. Despite the numerous challenges to urban development in Iran, the importance of this issue remains significant. Isfahan as one of Iran's major metropolises possesses considerable potential for globalization; yet, it has received limited research attention. This study aimed to examine successful city branding initiatives from around the world that could serve as models for Isfahan. Thus, the main questions guiding this research were: What are Isfahan's potential assets for city branding? Which successful cities in city branding can be considered models for Isfahan and what policies have they implemented? Materials & Methods According to Evans (2015), a city brand should authentically represent the cultural and historical identity of the city. Each city possesses a unique urban identity that serves as the foundation for its branding (Riza et al., 2011). Thus, 3 interconnected concepts emerge: city representation, urban identity, and city branding. Anholt (2005) argues that city branding is the most effective strategy for engaging in the competitive cycle of the global economic system. The city's image is an integral part of its brand and significantly influences perceptions of that city (Hatch & Schultz, 2002). As Vanolo (2017) notes, a strong city brand enables cities to balance their primary functions, including production and consumption, leading to the emergence of a new right known as the "right to the brand". This research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology. In the initial phase, the researchers identified key examples of successful city branding and compared them with Isfahan. The study primarily relied on library research, reviewing existing literature. Notably, many urban project documents from the selected cities were written in local languages; therefore, the researchers focused on secondary sources, particularly studies published in English. Ultimately, 5 cities were chosen for analysis: Budapest, Doha, Barcelona, Amsterdam, and Helsinki. These cities were selected because their city branding policies aligned with their cultural and social potentials, making them valuable models for Isfahan. Research Findings Budapest, Hungary The primary branding policy in Budapest centered on representing the city's historical and cultural identity, emphasizing its role as a cultural intermediary between the West and its Austro-Hungarian heritage, as well as its socialist past. The city's unique blend of architecture and nature contributed to its appeal. Budapest's success was attributed to its rapid democratic representation of history, avoiding the lengthy infrastructure projects seen in cities like Barcelona. The city's motto encapsulated this sentiment: "Everyone stays in Budapest longer than they planned; the Romans for 400 years, the Ottomans for 150 years, and the Soviets for 45 years. You are free to stay for another night!" Doha, Qatar Doha's branding policy focused on distinguishing its Islamic-Qatari identity from its global persona, particularly in architecture and tourist attractions like the Doha Corniche and Trade Centre. The city positioned itself as a global hub, hosting major events, such as the Asian Games in 2006. Its motto, "Doha, a city where cultures meet and merge!" reflected this dual identity, along with the slogan, "Constructing a solid future on a solid past!" Barcelona, Spain Barcelona's branding strategy involved significant investment in diverse urban infrastructure, including academic, medical, cultural, and commercial projects. The city showcased its progress through events like the 1992 Summer Olympics, which helped globalize its urban image. Barcelona exemplified the "right to the brand", promoting social justice for its citizens as a core component of its identity. Amsterdam, Netherlands Amsterdam served as a prime example of city branding rooted in its pluralistic culture, particularly its tolerance of immigrants, which had enriched the city's cultural fabric. The city's motto "I Amsterdam!" had been widely promoted through the export of various goods, further enhancing its brand identity. Helsinki, Finland Helsinki's success in city branding was linked to the revitalization of areas like the Eteläsatama harbor, which enhanced connections between natural landscapes and the city center, thereby attracting financial resources. The city's academic advancements also played a crucial role in strengthening its brand identity. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Budapest faced strong competition from cities like Prague, Warsaw, and Ljubljana; yet, it had successfully established a distinct historical and cultural urban identity. Similarly, Isfahan encountered competition from other cities in Iran and the Middle East. To enhance its urban identity, Isfahan should focus on its unique Iranian-Islamic architecture, particularly around the Zayandehrood River. Additionally, like Budapest and Doha, it can create special tourist attractions that reflect its identity, such as the Baghe Mashahir Project in the city's fifth urban region. In line with Barcelona and Doha, infrastructure projects like Naghshe Jahan Stadium could serve as global venues for hosting international events. However, it is important to note that these cities had developed their global infrastructures following the modernization of essential academic and medical facilities. Drawing inspiration from Amsterdam, Isfahan can leverage its cultural tolerance, particularly towards the Armenian community in Jolfa as part of its city brand. This approach can attract foreign Christian visitors through the integration of Islamic and Armenian cultures. Furthermore, urban natural areas, such as Nazhvan Region and the University of Isfahan located in the city center, can serve as focal points for attracting global investment. Despite the various potentials for "gelocal" city branding in Isfahan, the primary challenge lies in the lack of an effective global image to represent the city's brand. Abstract The process of globalization is transforming various aspects of society, leading to an evolution in the concepts of space and place. As cities adapt to this global landscape, their identities are redefined to align with these changes. A vital strategy for successful globalization is city branding, which involves creating a unique identity for a city to attract various forms of capital, including financial and human resources, in order to compete effectively in the global market. A crucial component of city branding is consideration of social and cultural characteristics. This research aimed to explore successful examples of city branding that integrate social, cultural, and spatial factors. Specifically, it sought to investigate the potential for city branding in Isfahan and propose a framework for its implementation. The methodology employed was descriptive and analytical, focusing on 5 cities—Budapest, Doha, Barcelona, Amsterdam, and Helsinki—recognized for their success in city branding and serving as models for Isfahan. The findings indicated that, despite Isfahan's rich and diverse social, cultural, and spatial potential for branding, the primary challenge lay in effectively communicating the city's global image and its assets. Although Isfahan possesses numerous untapped potentials that may exceed those of the aforementioned cities, it currently lacks a cohesive representation of these assets on the global stage. Keywords: Globalizing, City Branding, Global Representation, Space and Place, Isfahan. Introduction Globalization has impacted various aspects of social life and cities are no exception. They compete with one another to secure their positions within the global system. A key strategy for cities in this competitive landscape is city branding. City branding is the process of defining a unique identity for a city, enabling it to effectively compete for economic, human, and political resources on a global scale. This concept is closely tied to globalization as it helps cities establish themselves as global entities. Each city strives to present its identity as part of the globalized world. Therefore, city branding extends beyond economic and tourism considerations; it also encompasses social and cultural dimensions. Globalization of urban spaces challenges traditional definitions of citizenship, local governance, and everyday life, prompting a redefinition that is often more democratic in nature. Despite the numerous challenges to urban development in Iran, the importance of this issue remains significant. Isfahan as one of Iran's major metropolises possesses considerable potential for globalization; yet, it has received limited research attention. This study aimed to examine successful city branding initiatives from around the world that could serve as models for Isfahan. Thus, the main questions guiding this research were: What are Isfahan's potential assets for city branding? Which successful cities in city branding can be considered models for Isfahan and what policies have they implemented? Materials & Methods According to Evans (2015), a city brand should authentically represent the cultural and historical identity of the city. Each city possesses a unique urban identity that serves as the foundation for its branding (Riza et al., 2011). Thus, 3 interconnected concepts emerge: city representation, urban identity, and city branding. Anholt (2005) argues that city branding is the most effective strategy for engaging in the competitive cycle of the global economic system. The city's image is an integral part of its brand and significantly influences perceptions of that city (Hatch & Schultz, 2002). As Vanolo (2017) notes, a strong city brand enables cities to balance their primary functions, including production and consumption, leading to the emergence of a new right known as the "right to the brand". This research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology. In the initial phase, the researchers identified key examples of successful city branding and compared them with Isfahan. The study primarily relied on library research, reviewing existing literature. Notably, many urban project documents from the selected cities were written in local languages; therefore, the researchers focused on secondary sources, particularly studies published in English. Ultimately, 5 cities were chosen for analysis: Budapest, Doha, Barcelona, Amsterdam, and Helsinki. These cities were selected because their city branding policies aligned with their cultural and social potentials, making them valuable models for Isfahan. Research Findings Budapest, Hungary The primary branding policy in Budapest centered on representing the city's historical and cultural identity, emphasizing its role as a cultural intermediary between the West and its Austro-Hungarian heritage, as well as its socialist past. The city's unique blend of architecture and nature contributed to its appeal. Budapest's success was attributed to its rapid democratic representation of history, avoiding the lengthy infrastructure projects seen in cities like Barcelona. The city's motto encapsulated this sentiment: "Everyone stays in Budapest longer than they planned; the Romans for 400 years, the Ottomans for 150 years, and the Soviets for 45 years. You are free to stay for another night!" Doha, Qatar Doha's branding policy focused on distinguishing its Islamic-Qatari identity from its global persona, particularly in architecture and tourist attractions like the Doha Corniche and Trade Centre. The city positioned itself as a global hub, hosting major events, such as the Asian Games in 2006. Its motto, "Doha, a city where cultures meet and merge!" reflected this dual identity, along with the slogan, "Constructing a solid future on a solid past!" Barcelona, Spain Barcelona's branding strategy involved significant investment in diverse urban infrastructure, including academic, medical, cultural, and commercial projects. The city showcased its progress through events like the 1992 Summer Olympics, which helped globalize its urban image. Barcelona exemplified the "right to the brand", promoting social justice for its citizens as a core component of its identity. Amsterdam, Netherlands Amsterdam served as a prime example of city branding rooted in its pluralistic culture, particularly its tolerance of immigrants, which had enriched the city's cultural fabric. The city's motto "I Amsterdam!" had been widely promoted through the export of various goods, further enhancing its brand identity. Helsinki, Finland Helsinki's success in city branding was linked to the revitalization of areas like the Eteläsatama harbor, which enhanced connections between natural landscapes and the city center, thereby attracting financial resources. The city's academic advancements also played a crucial role in strengthening its brand identity. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Budapest faced strong competition from cities like Prague, Warsaw, and Ljubljana; yet, it had successfully established a distinct historical and cultural urban identity. Similarly, Isfahan encountered competition from other cities in Iran and the Middle East. To enhance its urban identity, Isfahan should focus on its unique Iranian-Islamic architecture, particularly around the Zayandehrood River. Additionally, like Budapest and Doha, it can create special tourist attractions that reflect its identity, such as the Baghe Mashahir Project in the city's fifth urban region. In line with Barcelona and Doha, infrastructure projects like Naghshe Jahan Stadium could serve as global venues for hosting international events. However, it is important to note that these cities had developed their global infrastructures following the modernization of essential academic and medical facilities. Drawing inspiration from Amsterdam, Isfahan can leverage its cultural tolerance, particularly towards the Armenian community in Jolfa as part of its city brand. This approach can attract foreign Christian visitors through the integration of Islamic and Armenian cultures. Furthermore, urban natural areas, such as Nazhvan Region and the University of Isfahan located in the city center, can serve as focal points for attracting global investment. Despite the various potentials for "gelocal" city branding in Isfahan, the primary challenge lies in the lack of an effective global image to represent the city's brand.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_29604_06fd5b913b98e20d4a581ffa549d0580.pdf

University of Isfahan Geography and Environmental Planning 2008-5362 36 1 2025 03 21 Identification of Braided Channels on the Islamabad Alluvial Fan in Yazd Ardakan Basin Identification of Braided Channels on the Islamabad Alluvial Fan in Yazd Ardakan Basin 183 204 29616 10.22108/gep.2025.144804.1717 FA Seyyed Mahdi Pazhuhan Pourbagher Kordi Assistant professor, Department of Geography, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 07 Abstract Braided channels are subsidiary branches of riverine flows that primarily develop on the surfaces of alluvial fans and, occasionally, across floodplains. These channels serve as vital pathways for distributing floodwater across alluvial fans, making their accurate identification essential for predicting natural hazards, such as floods and erosion, and conducting effective environmental management. In the Islamabad Alluvial Fan of Yazd, the expansion of floodwaters has led to the formation of erosional landforms, such as gullies created by surface runoff. If not properly managed, these features pose significant risks to critical infrastructure, particularly transportation networks, which was a central focus of this research. The primary objective of this study was to create a high-accuracy spatial map of these flood channels. By utilizing GeoEye satellite imagery and a contrast difference detection algorithm, an image segmentation-based approach was employed to semi-automatically extract the spatial distribution of braided channels. Implementing this method on the eCognition platform using an object-based processing approach revealed that the generated polygons aligned well with the surface morphology of the alluvial fan. They effectively delineated features, such as gully patterns, braided channel networks, and floodwater dispersal routes. Additionally, the active area of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan was identified and visualized. These findings marked a significant advancement in flood risk management and the protection of ecosystems in arid regions. This research concluded that the contrast-based segmentation method had proven highly effective in detecting the morphology of alluvial fans. It successfully identified the approximately conical shape of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan, which was left-skewed, and detected the surface distributary channels in a semi-automatic manner through polyline drawing. The success of this method in capturing the form and surface features of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan was attributed to its simultaneous use of spectral information and morphological characteristics, such as size, slope, and shape of the landform. Keywords: Segmentation, Contrast, Flood Spreading, Braided Channels, Islamabad, Yazd. Introduction Braided channels are dynamic, branching subsidiary channels of river systems found in a variety of geographical environments, including the surfaces of alluvial fans, river deltas, mountainous gravel streams, sandy-bed rivers, and sedimentary plains. These channels are a significant focus for scientists across multiple disciplines. For geomorphologists, braided channels commonly found in high-altitude and periglacial regions are important for understanding erosion and sediment transport. For water resource and civil engineers, identifying these channels is crucial in the design of dams, water intake systems, and water transfer channels, all of which face threats from reservoir sedimentation due to high sediment transport and erosion rates. Braided channels serve as vital conduits for distributing floodwaters on alluvial fans, playing a central role in shaping hydrological and geomorphological processes. Economically, the alluvial deposits associated with braided channels form significant hydrocarbon reservoirs and are important sources of sand and gravel. These channels consist of numerous alluvial pathways that continuously separate and rejoin around sediment bars and islands, creating an intricate structure that resembles a braided rope. The formation and evolution of braided channels depend on water dynamics and watershed characteristics. As primary pathways for flood distribution on alluvial fans, their identification is critical for flood management. If not properly recognized and managed, braided channels can pose significant risks to regional infrastructure. Therefore, understanding and identifying these channels is essential for predicting natural hazards, such as floods and erosion, and conducting effective environmental management. Materials & Methods Modern techniques for analyzing landform features utilize object-based patterns and satellite image segmentation as essential tools for extracting and classifying geomorphological landforms. In this research, the spatial distribution of braided channels on the Islamabad Alluvial Fan in Yazd was semi-automatically detected using the contrast difference method. This approach employs a hierarchical segmentation strategy, breaking down images from whole to parts by dividing features into smaller, homogeneous sub-units. The method focuses on variations in pixel brightness, converting image features into binary regions (black and white). By determining spectral thresholds, dark and bright areas are separated through the delineation of distinct polygons. This technique enables identification of locations where braided channels form, which are critical for understanding areas prone to hazardous flood distribution and represent the active sections of the alluvial fan. The study concentrated on the Islamabad Alluvial Fan within the Yazd-Ardakan Watershed near Taft County, where frequent flooding had resulted in erosional landforms, including gullies formed by surface runoff. The uncontrolled expansion of these features posed significant risks to critical infrastructure, particularly transportation networks, highlighting the importance of this research. The primary objective of this study was to create a high-precision spatial map of flood channels to enhance flood risk mitigation strategies. To achieve this, GeoEye satellite imagery characterized by high spatial resolution and a contrast difference detection algorithm—an advanced image segmentation technique—were employed. This semi-automatic method was implemented on the E-Cognition platform using an object-based image analysis approach. The results demonstrated that the generated polygons closely aligned with the surface morphology of the alluvial fan, accurately depicting details, such as gullies, braided channel networks, and flood distribution pathways with remarkable precision. Additionally, the active section of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan was effectively identified and visualized. Research Findings One of the primary achievements of this method that captured researchers' attention was the radial pattern of braided channels observed in the output maps. This pattern illustrated the branching distribution of channels radiating from a central core and exhibited remarkable morphological consistency with Bristow's (1993) findings regarding the formation dynamics of alluvial fans in arid environments. Other significant findings of this study included: Spatial Mapping Accuracy: Integration of GeoEye imagery with object-based methods allowed for the precise extraction of braided channels at a spatial scale, significantly enhancing the resolution of flood hazard maps. Identification of Active Fan Section: By mapping the concentration of primary braided channels, the study revealed that the most active channels were predominantly located in the distal section (base) of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan. Morphological Alignment: The mapped polygons exhibited a strong correlation with the fan's surface features, confirming the method's reliability in complex arid environments. Geometric analysis revealed a left-skewed conical shape at the fan's base. Risk Reduction: Identification of active fan zones and erosion hotspots provided valuable insights for infrastructure protection and flood risk management. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Based on the results and findings of this research, it could be concluded that the majority of braided channels had formed in the distal section, or approximately at the base, of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan, which was also where the active section of the fan was located. The hierarchical whole-to-part algorithm based on contrast difference detection used in this study effectively identified the general morphology of the asymmetric conical alluvial fan and surface details, such as braided channels, through continuous polygonal lines. This method worked by gradually dividing image features into smaller subunits, continuing the segmentation process until spectral-spatial homogeneity criteria were met in each unit. The final homogeneous units were referred to as "image objects". Since these objects were derived from the hierarchical decomposition of large-scale features, this approach was also known as the "nested decomposition algorithm". The success of this method could be attributed to the integration of spectral data from electromagnetic reflection values across different bands with morphometric parameters, such as shape, density, and drainage patterns. While spectral data alone might not effectively distinguish landforms with similar reflectance, their combination with indices—such as the pyramidal shape coefficient characteristic of alluvial fans—significantly enhanced classification accuracy. These results signified a pioneering advancement in flood risk management and ecosystem protection in arid regions. The findings suggested that the presence of braided channels indicated high flow discharge and a significant concentration of coarse-grained sediments, such as sand, within the riverine system. Thus, identifying these channels in older sedimentary layers could be interpreted as evidence of past wet periods or frequent flood events. This characteristic positioned braided channels as vital tools for reconstructing historical climatic changes and conducting geomorphological studies as their formation patterns were directly linked to long-term moisture and hydrological fluctuations. This research underscored the importance of identifying braided channels as a critical factor in flood risk management, soil erosion reduction, and maintaining hydrological balance. Furthermore, these aquatic networks were not only valuable sources of construction materials, but their unregulated exploitation could lead to irreparable consequences for arid ecosystems. Consequently, this study demonstrated that the proposed method was an effective tool for monitoring morphological changes, identifying high-risk flood areas, and promoting the sustainable management of natural resources. Acknowledgements This study is part of the approved research project No. 210, which was dated April 23, 2023 and titled "Identification of Floodplain Hairpin Channels on the Eslamabad Alluvial Fan". The project was made possible through the generous financial support of the esteemed Provincial Research Council. We extend our heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to the honorable members of this council for their support. Abstract Braided channels are subsidiary branches of riverine flows that primarily develop on the surfaces of alluvial fans and, occasionally, across floodplains. These channels serve as vital pathways for distributing floodwater across alluvial fans, making their accurate identification essential for predicting natural hazards, such as floods and erosion, and conducting effective environmental management. In the Islamabad Alluvial Fan of Yazd, the expansion of floodwaters has led to the formation of erosional landforms, such as gullies created by surface runoff. If not properly managed, these features pose significant risks to critical infrastructure, particularly transportation networks, which was a central focus of this research. The primary objective of this study was to create a high-accuracy spatial map of these flood channels. By utilizing GeoEye satellite imagery and a contrast difference detection algorithm, an image segmentation-based approach was employed to semi-automatically extract the spatial distribution of braided channels. Implementing this method on the eCognition platform using an object-based processing approach revealed that the generated polygons aligned well with the surface morphology of the alluvial fan. They effectively delineated features, such as gully patterns, braided channel networks, and floodwater dispersal routes. Additionally, the active area of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan was identified and visualized. These findings marked a significant advancement in flood risk management and the protection of ecosystems in arid regions. This research concluded that the contrast-based segmentation method had proven highly effective in detecting the morphology of alluvial fans. It successfully identified the approximately conical shape of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan, which was left-skewed, and detected the surface distributary channels in a semi-automatic manner through polyline drawing. The success of this method in capturing the form and surface features of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan was attributed to its simultaneous use of spectral information and morphological characteristics, such as size, slope, and shape of the landform. Keywords: Segmentation, Contrast, Flood Spreading, Braided Channels, Islamabad, Yazd. Introduction Braided channels are dynamic, branching subsidiary channels of river systems found in a variety of geographical environments, including the surfaces of alluvial fans, river deltas, mountainous gravel streams, sandy-bed rivers, and sedimentary plains. These channels are a significant focus for scientists across multiple disciplines. For geomorphologists, braided channels commonly found in high-altitude and periglacial regions are important for understanding erosion and sediment transport. For water resource and civil engineers, identifying these channels is crucial in the design of dams, water intake systems, and water transfer channels, all of which face threats from reservoir sedimentation due to high sediment transport and erosion rates. Braided channels serve as vital conduits for distributing floodwaters on alluvial fans, playing a central role in shaping hydrological and geomorphological processes. Economically, the alluvial deposits associated with braided channels form significant hydrocarbon reservoirs and are important sources of sand and gravel. These channels consist of numerous alluvial pathways that continuously separate and rejoin around sediment bars and islands, creating an intricate structure that resembles a braided rope. The formation and evolution of braided channels depend on water dynamics and watershed characteristics. As primary pathways for flood distribution on alluvial fans, their identification is critical for flood management. If not properly recognized and managed, braided channels can pose significant risks to regional infrastructure. Therefore, understanding and identifying these channels is essential for predicting natural hazards, such as floods and erosion, and conducting effective environmental management. Materials & Methods Modern techniques for analyzing landform features utilize object-based patterns and satellite image segmentation as essential tools for extracting and classifying geomorphological landforms. In this research, the spatial distribution of braided channels on the Islamabad Alluvial Fan in Yazd was semi-automatically detected using the contrast difference method. This approach employs a hierarchical segmentation strategy, breaking down images from whole to parts by dividing features into smaller, homogeneous sub-units. The method focuses on variations in pixel brightness, converting image features into binary regions (black and white). By determining spectral thresholds, dark and bright areas are separated through the delineation of distinct polygons. This technique enables identification of locations where braided channels form, which are critical for understanding areas prone to hazardous flood distribution and represent the active sections of the alluvial fan. The study concentrated on the Islamabad Alluvial Fan within the Yazd-Ardakan Watershed near Taft County, where frequent flooding had resulted in erosional landforms, including gullies formed by surface runoff. The uncontrolled expansion of these features posed significant risks to critical infrastructure, particularly transportation networks, highlighting the importance of this research. The primary objective of this study was to create a high-precision spatial map of flood channels to enhance flood risk mitigation strategies. To achieve this, GeoEye satellite imagery characterized by high spatial resolution and a contrast difference detection algorithm—an advanced image segmentation technique—were employed. This semi-automatic method was implemented on the E-Cognition platform using an object-based image analysis approach. The results demonstrated that the generated polygons closely aligned with the surface morphology of the alluvial fan, accurately depicting details, such as gullies, braided channel networks, and flood distribution pathways with remarkable precision. Additionally, the active section of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan was effectively identified and visualized. Research Findings One of the primary achievements of this method that captured researchers' attention was the radial pattern of braided channels observed in the output maps. This pattern illustrated the branching distribution of channels radiating from a central core and exhibited remarkable morphological consistency with Bristow's (1993) findings regarding the formation dynamics of alluvial fans in arid environments. Other significant findings of this study included: Spatial Mapping Accuracy: Integration of GeoEye imagery with object-based methods allowed for the precise extraction of braided channels at a spatial scale, significantly enhancing the resolution of flood hazard maps. Identification of Active Fan Section: By mapping the concentration of primary braided channels, the study revealed that the most active channels were predominantly located in the distal section (base) of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan. Morphological Alignment: The mapped polygons exhibited a strong correlation with the fan's surface features, confirming the method's reliability in complex arid environments. Geometric analysis revealed a left-skewed conical shape at the fan's base. Risk Reduction: Identification of active fan zones and erosion hotspots provided valuable insights for infrastructure protection and flood risk management. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Based on the results and findings of this research, it could be concluded that the majority of braided channels had formed in the distal section, or approximately at the base, of the Islamabad Alluvial Fan, which was also where the active section of the fan was located. The hierarchical whole-to-part algorithm based on contrast difference detection used in this study effectively identified the general morphology of the asymmetric conical alluvial fan and surface details, such as braided channels, through continuous polygonal lines. This method worked by gradually dividing image features into smaller subunits, continuing the segmentation process until spectral-spatial homogeneity criteria were met in each unit. The final homogeneous units were referred to as "image objects". Since these objects were derived from the hierarchical decomposition of large-scale features, this approach was also known as the "nested decomposition algorithm". The success of this method could be attributed to the integration of spectral data from electromagnetic reflection values across different bands with morphometric parameters, such as shape, density, and drainage patterns. While spectral data alone might not effectively distinguish landforms with similar reflectance, their combination with indices—such as the pyramidal shape coefficient characteristic of alluvial fans—significantly enhanced classification accuracy. These results signified a pioneering advancement in flood risk management and ecosystem protection in arid regions. The findings suggested that the presence of braided channels indicated high flow discharge and a significant concentration of coarse-grained sediments, such as sand, within the riverine system. Thus, identifying these channels in older sedimentary layers could be interpreted as evidence of past wet periods or frequent flood events. This characteristic positioned braided channels as vital tools for reconstructing historical climatic changes and conducting geomorphological studies as their formation patterns were directly linked to long-term moisture and hydrological fluctuations. This research underscored the importance of identifying braided channels as a critical factor in flood risk management, soil erosion reduction, and maintaining hydrological balance. Furthermore, these aquatic networks were not only valuable sources of construction materials, but their unregulated exploitation could lead to irreparable consequences for arid ecosystems. Consequently, this study demonstrated that the proposed method was an effective tool for monitoring morphological changes, identifying high-risk flood areas, and promoting the sustainable management of natural resources. Acknowledgements This study is part of the approved research project No. 210, which was dated April 23, 2023 and titled "Identification of Floodplain Hairpin Channels on the Eslamabad Alluvial Fan". The project was made possible through the generous financial support of the esteemed Provincial Research Council. We extend our heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to the honorable members of this council for their support.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_29616_f134fdb4d562115b4df8c0f55daace1c.pdf