دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 36 4 2025 12 22 Water Quality Assessment of the Aji-Chai River and Its Influencing Factors ارزیابی کیفیت آب رودخانه آجی‌چای و عوامل مؤثر بر آن 1 34 30107 10.22108/gep.2025.143879.1699 FA یعقوب دین پژوه استاد گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران ندا جعفری دانشجوی دکتری گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران 0009-0008-6630-3772 Journal Article 2025 01 12 Abstract Surface water is a critical resource for agriculture, drinking, and industry, making its quality assessment a priority. This study evaluated the drinking water quality of the Aji-chai Watershed in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, using three established indices—Water Quality Index (WQI), Entropy-Weighted Water Quality Index (EWQI), and Improved Water Quality Index (ImpWQI)—based on 11 hydrochemical parameters. Data were collected from 3 stations (Arzanag, Akhola, and Markid) from 2003–2021 (1382–1400 Persian calendar). Factor analysis revealed that the first two principal factors accounted for over 78% of the variance at Arzanag, 81.1% at Akhola, and 92.43% at Markid, indicating distinct influencing mechanisms. Results showed that water quality at Arzanag was moderate according to WQI and EWQI but poor based on ImpWQI. Both Akhola and Markid exhibited very poor water quality across all indices. Key influencing factors differed by location: sodium chloride and hardness primarily drove quality at Arzanag, carbonate compounds and sulfates at Akhola, and nearly all measured variables at Markid. In conclusion, water from all three stations was unsuitable for drinking without treatment, underscoring the need for continuous monitoring. Future assessments should incorporate microbial indicators and heavy metals for a more comprehensive water safety evaluation. Keywords: Factor Analysis, Entropy Water Quality Index (EWQI), Water Quality Index (WQI), Improved Water Quality Index (ImpWQI). Introduction Surface water resources—including rivers, lakes, springs, and streams—are inherently vulnerable to quality degradation from pollutants. Standard water quality assessment involves comparing measured physical, chemical, and biological parameters against established national or international guideline thresholds, a task typically performed by environmental monitoring agencies. Consequently, continuous monitoring and evaluation are fundamental to the sustainable management and long-term protection of these vital resources. Water quality indices serve as essential tools in this evaluation process, synthesizing complex data into comprehensible metrics (Aouiti et al., 2021). Among the various indices, three widely applied metrics are Water Quality Index (WQI), Improved Water Quality Index (ImpWQI), and Entropy-Weighted Water Quality Index (EWQI) (Jafari & Dinpashoh, 2024). This study employed these three indices to assess the water quality of the Aji-chai River. The primary objectives of this research were: (1) evaluating surface water quality at the three selected stations along the Aji-chai River and (2) conducting a factor analysis to identify the most significant hydrochemical factors influencing water quality at each site. Materials & Methods Study Area and Data This study focused on the Aji-chai Catchment in northwest Iran, a principal sub-basin of Lake Urmia. The Aji-chai River, the longest river in the eastern basin of the lake, was analyzed at 3 hydrometric stations: Arzanag, Akhola, and Markid. Hydrogeochemical data for the period of 2003–2021 were obtained from the Regional Water Company of East Azerbaijan Province. The selected parameters included TDS, EC, pH, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HCO₃⁻, and TH. To account for seasonal variation, analyses were conducted using both the annual average values and data from the wettest and driest months of each year despite the original measurements being taken at irregular intervals. Analytical Methods Water quality was assessed using 3 conventional indices: Water Quality Index (WQI), Entropy-Weighted Water Quality Index (EWQI), and Improved Water Quality Index (ImpWQI). To identify the dominant hydrochemical factors influencing quality at each station, a separate factor analysis was performed for each site. The analysis proceeded as follows: A correlation matrix of the measured parameters was constructed to serve as the similarity matrix. Scree plots were used to determine the optimal number of principal factors to retain. Factor coefficients were calculated and axes were rotated by using the Varimax method to enhance interpretability (Moghadam et al., 2008). The position of variables on the factor loading plots (Cartesian plane) was interpreted to identify the key parameters controlling water quality at each station. Research Findings The calculated mean water quality index values for the three stations are presented in Table X. For WQI, the means were 129 (Arzanag), 239 (Akhola), and 1147 (Markid). Corresponding mean values for EWQI were 127, 220, and 946, and for ImpWQI were 156, 333, and 1896, respectively. These results consistently classified the water at all three sites as very poor and unsuitable for drinking. Seasonal analysis revealed that, in most years, water quality was better during wet months compared to dry months. Strong correlations were observed among the hydrochemical variables at each site. Factor analysis identified the dominant influences on water quality variance. At Arzanag, the first two factors explained 43.4% and 34.8% of the total variance, respectively. At Akhola and Markid, they cumulatively accounted for 81.1% and 95.5%, respectively. Following Varimax rotation, the factor loadings revealed distinct parameter associations: Arzanag: The first factor showed high loadings (>0.9) for Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, EC, and TDS. The second factor was strongly associated with Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and TH. Akhola: The first factor was linked to 8 variables with loadings >0.7: EC, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, TDS, Ca²⁺, TH, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺. The second factor was primarily associated with SO₄²⁻. Markid: The first factor showed near-unity loadings (close to 1) for 9 variables: Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, TDS, Ca²⁺, TH, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ (with SO₄²⁻ loading negatively). The second factor was also strongly defined by SO₄²⁻ (with a loading close to -1). Discussion of Results & Conclusion The three water quality indices—WQI, EWQI, and ImpWQI—consistently classified the river water at all three study sites (Arzanag, Akhola, and Markid) as very poor and unsuitable for drinking. The factor analysis further elucidated the distinct hydrochemical drivers of pollution at each location. At Arzanag, water quality was primarily influenced by two key factors: (1) salinity driven by chloride, sodium, and potassium and (2) hardness associated with bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium. In contrast, at Akhola, most measured variables—excluding pH and sulfate—collectively explained the majority of water quality variance, with sulfate (SO₄²⁻) emerging as a secondary, distinct influence. These findings underscored that while increasing water volume in the watershed might be challenging, preventing further pollution in the river system was a critical and actionable priority. Consequently, this study strongly recommends implementation of targeted, effective measures to control pollution sources and conserve water quality within the Aji-chai river basin. طرح مسئله: مطالعه کیفیت آب‌های سطحی که از قابل دسترس‌ترین منابع تأمین آب در کشاورزی، شرب و صنعت محسوب می‌شود، اهمیت فراوانی دارد. افزون بر این، شناسایی پارامترهای هیدروشیمیایی آب رودخانه‌ها که کیفیت آن را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهند، اهمیت بسزایی دارد. روش پژوهش: در مطالعه حاضر، کیفیت آب آشامیدنی در حوضه آبریز آجی‌چای در استان آذربایجان شرقی با استفاده از سه شاخص با روش‌های متفاوت وزن‌دهی شامل WQI، EWQI و ImpWQI مشخص شد. در این تحقیق، از داده‌های 11 پارامتر کیفیت آب شامل کل جامدات محلول (TDS)، هدایت الکتریکی (EC)، اسیدیته (pH)، بی‌کربنات (HCO₃⁻)، کلراید (Cl⁻)، سولفات (SO₄²⁻)، کلسیم (Ca²⁺)، منیزیم (Mg²⁺)، سدیم (Na⁺)، پتاسیم (K⁺) و سختی کل (TH) در سه ایستگاه هیدرومتری شامل ارزنق، آخولا و مرکید طی دوره آماری (1400-1382) استفاده شد. از روش تجزیه به عامل‌ها (FA) برای تشخیص عوامل مؤثر بر کیفیت آب رودخانه بهره گرفته شد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که کیفیت آب در ایستگاه ارزنق بر‌اساس شاخص‌های WQI و EWQI در سطح متوسط و بر‌اساس شاخص ImpWQI در سطح ضعیف قرار گرفت؛ در حالی که کیفیت آب در ایستگاه‌های آخولا و مرکید طبق هر سه شاخص در طبقه بسیار ضعیف ارزیابی شد. نتایج FA نشان داد که در ایستگاه‌های ارزنق، آخولا و مرکید، مجموع دو عامل اول به‌ترتیب، بیش از 78، 1/81 و 43/92 درصد از واریانس داده‌ها را توجیه می‌کرد. در ایستگاه ارزنق، کیفیت آب بیشتر تحت تأثیر «نمک کلرور سدیم» از یک سو و «سختی با کربنات کلسیم» از دیگر سو بود. کیفیت آب در ایستگاه آخولا بیشتر تحت تأثیر «کربنات منیزیم و کلسیم» و «سولفات‌ها» بود. کیفیت آب، در ایستگاه مرکید بیشتر تحت تأثیر «همه متغیرها به‌جز اسیدیته» و «اسیدیته» است. می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که با هر سه شاخص، کیفیت آب در هر سه ایستگاه نشان‌دهنده محدودیت در استفاده شرب است؛ ارزیابی نهایی برای مصارف انسانی نیازمند اندازه‌گیری دقیق پارامترهای تکمیلی، از جمله پارامترهای میکروبی و فلزات سنگین است. کنترل آلاینده‌های اصلی، پایش مستمر کیفیت آب، استفاده از روش‌های تصفیه مناسب و برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای برای مدیریت منابع آب منطقه ضروری است.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_30107_b5fe0283b01ecafea6e0979725c8fb26.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 36 4 2025 12 22 Understanding Tectonic-Erosion Processes of Pediments in the Northern Highlands of Zanjan بررسی فرآیندهای تکتونیکی - فرسایشی مؤثر در شکل‌گیری پدیمنت‌های ارتفاعات شمالی زنجان 35 52 30158 10.22108/gep.2025.145275.1724 FA غلامحسن جعفری دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران. Journal Article 2025 05 14 Abstract Pediments characterized by their low gradient and smooth erosion surfaces are crucial for understanding tectonic and erosion processes. These surfaces typically form as a result of the interplay between erosion and tectonic movements. This study focused on the northern highlands of Zanjan, investigating the tectonic and erosion processes involved in pediment formation with reference to King's model and Shahzidi's proposed model. This region marked by diverse tectonic activity and unique lithological conditions provides an ideal case for examining these phenomena. Employing field analyses, Digital Elevation Models (DEM), and interpretations of Google Earth satellite images, this study identified and investigated pediments. Additionally, field visits to lithological sites and geomorphological analyses were conducted to deepen our understanding of the effects of erosion and tectonics on pediment formation. In the northern areas of Zanjan, long-term erosion has been identified as the primary factor influencing pediment development, particularly in regions with less resistant lithology, such as shale. Slow tectonic activity, especially in the eastern parts of Zanjan, has resulted in the formation of concave pediments with graded slopes. Conversely, in the western regions where tectonic activity is less pronounced, stepped pediments are more prevalent. Active faults in eastern Zanjan have significantly shaped the geology and contributed to pediment formation, creating uneven terrains that have gradually transformed into smooth surfaces under erosive forces. The lithological resistance of andesitic masses amidst less resistant layers has further contributed to slope variations and the development of stepped pediments in the northern highlands of Zanjan. Keywords: Pediment, Erosion, Tectonics, Shahzidi’s Model, King’s Model, Zanjan. Introduction Pediments are gently sloping, low-relief erosional surfaces that form at the base of mountain fronts often partially covered by alluvial deposits. First described by Lester C. King in 1953, pediments have long been recognized as a characteristic feature of arid and semi-arid landscapes. In these environments, prolonged erosion under tectonically stable conditions results in the retreat of mountain fronts and the development of convex-upward profiles. According to King's classical model, pediments exclusively form in tectonically quiescent settings through lateral planation driven by fluvial processes with minimal contributions from tectonic uplift. Recent experimental and field-based models, however, challenge this perspective. Shahzeidi (2014) proposed an alternative framework based on physical modeling, suggesting that concave pediments with graded slopes can develop under conditions of slow but continuous tectonic uplift combined with long-term erosion. This model posits that even minimal uplift rates (>0.1 mm/yr) can significantly influence landform evolution by maintaining a dynamic equilibrium between rock uplift and erosion, resulting in smooth, concave profiles rather than stepped or convex ones. The northern highlands of Zanjan situated at the intersection of the Central Iranian Block and the Alborz-Taleh zone, provide a unique natural laboratory for testing these competing geomorphological models. This region exhibits notable spatial variability in tectonic activity, including active fault systems, such as Sultanieh Fault in the south and North Zanjan Fault in the north, alongside areas of relative tectonic stability. Additionally, the presence of resistant Eocene andesitic units (Karj Formation) interbedded with weaker marls and shales creates strong lithological contrasts that significantly influence landscape evolution. This study aimed to empirically test the predictive capabilities of King’s (1953) and Shahzeidi’s (2014) models within a real-world tectonically active environment. By analyzing 30 elevation profiles across the northern Zanjan highlands, we evaluated which model more accurately explained the observed morphologies of pediments and investigated the relative roles of tectonics, long-term erosion, and lithological resistance in shaping these landforms. Materials & Methods Primary data were collected through a combination of remote sensing analysis and field surveys. A high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a 12.5-m pixel resolution derived from ALOS PALSAR was utilized to extract 30 cross-sectional elevation profiles perpendicular to mountain fronts throughout the study area. These profiles were manually digitized by using GIS software and categorized based on their morphological characteristics: convex, concave, or stepped. Field observations were conducted along selected profiles to validate geological structures, identify fault traces, and assess lithological variations. Rock samples were collected for petrographic analysis to confirm the composition and resistance of andesitic masses compared to softer sedimentary layers. Morphometric analyses included calculation of slope gradients, measurement of elevation differences between adjacent terraces, assessment of profile curvature, and spatial correlation with mapped fault systems and lithological units. All profiles were classified according to 3 hypotheses derived from Shahzeidi’s (2014) experimental model: Hypothesis 1: Stepped and convex profiles indicate long-term erosion under tectonic stability. Hypothesis 2: Stepped profiles with moderate slope changes suggest limited tectonic influence alongside predominant erosion. Hypothesis 3: Concave profiles with gradual slopes reflect long-term erosion under slow tectonic uplift. Statistical summaries of profile types and their spatial distribution were generated to evaluate regional patterns. Research Findings A total of 30 elevation profiles were analyzed across the northern highlands of Zanjan, revealing a distinct spatial pattern in pediment morphology: 46.7% (n=14) of the profiles exhibited stepped and convex forms, primarily located in the western and northwestern parts of the region, particularly near the Arman-Khan fault zone, which was characterized by low seismic activity, 40% (n=12) displayed concave profiles with graded slopes concentrated in the eastern and southeastern sectors directly aligned with active segments of Sultanieh Fault, 10% (n=3) exhibited partially convex stepped features, and 3.3% (n=1) showed a partially concave profile, indicating transitional forms. Vertical offsets between adjacent terraces varied systematically: In distal piedmont zones (e.g., downstream of pediment toes), offsets ranged from 30 to 70 m, suggesting advanced stages of erosion. In mid-slope transition zones, offsets were measured 100 to 200 m, indicating interaction between tectonic forces and erosion. Near mountain crests (e.g., Tarm Heights), offsets ranged from 250 to 400 m, reflecting early-stage development primarily influenced by tectonic uplift. All stepped profiles, regardless of their convexity or concavity, were spatially associated with the resistant andesitic masses of Karj Formation (Eocene). These units served as remnant surfaces due to their high resistance to erosion, while the softer intervening layers (such as marls and shales) were eroded more rapidly, resulting in staircase-like features. Spatial overlays with structural maps confirmed that concave profiles were consistently located along active fault traces, while convex profiles were found in areas with minimal faulting and lower levels of crustal deformation. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings strongly supported Shahzeidi’s (2014) model over King’s (1953) classical hypothesis. The presence of concave pediments in eastern Zanjan formed under conditions of slow tectonic uplift combined with long-term erosion aligned perfectly with the predictions of the experimental model. This result corroborated global studies indicating that even very low uplift rates (>0.1 mm/yr) can produce concave pediments. For instance, Pelletier (2008) in Arizona and Richardson et al. (2024) in South Africa identified such forms as indicators of sustained, low-amplitude tectonic activity rather than tectonic quiescence. In contrast, the convex and stepped pediments in western Zanjan conformed to King’s model, but only as a specific case within a broader tectonically active context. Their presence reflected periods of relative tectonic stability rather than absolute stillness, underscoring the significance of local structural controls. Lithological resistance played a crucial role in shaping micro-morphology. The alternation of resistant andesitic layers with weaker interlayers produced stepped features consistent with findings by Eppes and McFadden (2008) in arid basins, where differential erosion has led to the formation of terrace-like remnants. This "relative resistance" effect illustrated how lithology could overshadow uniform tectonic signals, resulting in diverse morphologies even under similar uplift regimes. Moreover, the asymmetric spatial distribution—46.7% convex in the west versus 40% concave in the east—revealed significant geodynamic heterogeneity across the northern Zanjan highlands. This pattern mirrored observations by Muñoz-Farias et al. (2023) in Atacama Desert, where active tectonic settings have promoted the development of concave pediments, while stable zones have given rise to convex forms. Crucially, this study demonstrated that erosion remained the dominant process in pediment formation; however, its manifestation was fundamentally influenced by the underlying tectonic and lithological frameworks. The evolution of pediments in this region followed a 3-phase trajectory: tectonic dominance characterized by high relief and large terrace offsets, interaction phase involving moderate uplift coupled with erosion, and erosional dominance marked by low relief, small offsets, and convex forms. Thus, the formation of pediments in northern Zanjan was best explained by a tripartite interaction among long-term erosion (as the primary agent), slow tectonics (which governed overall shape), and lithological heterogeneity (which determined microstructural features). This research provided the first successful field validation of Shahzeidi’s (2014) experimental model in Iran, illustrating that concave pediments could form under conditions of slow tectonic uplift combined with long-term erosion. The widespread occurrence of such forms in eastern Zanjan challenged the classical notion that pediments necessitate tectonic stability, reinforcing the modern understanding that even minimal uplift can significantly shape landscapes over geological timescales. The convex and stepped pediments in the west represented sub-cases of tectonic stability within an overall active regime, aligning with King’s model but not discounting the broader role of tectonics. The study highlighted the necessity of integrating tectonic, erosional, and lithological factors in geomorphological analyses. It also emphasized the value of combining remote sensing with fieldwork to validate theoretical models in complex terrains. These findings have practical implications for neotectonic reconstruction, geological hazard assessment in mountainous areas, and sustainable management of water and soil resources in adjacent plains. For future research, it is recommended to incorporate quantitative morphometric indices (e.g., hypsometric integral, stream length-gradient index) to expand this analytical framework into a fully quantitative domain. پدیمنت‌ها به‌عنوان سطوح فرسایشی کم‌شیب در پایه رشته‌کوه‌ها، شاخص‌های کلیدی برای درک تعامل بین فرآیندهای تکتونیکی و فرسایشی محسوب می‌شوند؛ با این حال، ماهیت شکل‌گیری آنها در مناطق با شرایط زمین‌ساختی و لیتولوژیکی متنوع همچنان چالش‌برانگیز است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی نقش فرآیندهای تکتونیکی-فرسایشی در ژنز پدیمنت‌های ارتفاعات شمالی استان زنجان طراحی شده است. منطقه مورد مطالعه در شمال غرب ایران واقع شده است و به‌دلیل تنوع لیتولوژیکی، فعالیت‌های نئوتکتونیکی متفاوت و حضور گسل‌های فعال، زمینۀ مناسبی برای تحلیل این تعامل فراهم می‌کند. روش‌شناسی پژوهش ترکیبی از تحلیل‌های میدانی، پردازش مدل رقومی ارتفاع (DEM) با دقت بالا، تفسیر تصاویر ماهواره‌ای گوگل ارث و استفاده از مدل‌های نظری کینگ و شاهزیدی است. نیمرخ‌های ارتفاعی از 30 موقعیت مختلف ترسیم و براساس شکل هندسی (محدب، مقعر، پلکانی) و رابطه آنها با ساختارهای تکتونیکی و لیتولوژی منطقه تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که در مناطق غرب و شمال‌غربی زنجان، فرسایش طولانی‌مدت در شرایط تکتونیکی پایدار منجر به تشکیل پدیمنت‌های پلکانی شده است؛ در حالی که در شرق و جنوب ‌شرقی زنجان، فعالیت‌های تکتونیکی آرام همراه با فرسایش، پدیمنت‌های مقعر با شیب استدراجی را ایجاد کرده‌اند. همچنین، مقاومت نسبی توده‌های آندزیتی در برابر فرسایش نقش مهمی در ایجاد تغییرات شیب و شکل‌گیری پلکان‌های موضعی ایفا کرده است. این مطالعه با تأکید بر تعامل سه‌گانه فرسایش، تکتونیک و لیتولوژی، نه‌تنها به‌درک بهتر ژنز پدیمنت‌ها در شمال غرب ایران کمک می‌کند، اعتبار مدل شاهزیدی را در مقایسه با مدل کلاسیک کینگ در شرایط واقعی زمین‌شناسی تأیید می‌کند.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_30158_12f682515daa6c2b01d1e9a0e2ca6396.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 36 4 2025 12 22 Comparative Analysis of the Pedestrianism Livability Pattern with an Emphasis on Residents' Views (Case Study: Niasarm Madi (Creek), Isfahan City) تحلیل تطبیقی مؤلفه‌های الگوی زیست‌پیاده‌مدار با تأکید بر نظر شهروندان (مطالعه موردی: مادی نیاصرم کلان‌شهر اصفهان) 53 94 30157 10.22108/gep.2025.144656.1715 FA سهیلا رضائی آدریانی دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران مسعود تقوایی استاد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2025 05 08 Abstract Madi Niasarm, a significant branch of the Zayandeh-Rud River, holds substantial potential to enhance the livability and walkability of Isfahan. Unfortunately, this area has been largely neglected in urban development efforts and its existing attributes have not been fully leveraged. This study sought to evaluate how well the Madi Niasarm corridor aligned with the principles of livability and pedestrianism. To accomplish this, we developed a novel composite model called the “Pedestrianism Livability Pattern”, integrating relevant theories and compiling suitable quantitative indicators for assessment from various sources. The primary objective of this research was to investigate conformity of Madi Niasarm with the indicators of the Pedestrianism Livability Pattern from the perspectives of local residents and citizens. Additionally, we aimed to create a prioritized framework for developmental plans and interventions that addressed the existing deficiencies and weaknesses along the corridor. Our methodology encompassed a literature review, field observations, and questionnaire surveys, focusing on the statistical population of residents living adjacent to Madi Niasarm. By utilizing Cochran’s formula, we established a sample size of 390 respondents. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS software and incorporating statistical tests, such as Friedman and one-sample t-tests. The results revealed that walkability indicators received the highest average score of 3.89 followed by public spaces at 3.61 and social factors at 3.59. Conversely, public transportation indicators averaged 3.35, managerial factors 3.30, and economic factors 3.29, ranking lowest among the evaluated components. These findings provided a valuable foundation for developing policies aimed at enhancing livability and pedestrianism in the Madi Niasarm region. Keywords: Livability, Pedestrianism, Pedestrianism Livability Pattern, Index, Madi Niasram, Isfahan. Introduction Madi Niasarm as a key branch of the Zayandeh-Rud River holds significant potential to enhance the livability and walkability of Isfahan. Unfortunately, this corridor has been largely neglected in the context of urban development and its existing capabilities remain underutilized. This study aimed to evaluate the extent to which the Madi Niasarm corridor aligned with the criteria for livability and pedestrianism. To achieve this, we developed a new composite model termed the "Pedestrianism Livability Pattern", which integrated relevant theories and compiled appropriate quantitative indicators for assessment from various sources. Residents' perceptions served as invaluable indicators of urban livability as they engaged with these environments daily and possessed experiential knowledge that might be lacking among outsiders or planners. Therefore, the primary objective of this research was to assess the alignment of Madi Niasarm with the indicators of the Pedestrianism Livability Pattern as perceived by local residents and citizens. Additionally, we aimed to establish a prioritized framework for development plans and interventions that addressed existing deficiencies and weaknesses along the corridor. The resilience, attractiveness, and sustainability of urban areas increasingly depended on their walkability, accessibility, and the overall quality of pedestrian environments. As cities move towards more sustainable development goals, urban planners and policymakers are recognizing the potential of natural corridors—such as creeks and riverbanks—to function as green arteries that enhance urban livability through pedestrian-friendly pathways. In Isfahan, a city celebrated for its historic architecture and rich cultural heritage, the Zayandeh-Rood River and its associated creek networks, including Madi Niasarm, present a unique opportunity to reconnect residents with natural and cultural landscapes, thereby fostering social interaction, ecological sustainability, and economic vitality. Despite the recognized potential of these corridors, their current utilization remains suboptimal. This gap may stem from insufficient planning, a failure to consider residents' needs and perceptions, or inadequate infrastructure development that does not align with the principles of sustainable pedestrianism. This study investigated how well the existing morphology and management of Madi Niasarm conformed to the indicators of pedestrianism and livability. Its aim was to synthesize residents’ perspectives with these indicators, creating a comprehensive framework that could guide sustainable development and conservation strategies. Engaging residents as primary stakeholders provided nuanced insights into the actual usability, safety, aesthetic appeal, and social opportunities offered by these urban corridors. This engagement also helped identify perceptual gaps that might hinder the realization of their full potential. Additionally, comparing current conditions with a theoretically derived Pedestrianism Livability Pattern would allow urban planners to identify priority areas for intervention, ensuring that developments are responsive to local needs, environmental constraints, and cultural values. Materials & Methods This research employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative techniques to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the pedestrian livability landscape. The investigation included extensive literature review to analyze existing scholarship on urban livability, pedestrian-oriented design, and relevant case studies from similar contexts. Field observations were conducted along Madi Niasarm to assess physical conditions, infrastructure availability, land use patterns, safety features, and aesthetic qualities. A structured questionnaire was developed and distributed to residents living adjacent to Madi Niasarm. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula, resulting in a dataset of 390 respondents selected through stratified random sampling to ensure representation across various age groups, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS software and employing statistical tests, including Friedman’s test to rank the importance of different components of the pedestrian livability pattern, t-tests for mean comparisons, and analyses of standard deviations to assess consensus among residents. The derived components were based on an integrated framework that drew from urban livability theories and pedestrian-centered design principles, encompassing factors, such as physical infrastructure, social inclusiveness, environmental sustainability, safety, cultural relevance, and management strategies. Research Findings This study assessed the extent to which the indicators of the Pedestrianism Livability Pattern had been realized along the Madi Niasarm corridor, drawing on insights from local residents and utilizing a framework comprising 12 components and 69 indicators. The results indicated that the mean scores for all components exceeded the moderate threshold, reflecting a relatively favorable condition of the corridor concerning its adherence to the Pedestrianism Livability Pattern. These findings underscored the significant potential of the corridor for fully implementing the pattern and advancing sustainable urban development. Moreover, they aligned with previous research, notably the studies by Ghalehnoee and Alikhani (2014) and Namdarian et al. (2017). Statistical analyses further revealed that the components under investigation did not exhibit uniform levels of realization across the area with significant differences identified among them. The results of the Friedman test, which ranked the components of the Pedestrianism Livability Pattern, indicated that the means of the defined components were not equal. The components were ranked as follows: 1) pedestrianism, 2) public spaces, 3) social factors, 4) environmental sustainability, 5) culture and education, 6) physical quality, 7) safety and security, 8) urban self-reliance, 9) public transportation, 10) urban landscape, 11) management factors, and 12) economic factors. Subsequently, the average scores assigned by citizens to each component were as follows: pedestrianism (3.89), public spaces (3.61), social factors (3.59), environmental sustainability (3.58), culture and education (3.50), physical quality (3.44), safety and security (3.42), urban self-reliance (3.42), public transportation (3.35), urban landscape (3.36), management factors (3.30), and economic factors (3.29). The Madi corridors distinguished by their linear structure and favorable climatic conditions offered considerable potential for pedestrian-oriented development. However, specific sections required infrastructural enhancements, particularly regarding the separation of pedestrian and vehicular pathways. Public spaces—especially green and shaded areas—were crucial for enhancing the quality of life and providing leisure opportunities. Nonetheless, there was a noticeable lack of resting points and recreational amenities in certain areas of the corridor. Social factors, including neighborhood relations and a strengthened sense of belonging, were notable advantages within the region although further adaptations were needed to better accommodate specific groups. In terms of the environmental dimension, the presence of greenery and climatic comfort was a significant strength; however, issues like canal desiccation and land subsidence posed serious concerns. Additionally, deficiencies in tree maintenance and disorder in some areas further compromised environmental quality. Safety and security were challenged by the lack of protective infrastructure, overlapping pathways, and the presence of vulnerable populations. The area's resilience necessitated special attention given the physical deterioration and low permeability of the urban fabric. While urban infrastructure and healthcare services were relatively adequate, limitations persisted regarding land use diversity, access to daily services, and retail opportunities in certain sections. The urban landscape, despite sufficient enclosure, was adversely affected by incoherent architectural forms and a neglect of cultural heritage. In the transportation sector, access to public transit was generally adequate; however, improvements were needed for bicycle routes and pathways designed for specific groups (Nouraei et al., 2023). Traffic management issues and a lack of parking facilities also contributed to citizen dissatisfaction. From the residents' perspective, urban management and economic components were rated as weak. Key challenges included the absence of effective public engagement, limited responsiveness, and insufficient local employment opportunities. Strengthening citizen participation, reorganizing land uses, and supporting small businesses could significantly enhance conditions. These findings align with the results of Arsiya & Mehrabani Golzar (2018), underscoring the need to bolster residents' economic capacity and improve managerial processes. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings highlighted that the Niasarm Madi corridor encompassed various elements essential for fostering pedestrian-friendly urban environments. While certain aspects, such as pedestrian pathways, public spaces, and opportunities for social engagement, were relatively well-developed, areas like safety management, environmental sustainability, and economic vitality required targeted improvements. Based on the rankings and feedback from residents, we propose a hierarchical development framework: First Priority: Addressing economic factors, management strategies, public transportation systems, and aesthetic quality of urban imagery and landscapes (These elements form the foundation for sustainable pedestrian activity, economic resilience, and visual appeal.) Second Priority: Enhancing urban self-reliance, safety and security measures, physical quality of infrastructure, and cultural/educational initiatives that deepen residents’ engagement and sense of belonging Third Priority: Focusing on environmental sustainability, social cohesion, expansion and enhancement of public spaces, and promotion of pedestrianism practices This phased approach aligns with the principles of participatory development—adapting interventions to capitalize on existing strengths while systematically addressing weaknesses—thereby ensuring incremental yet impactful improvements. This comprehensive analysis underscored the vital role of residents’ perceptions in shaping the development of pedestrian-friendly urban environments. Niasarm Madi served as a model for both the potential and challenges of utilizing natural corridors to enhance livability, resilience, and sustainability. Responsive, participatory, and strategic interventions grounded in robust data and community input could ensure that such urban spaces met the evolving needs of their inhabitants while preserving their unique cultural and environmental heritage. The results of this research can contribute to the preservation, revitalization, and strengthening of the pedestrianism livability pattern in the spatial structure of Isfahan City, maximizing the potential of this corridor to enhance the city's overall livability and resilience. مادی نیاصرم به‌عنوان یکی از اصلی‌ترین انشعابات رودخانه زاینده‌رود، از ظرفیت بالقوه‌ای در راستای ارتقای زیست‌پذیری و پیاده‌مداری شهر اصفهان برخوردار است؛ بااین‌حال، در روند توسعه شهری به این محور توجه لازم نشده و بهره‌برداری مؤثری از پتانسیل‌ها و ظرفیت‌های موجود صورت نگرفته است. پژوهش حاضر باهدف بررسی میزان برخورداری این محور از شاخص‌های زیست‌پذیری و پیاده‌مداری طراحی شده است. بدین منظور با ترکیب نظریات زیست‌پذیری و پیاده‌مداری الگوی تلفیقی جدیدی با عنوان «الگوی زیست‌پیاده‌مدار» تدوین شد و شاخص‌های کمی مناسب برای ارزیابی آن از منابع علمی موجود گردآوری شد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، ارزیابی میزان برخورداری مادی نیاصرم از شاخص‌های الگوی زیست‌پیاده‌مدار براساس دیدگاه شهروندان و ساکنان حاشیه مادی و دستیابی به اولویت‌بندی مناسب برای برنامه‌‌ها و طرح‌های توسعه با تمرکز بر نقاط ضعف و کمبودهای موجود در این محور است. روش تحقیق شامل مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، برداشت‌های میدانی و تکمیل پرسش‌نامه است و جامعه آماری آن را شهروندان ساکن در حاشیه مادی نیاصرم تشکیل می‌دهند. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران ۳۹۰ نفر تعیین شد. داده‌ها با بهره‌گیری از نرم‌افزار SPSS و آزمون‌های آماری فریدمن، t تک‌نمونه‌ای و تحلیل میانگین تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که شاخص‌های پیاده‌مداری با میانگین 89/3، فضاهای عمومی با میانگین 61/3 و عوامل اجتماعی با میانگین 59/3 در سه رتبه‌ نخست قرار دارند؛ درحالی‌‌که شاخص‌های حمل‌ونقل عمومی با میانگین 35/3، عوامل مدیریتی با میانگین 3/3 و عوامل اقتصادی با میانگین 29/3 در پایین‌ترین رتبه‌ها جای گرفته‌اند. این یافته‌ها می‌توانند مبنایی برای تدوین سیاست‌های توسعه این ‌محور و اولویت‌بندی اقدامات اجرایی در راستای تحقق کامل الگوی زیست‌پیاده‌مدار در محدوده مادی نیاصرم فراهم آورند.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_30157_953de7fb6e398ed5fa1ff9130f87b068.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 36 4 2025 12 22 A Bibliometric Review of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Smart City Planning: Lessons from the Past, Research Directions for the Future in Iran مرور کتاب‌سنجی بر فناوری هوش مصنوعی در برنامه‌ریزی شهر هوشمند: درس‌هایی از گذشته، مسیرهای تحقیقاتی برای آینده در ایران 95 124 30309 10.22108/gep.2026.147459.1758 FA شقایق پرهیزگار دانشجوی دکتری گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران امیر رضا خاوریان گرمسیر استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران علی صادقی استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران حمیدرضا وارثی استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2025 11 18 Abstract This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of the global and Iranian scientific literature concerning the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in smart city planning. It sought to identify international research trends, key thematic clusters, and prominent scientific collaborations, while also performing a comparative analysis to pinpoint specific research gaps and future directions for Iran. The research methodology employed a dual-pronged approach. For the international scope, a bibliometric analysis of publications was performed by using the Web of Science database. In the Iranian context, a systematic review of relevant Farsi studies indexed in national databases—including Noormags, SID, Elmnet, and IranDoc—was conducted. A total of 271 studies were analyzed and thematically categorized. The findings indicated substantial global growth in this field, with China emerging as a leading scientific hub. Key international research clusters identified included urban modeling, smart transportation, technological infrastructure, cybersecurity, and governance. In contrast, the analysis of domestic Iranian research revealed a predominant focus on conceptual and infrastructural discussions, leading to significant blind spots in practical, data-driven applications and the development of essential governance, legal, and ethical frameworks. To enhance the future trajectory of AI in smart city research within Iran, it is crucial to strategically address these identified gaps. There must be a shift toward localized model development, practical implementation studies, and strategic foresight. This approach will enable successful and contextually relevant implementations, bridging the current divide between Iran's research output and global advancements in the field. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Smart City, Iran, bibliographic Analysis. Introduction The accelerating pace of global urbanization has intensified critical challenges, such as excessive energy consumption, environmental pollution, and significant pressure on natural resources, making the transformation of urban management and development of innovative models an imperative necessity (Salman & Hesar, 2023). In this context, the smart city paradigm has emerged as a technological and forward-looking response. By harnessing foundational technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and big data analytics, smart cities aim to optimize energy usage, enhance urban resilience, improve citizens' quality of life, and advance sustainability (Biberi, 2021). Despite significant technological advancements and the integration of concepts like smart homes, intelligent transportation, and environmental monitoring, persistent challenges—including concerns over data security, issues of social acceptance, and a lack of precise evaluation metrics—continue to hinder their development. At the same time, researchers are working to leverage predictive analytics, machine learning algorithms, and deep neural networks to elevate urban performance to unprecedented levels of efficiency and autonomy (dos Santos et al., 2025; Javid et al., 2023). A key component of a smart city is urban sustainability. Studies indicate that smart cities systematically employ innovative technologies to manage urban services, aiming to minimize natural resource consumption, harness renewable energy, and enhance environmental quality. These cities operate as technologically advanced, community-oriented, and environmentally compatible spaces, optimizing urban operations through digital infrastructure and intelligent systems. Although the smart city concept is well-established in scientific literature, policymaking, and urban planning, a universally accepted definition remains elusive. Variations in implementation approaches and geographical contexts mean that each city engages with the concept in a unique manner. In the 2000s, the idea was predominantly driven by global IT corporations, gradually evolving from a purely technological vision into a multidimensional urban policy (Fistola & Roca, 2025). Key enabling technologies include 5G networks, IoT, and AI algorithms, which are applied across various sectors, such as energy, traffic, security, spatial planning, and healthcare. By collecting precise data and providing predictive insights, these technologies facilitate optimal decision-making at multiple urban levels (Ning Ma, 2024; Sepehri et al., 2024). The recent emergence of "Urban AI" focuses on the structural integration of AI into urban subsystems, including governance, social services, and urban economy. This transformation not only reshapes traditional urban planning, but also enhances the potential for achieving the UN's Sustainable Development Goals within cities. However, the ethical and responsible development and application of AI in urban environments remains a critically important and debated topic (Fistola & Roca, 2025). Accordingly, this study employed a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of both international and domestic literature (from Iran) to illuminate future research pathways for AI-based smart city development. The research was guided by 3 central questions: Which countries lead in knowledge production related to AI in smart cities and how are international collaboration networks structured? Which scientific sources and documents have most significantly influenced the field of AI in smart cities and what attributes account for their impact? Given the existing global knowledge structure and research trends, what specific gaps and opportunities exist for research on AI-based smart city development in Iran? Materials & Methods This research employed a dual-method approach, combining quantitative bibliometric analysis with a qualitative systematic review to provide a comprehensive overview of the research landscape. For the international analysis, data were systematically retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database on July 8, 2025. A thorough search query was formulated by using key terms related to "Artificial Intelligence", "Internet of Things", and "Smart City*" to identify relevant publications from 2020 to 2025. The initial search yielded 1,752 documents, which were meticulously screened based on predefined inclusion criteria—focusing on relevance to AI/IoT applications in urban environments, smart city concepts, urban sustainability, and operational or managerial aspects of urban systems. This process resulted in a final corpus of 271 high-quality, relevant documents for in-depth analysis. For the bibliometric analysis, complete records and cited references were exported and analyzed using specialized scientometric software (VOSviewer). Techniques like co-authorship analysis (of countries and authors), co-citation analysis (of sources and documents), and keyword co-occurrence analysis were employed to map the intellectual structure, identify leading entities, and visualize thematic clusters. In the Iranian context, a systematic review of domestic scholarly output was conducted. Major national databases, including Noormags, SID, IranDoc, and Elmnet, were searched by using equivalent Persian keywords (e.g., "smart city", "Artificial Intelligence", etc.). The retrieved studies were screened for relevance, duplicates were removed, and the final selection was subjected to content analysis and thematic clustering. This approach facilitated a robust comparative analysis between international trends and the characteristics of Iran's domestic research, allowing for the identification of specific national research gaps and opportunities. Research Findings The analysis of publication trends revealed a significant growth in the field, particularly between 2021 and 2024, highlighting a period of increasing scientific output and influence. Original research articles dominated the literature, comprising 58.67% of total publications and indicating a strong focus on applied problem-solving. Additionally, the substantial share of conference papers (22.88%) reflected the dynamic nature of the field and the need for rapid knowledge exchange. The growing number of review articles (14.02%) signaled a shift towards the consolidation and synthesis of the expanding knowledge base. Geographically, China emerged as the undisputed leader in knowledge production, a status attributed to extensive R&D funding, supportive national policies, and active international scientific collaborations. Other notable contributors included India, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea, indicating a gradual shift of knowledge production hubs towards Asia. Saudi Arabia's impressive performance could be linked to its recent digital transformation agendas, while South Korea retained a strong position due to its advanced technological infrastructure. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords revealed a complex conceptual structure organized around 6 distinct but interconnected thematic clusters: 1) Modeling and Theoretical Frameworks (the conceptual core); 2) Smart Transportation; 3) Technological Infrastructure (IoT, 5G); 4) Data-Driven Sustainability; 5) Smart Governance; and 6) Cybersecurity and Privacy. The centrality of the modeling cluster and its interaction with the other clusters highlighted efforts to develop integrated models for managing the inherent complexity of urban intelligent systems. The prominence of applied clusters, such as smart transportation and infrastructure, demonstrated a strong commitment to addressing practical urban challenges. Concurrently, the emergence of sustainability and governance clusters reflected increasing concerns regarding the socio-political dimensions of smart cities. The recurring themes of cybersecurity and privacy across multiple clusters underscored the significant ethical and legal challenges posed by urban digitalization. The systematic review of Iranian studies drawn from databases, such as Noormags and SID, revealed a contrasting focus. Domestic research predominantly centered on "novel technologies and smart infrastructure", as well as the "conceptual foundations of smart cities". In contrast, internationally prominent themes like "smart transportation", "cybersecurity", and "data-driven sustainability" received considerably less attention in Iranian literature. This suggested that Iran's scientific outputs remained largely in the conceptual and foundational stages, while international research had progressively shifted towards practical, cross-disciplinary applications and strategic governance frameworks. This misalignment had created specific "research blind spots" within the Iranian context, particularly in empirical, data-driven studies that addressed local urban issues (e.g., traffic congestion and air pollution) using AI and in the development of tailored ethical, legal, and governance frameworks for Urban AI. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study provided a comprehensive mapping of the intellectual structure and research trends in AI for smart cities, juxtaposing the global landscape with the specific context of Iran. It concluded that the international domain was characterized by dynamic growth, a clear maturation toward application-oriented and socio-technically aware research, and distinct thematic clusters. In contrast, the findings for Iran highlighted a critical gap between conceptual discourse and practical, context-driven AI applications. To bridge this gap and align with global advancements, future research in Iran should strategically focus on 3 primary areas. First, a transition from theory to practice is essential, emphasizing original, data-driven research that addresses specific Iranian urban challenges—such as employing digital twins for urban simulation, utilizing AI for modeling air pollution and land subsidence, and optimizing traffic management systems. Second, there is an urgent need to develop tailored governance and ethical and legal frameworks that address organizational, financial, and political barriers to AI adoption, while establishing robust protocols for cybersecurity and citizen data privacy. Finally, focusing on localizing models and conducting strategic foresight is crucial. This involves adapting successful global models to Iran's unique cultural, economic, and social contexts, as well as engaging in futures studies to anticipate technological trends and prepare strategic scenarios for the evolution of Iranian cities. By concentrating on these strategic pathways, Iranian researchers and policymakers can facilitate the effective, sustainable, and contextually appropriate implementation of AI in urban development, transforming Iran from a consumer of global knowledge into an active contributor. شهرهای هوشمند مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی به‌عنوان یک حوزه میان‌رشته‌ای، نقش کلیدی در تحول برنامه‌ریزی شهری، بهبود کیفیت زندگی و توسعه پایدار ایفا می‌کنند. با گسترش سریع تحقیقات در این زمینه، استفاده از تحلیل کتاب‌سنجی به‌منظور شناسایی روندهای علمی، ساختار دانشی و نقشه‌های همکاری بین‌المللی ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. این مطالعه با بهره‌گیری از پایگاه داده وب آو ساینس و ابزارهای تحلیل‌های بیبلیومتریک (نرم‌افزار VOSviewer)، روند انتشار مقالات، کشورها و منابع پیشرو، حوزه‌های موضوعی کلیدی و چالش‌ها و فرصت‌های پژوهشی مرتبط با هوش مصنوعی در شهرهای هوشمند را بررسی می‌کند. علاوه بر این، مرور کتابشناسی برای پژوهش‌های داخلی نمایه‌شده در پایگاه‌های نورمگز، SID، علم نت و ایرانداک نیز انجام شد و مقاله فارسی مرتبط را تحلیل و خوشه‌بندی شدند. یافته‌های حاصل از تحلیل 271 پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که این حوزه در سال‌های اخیر رشد درخور توجهی داشته و چین به‌عنوان یک قطب علمی در این حیطه موضوعی ظهور کرده است. همچنین، تحلیل خوشه‌های موضوعی، ابعاد مختلفی از جمله مدل‌سازی شهری، حمل‌ونقل هوشمند، زیرساخت‌های فناورانه، امنیت سایبری و حکمرانی را نمایان می‌سازد. تحلیل تطبیقی پژوهش‌های داخل و خارج از کشور نشان می‌دهد که مطالعات داخلی در حوزه هوش مصنوعی و شهر هوشمند، برخلاف روند جهانی، عمدتاً در مرحله مفهومی و زیرساختی باقی مانده‌اند. این امر منجر به ایجاد نقاط کور پژوهشی در حوزه‌های کلیدی نظیر کاربردهای عملی و داده‌محور (مانند مدل‌سازی مسائل شهری) و همچنین توسعه چارچوب‌های ضروری حکمرانی، حقوقی و اخلاقی شده است؛ بنابراین، جهت‌گیری آتی پژوهش‌ها در ایران باید بر پرکردن این شکاف‌ها از طریق بومی‌سازی الگوها و آینده‌پژوهی راهبردی متمرکز شود تا زمینه برای پیاده‌سازی موفق و متناسب با زمینه داخلی فراهم شود.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_30309_58f245da3613f013b7f9c01f369d4dfb.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 36 4 2025 12 22 Detecting the Environmental Impacts of Jiroft Dam Using Satellite Imagery آشکارسازی تأثیرات محیط‌زیستی سد جیرفت با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای 125 150 30387 10.22108/gep.2026.146738.1747 FA فاطمه عسکری ملک آباد دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه اردکان، اردکان، ایران مریم مروتی دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه اردکان، اردکان، ایران سمیه سلطانی گردفرامرزی دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه اردکان، اردکان، ایران پیمان کرمی دکتری گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران زهرا پرور دکتری گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران Journal Article 2025 09 30 Abstract This study examined the environmental impacts of Jiroft Dam in Kerman Province on its surrounding areas and downstream lands over the period of 2000–2020. The study area was divided into two zones: the first comprised the dam margins and adjacent areas, where environmental effects were assessed using Landsat imagery and geomorphological analysis; the second focused on downstream lands to evaluate the dam influence on land use during crop seasons up to 2020. Vegetation and water indices (NDVI and NDWI), along with Land Surface Temperature (LST), were employed to detect environmental changes. The dam effects on downstream areas were analyzed using MODIS NDVI data and spatial autocorrelation with Moran’s I to identify spatial patterns and the density of significantly positive trends. All analyses were conducted using the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test with Z-statistics at a 95% confidence level. The results revealed that significant temperature changes occurred only in summer and autumn. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) trend analysis indicated a significant positive effect of the dam on vegetation around the reservoir during spring, summer, and autumn, while Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) showed the most pronounced changes across the study area. In the vicinity of the dam, rangelands experienced the greatest improvement and approximately 9,930.98 hectares of agricultural land exhibited a positive vegetation trend. The influence of the reservoir area on temperature fluctuation was seasonal effect rather than being dependent on reservoir size. Downstream analysis detected no significant positive changes in agricultural vegetation, suggesting that the dam effects in these regions were limited. Keywords: Remote Sensing, Land Use Change, Land Surface Temperature (LST), Spatial Autocorrelation, Jiroft Dam. Introduction Over the past century, the increasing exploitation of natural resources and expansion of dam construction have placed significant pressure on riverine ecosystems, often pushing them beyond critical environmental thresholds. While the primary objectives of dam construction include water supply, electricity generation, flood control, and agricultural development, the environmental impacts extend far beyond short-term benefits. These impacts manifest as substantial changes in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC), surface moisture, Land Surface Temperature (LST), and vegetation stability. Such changes not only affect local climate and ecosystem services, but also influence food security, water quality, soil erosion, and even human health. In particular, dam reservoirs can alter land-use patterns, promote agricultural and urban development downstream, and affect regional atmospheric cycles through increased surface moisture. The intensity of these impacts largely depends on the type of dam operation: agricultural dams tend to modify drought patterns, whereas hydropower dams increase flow intensity. Furthermore, land-use changes reduce the natural hydrological regulation capacity of river systems, thereby intensifying flooding, drought, erosion, and sedimentation. These processes, in turn, alter the composition of primary producers in aquatic environments. Dams also trap sediments, modify hydrodynamics, impair water quality, and transform aquatic habitats, while concurrent deforestation and agricultural expansion further increase sediment loads. In recent years, remote sensing technology has emerged as an efficient tool for monitoring and analyzing land surface changes, offering a robust approach to assessing the environmental consequences of dam construction over large spatial and temporal scales. LST data play a key role in studies related to climate, agriculture, urban planning, and natural resource management. Similarly, monitoring vegetation health by using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), alongside LULC analysis, provides a clear understanding of ecosystem dynamics. The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) enables effective assessment of moisture conditions and water resources. Statistical indicators, including long-term trend tests and spatial analyses, offer reliable tools for evaluating dam impacts. Numerous studies worldwide have examined the effects of dams and revealed their dual environmental impacts. Some report positive effects on local vegetation and moisture, while others highlight negative consequences, such as reduced inflows to wetlands, increased temperatures, and declining natural resource quality. In certain catchments, dams have led to elevated LST and substantial LULC changes, whereas other regions have experienced LST reductions or shifts in vegetation patterns. Given the significance of Jiroft Dam as one of the largest water infrastructure projects in southeastern Iran and its vital role in regional agriculture and ecosystems, a comprehensive assessment of its environmental impacts is essential. To date, limited research has addressed seasonal variations in NDVI, LST, and NDWI in relation to geomorphological features and distance from the dam. This study integrated remote sensing data, statistical analyses, and spatial assessments to provide a holistic picture of the environmental impacts of Jiroft Dam from 2000 to 2020, thereby establishing a foundation for sustainable management of water resources and agricultural lands in the region. Materials & Methods To assess the impacts of Jiroft Dam on its surrounding environment and downstream agricultural lands, a multi-source remote sensing dataset was employed. The analysis focused on two main zones: (1) vicinity of the reservoir to evaluate changes in vegetation cover, water resources, and surface temperature; and (2) downstream agricultural lands to examine the dam effects on land use and agro-ecosystem performance across different cropping seasons. In the first step, seasonal analyses were conducted by using Landsat imagery processed within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Maps of NDVI, NDWI, and LST were generated for each year from 2014 to 2020. Seasonal averages were subsequently calculated and mapped to capture both temporal trends and spatial variations across the study area. For vegetation dynamics, MODIS NDVI time-series data (MOD13Q1, 16-day intervals, 250-m resolution) were also extracted and seasonal means were calculated for trend assessment. LULC maps were obtained from the Copernicus 3/1 dataset. Spatial analysis was performed by using Moran's I to measure spatial autocorrelation, while Focal Statistics were applied to compute the density of vegetation patches. Temporal trends for all indices were evaluated by using the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test at the 95% confidence level. The analytical workflow was structured into 6 sequential steps: Preparation of LULC and spectral indices Mann–Kendall trend analysis Assessment of geomorphological conditions and spatial parameter distribution Distance-based analysis of vegetation density patterns Evaluation of reservoir impacts on LST Integration of results to identify areas most influenced by the dam Beyond contributing to a deeper understanding of the environmental impacts of Jiroft Dam, this study provided a scientific basis for sustainable water and land management, agricultural planning, and informed decision-making regarding future water infrastructure development in the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Research Findings The results revealed that Jiroft Dam had induced significant changes in regional environmental indicators. LST exhibited a predominantly decreasing trend, particularly during summer and autumn in the northern and western parts of the reservoir, reflecting the cooling effect of stored water and increased local humidity. The NDVI showed a substantial increase in vegetation cover in areas adjacent to the reservoir, especially in valleys and deep channels during spring and autumn. In contrast, scattered declines were observed in summer and winter in areas farther from the reservoir. The NDWI displayed notable increases across most seasons, highlighting enhanced surface moisture associated with the dam presence. Topographic analysis indicated that valleys and surrounding peaks experienced the most pronounced environmental changes. Temperature reduction and vegetation growth were particularly evident in these geomorphological units. Furthermore, distance-based analysis demonstrated that the positive impacts of the dam on vegetation and moisture were stronger at shorter distances, while diminishing progressively in more remote areas. In downstream agricultural lands, the dam contributed to higher vegetation density near the outlet and around Jiroft City although these effects were less evident at a broader scale. Overall, the dam influence was highly localized and concentrated in areas immediately surrounding the reservoir. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings suggested that Jiroft Dam had contributed to improved local microclimatic conditions and supported the development of more stable microclimates. The observed decreases in LST and increases in the NDWI confirmed that the reservoir enhanced local humidity and reduced surface heating. These environmental changes, in turn, fostered vegetation growth and improved ecological conditions in the immediate vicinity of the dam. However, the results also indicated that the dam benefits were primarily confined to areas close to the reservoir. With increasing distance, positive impacts diminished and, in some cases, gave way to adverse changes in agricultural practices. This issue was particularly critical in southern Kerman, where agriculture was active year-round and highly dependent on water availability. Topography played a decisive role in shaping these spatial patterns. Valleys and deep watercourses benefited the most, exhibiting stable and favorable changes in both vegetation and moisture. This highlighted that human interventions like dam construction interacted with natural landscape features, generating heterogeneous environmental impacts across the study area. This study demonstrated that while Jiroft Dam had enhanced moisture levels, reduced surface temperatures, and improved vegetation cover near the reservoir between 2014 and 2020, its influence had weakened with distance and resulted in only scattered changes across downstream farmlands. Therefore, water management strategies must address the dual challenge of securing irrigation for agricultural lands while preserving the ecological water rights of the Hamun Jazmourian wetland. From a practical perspective, it is recommended to expand irrigation networks and align water release schedules with seasonal and climatic needs. From a research perspective, future studies should examine the linkages between thermal patterns and water bodies, quantify vegetation patch dynamics at finer scales, and assess community satisfaction with dam-related water allocation. The use of satellite time-series data and platforms like Google Earth Engine (GEE) proved to be an effective and cost-efficient approach for environmental monitoring, offering a valuable decision-support tool for sustainable water resource management, ecosystem conservation, and long-term evaluation of dam-induced impacts. The NDVI showed notable increases in valleys and along reservoir edges during spring and autumn, indicating localized ecological improvement. In contrast, LST decreased primarily in summer and autumn, which was attributed to cooling effects and enhanced surface moisture. The NDWI exhibited the most consistent and significant changes across all seasons, highlighting the dam influence on surface water availability. Topography strongly mediated these effects with valleys and deep channels showing the greatest responses in vegetation and temperature patterns. Analysis of downstream agricultural lands revealed limited positive impacts; stronger effects were observed near the dam outlet and surrounding areas, while distant fields experienced minimal change. Spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I) confirmed that vegetation improvements were concentrated in the vicinity of the reservoir. Overall, the dam influence was localized: it enhanced ecosystem conditions close to the water body, but these benefits diminished with distance. This finding suggests that targeted water management strategies are necessary to optimize benefits for downstream agriculture and long-term ecosystem sustainability. Jiroft Dam faces two main challenges due to the region's 4-season agriculture and limited downstream irrigation network: ensuring adequate water supply for downstream farmland while maintaining the environmental flow required for the Hamoun Jazmourian wetland. Optimal water release schedules and expansion of the irrigation network are essential to support local communities and prevent damage to agricultural lands. On a practical level, downstream cropping patterns should be assessed and irrigation canals should be improved and regularly maintained. From a research perspective, future studies should investigate: The relationship between cold thermal islands and adjacent water bodies Spatial dynamics of vegetation patches Community satisfaction with water release practices Differentiation between irrigated farmland and other land cover types Accurate estimation of wetland water rights. The use of time-series satellite imagery and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform provided a comprehensive, cost-effective approach to monitoring environmental changes induced by the dam. This approach serves as a valuable decision-support tool for sustainable water management, irrigation planning, environmental monitoring, community engagement, and wetland conservation. It also helps highlight long-term environmental impacts and terrain-related vulnerabilities in dam projects. هدف این مطالعه بررسی تأثیرات سد جیرفت در استان کرمان بر محیط پیرامونی و اراضی پایین‌دست طی سال‌های ۲۰۰۰ تا ۲۰۲۰ است. محدوده تأثیر شامل دو بخش است: بخش اول، حاشیه و اطراف سد برای ارزیابی اثرات محیطی با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای لندست و تحلیل اشکال مختلف زمین؛ بخش دوم، اراضی پایین‌دست سد برای بررسی اثر سد بر کاربری زمین در فصول کشت تا سال ۲۰۲۰. شاخص‌های NDVI و NDWI و دمای سطح زمین برای ارزیابی تغییرات محیطی به‌کار رفتند. تأثیر سد بر محیط پایین‌دست با استفاده از شاخص NDVI ماهواره مادیس و تحلیل خودهمبستگی فضایی با شاخص موران بررسی شد تا تغییرات فضایی فاصله از سد و تراکم لکه‌های دارای روند مثبت معنادار مشخص شود. تمامی تحلیل‌ها با آزمون ناپارامتری من–کندال و بررسی پارامتر Z در سطح معناداری ۹۵ درصد انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد تغییرات دمایی معنادار تنها در تابستان و پاییز رخ داده است. تحلیل روند NDVI بیانگر تأثیر مثبت معنادار سد بر پوشش گیاهی حاشیه سد در بهار، تابستان و پاییز بوده و شاخص NDWI بیشترین تغییرات معنادار را در سطح مطالعه نشان داد. در محدوده سد، مراتع بیشترین بهبود را تجربه کردند و حدود 98/9930 هکتار از اراضی کشاورزی روند مثبت پوشش گیاهی داشتند. همچنین، تأثیر مساحت پهنه آبی بر نوسان دما تابع فصل بوده است نه اندازه پهنه. بررسی اراضی پایین‌دست نشان داد که تغییرات مثبت معناداری در پوشش گیاهی زمین‌های کشاورزی رخ نداده و اثر سد در این مناطق محدود است.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_30387_4668ed56c29234c3f1a02434d75df06b.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 36 4 2025 12 22 Optimizing the Pedestrian-Oriented Urban Spatial Structure Based on New Urbanism Principles: A Case Study of Urmia طراحی الگوی بهینه پیاده‌مداری در ساختارفضایی شهری با با تأکید بر اصول نوشهرگرایی (مورد مطالعه: شهر ارومیه) 151 184 30380 10.22108/gep.2026.145735.1733 FA رضا حسین زاده دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد برنامه ریزی شهری ، دانشکده معماری، شهرسازی و هنر، دانشگاه ارومیه.ایران فریدون نقیبی استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری، شهرسازی و هنر، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران اصغر عابدینی استاد گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری، شهرسازی و هنر، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران Journal Article 2025 07 01 Abstract In recent decades, the dominance of automobile-oriented planning has undermined the role of pedestrians and diminished the quality of public spaces. In this context, walkability—as a human-centered strategy—plays a fundamental role in enhancing urban livability and sustainability. Adopting an applied, descriptive–analytical approach, this study (conducted between 2024 and 2025) aimed to develop an optimal walkability model for the city of Urmia. Data were collected through documentary analysis, field surveys, and a researcher-designed questionnaire administered to 670 residents across 67 neighborhoods (with 10 randomly selected participants per neighborhood). The analytical framework integrated the Space Syntax model within a GIS environment, combining spatial-functional indicators with citizens’ perceptual evaluations. The findings revealed that walkability challenges in Urmia stemmed less from deficiencies in physical infrastructure than from the configurational logic of the street network and the spatial distribution of trip-attracting land uses. Even in areas with relatively favorable environmental quality, mismatches between the spatial capacity of streets and the concentration of high-demand land uses—particularly along Imam Khomeini Street (mean response rate: 20%)—had generated movement bottlenecks and reduced overall network efficiency. Restructuring the spatial layout according to the identified optimal patterns enhances the functional coherence of the network (integration index: 1.08) and promotes a more balanced distribution of pedestrian flows. The proposed model identifies highly integrated corridors that lack adequate services and directs the allocation of daily-use land uses toward these target areas. Simultaneously, it regulates the concentration of supra-neighborhood functions along low-capacity streets through planning controls, while treating environmental quality improvements and pedestrian safety as complementary to structural reforms. By moving beyond localized assessments and purely geometric indices, this research re-conceptualized walkability as an integrated, network-based system shaped by spatial configuration, social interaction, and service connectivity, ultimately offering a data-driven and spatially coherent optimal framework. Keywords: Pedestrian Network Pattern, Walkability, Spatial Structure, Urmia City, New Urbanism Introduction In recent years, rapid urban population growth coupled with automobile-oriented development has significantly undermined the quality of public spaces, reduced social interactions, and weakened the role of pedestrians in cities (Adriani & Taghvaei, 2024; Khasto & Kiaei, 2021; Ziari et al., 2023). Streets, which once served as vibrant platforms for human engagement and collective life, have increasingly been transformed into vehicle-dominated thoroughfares, relegating pedestrian-oriented spaces to the margins of urban priorities (Iulia & Valentina, 2022; Hosseini et al., 2021). This shift has given rise to numerous urban challenges, including declining public health, environmental pollution, and spatial fragmentation—all of which threaten the long-term sustainability of cities. In response, pedestrian-oriented planning has emerged as a fundamental strategy for enhancing urban livability, aiming to reduce car dependency, improve environmental quality, and strengthen social cohesion (Seemüller, 2024; Behzadfar et al., 2020; Alimadadi et al., 2023). Research highlights the importance of factors like safety, permeability, sense of belonging, and access to services in promoting pedestrian-friendly environments (Ghanbari et al., 2020; Tabaeian et al., 2021). Furthermore, international studies emphasize the critical role of urban morphology, public transportation infrastructure, and spatial continuity in fostering sustainable walkability (Balsas, 2021; Sertabakan et al., 2020; Birol, 2019). Against this backdrop, the present study focused on the spatial structure and functional dynamics of the street network of Urmia through the lens of New Urbanism principles. Although historically human-scaled, Urmia currently faces a range of urban issues, including imbalanced expansion, an inefficient access network, and declining urban vitality (Zanganeh et al., 2018). These challenges have been exacerbated by inconsistent land-use policies and fragmented urban growth patterns. Adopting an integrated approach, this research analyzed both the physical and social characteristics of the street network while simultaneously examining the spatial relationships among service land uses across various urban scales. Ultimately, the study sought to propose a comprehensive pedestrian-oriented spatial model that responds to contemporary needs, corrects existing imbalances, and supports long-term sustainable urban development. Materials & Methods This research adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology with an applied orientation, aiming to develop an optimal pedestrian-oriented pattern for the city of Urmia grounded in the principles of New Urbanism. The theoretical and analytical framework integrated spatial and performance-based data, focusing on two key components: the street network and service-oriented land uses. In the first phase, relevant data were collected and organized within a GIS environment, enabling the analysis of indicators, such as street hierarchy, width, traffic load, land-use function, and spatial adjacency patterns. These analyses facilitated a functional typology of streets and helped identify areas aligned with or deviating from pedestrianization goals. In the second phase, the study employed the Space Syntax model and DepthMap software to calculate the integration index, thereby assessing spatial cohesion and the efficiency of the pedestrian network. This step enabled the identification of areas requiring spatial improvement or reconfiguration. Based on these multi-scalar analyses, the spatial structure of the city was re-evaluated with the aim of enhancing the functional role of streets and aligning their performance with New Urbanism guidelines. Throughout the analysis, particular attention was paid to the relationships among urban form, movement dynamics, and land-use balance to ensure that the proposed model would be contextually grounded and practically implementable. The study population encompassed the entire city of Urmia. For the fieldwork component, a stratified sampling method was employed to capture citizen perspectives. A total of 670 questionnaires were distributed across 67 neighborhoods, ensuring a representative and generalizable dataset. The validity of the instrument was confirmed through expert review and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Both descriptive and inferential statistical methods were applied in the analysis of the findings. Emphasis was placed on understanding residents' perceptions of accessibility, safety, and walkability, thereby complementing the spatial data with human-centered insights. Research Findings In pursuit of an optimal pedestrian-oriented model for Urmia based on New Urbanism principles, this study conducted a multi-layered analysis of the city's spatial structure, focusing on street network connectivity and the distribution and functionality of service-oriented land uses. In the initial phase, the integration of the street network with the city's structural core and its overall spatial coherence was evaluated. The results revealed that while arterial streets played a central role in spatial organization, they suffered from traffic congestion and a lack of functional hierarchy. Many secondary and collector roads, due to their disproportionate width or incompatible function, failed to support spatial cohesion effectively. Field observations and citizen responses corroborated these shortcomings. Major corridors—such as Imam Khomeini, Bakeri, and Kashani Streets—served simultaneously as travel attractors and bottlenecks, highlighting a critical imbalance between their spatial and functional roles. In the second phase, the spatial distribution and functional efficiency of service land uses were assessed at both local and supra-local levels. The findings indicated that high-priority land uses—including commercial centers, administrative offices, and cultural venues—were often concentrated along problematic streets, thereby intensifying functional pressure on these urban arteries. Furthermore, temporal usage patterns revealed a pronounced decline in activity during late hours, particularly in the central core, which exacerbated issues related to urban vitality and functional imbalance. The spatial centralization of services had further contributed to accessibility disparities, leaving peripheral urban zones relatively underserved. Regarding land use adjacency, three dominant patterns were identified: highly specialized and homogeneous adjacencies in the central core, relatively compatible adjacencies in areas near the center, and incompatible adjacencies in fringe areas characterized by functional conflict. These patterns—particularly along critical corridors—had intensified spatial contradictions within the urban fabric. When the spatial logic of land use distribution was not aligned with pedestrian access principles, the result was fragmented urban experiences and uneven development. Finally, an evaluation of local-scale land uses within neighborhoods confirmed that inefficiencies in service distribution and street infrastructure were consistent with the dysfunctional patterns observed at broader urban scales. Collectively, these analyses underscore the necessity of an integrated urban planning approach that harmonizes physical design, land use function, and social needs. Specifically, restructuring the street network, strategically redistributing services, and fostering compatible adjacencies should be prioritized as key strategies in the sustainable transformation of pedestrian spaces. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Evaluation of the spatial structure of Urmia clearly revealed that reorganizing urban land uses within the framework of New Urbanism—particularly with an emphasis on pedestrianization—can foster the development of a more coherent, multifunctional, and livable urban environment. A well-balanced alignment between land use functions and street capacities not only prevents spatial disjunctions, but also promotes land use diversity, enhances environmental quality, and supports pedestrian accessibility. Establishing an integrated, pedestrian-prioritized network emerges as a direct outcome of spatial restructuring, contributing to improved access systems, greater spatial equity, and reduced dependency on private cars. The synthesis of spatial, functional, and social indicators further demonstrates that effective pedestrianization cannot be achieved through physical infrastructure alone. It requires thoughtful coordination among street design, scalable and distributed land use patterns, and qualitative enhancement of the urban environment. Strategically locating supra-local services along appropriately scaled thoroughfares proves to be a key strategy for managing traffic loads and promoting walkability. Moreover, such configurations support social equity and broaden access to essential services for all segments of the population. Facilitating the relocation of incompatible land uses through incentive-based urban policies has proven to be an effective measure for correcting existing structural inefficiencies. Concurrently, enhancing the physical quality of pedestrian zones—through improved urban furniture, lighting, landscape design, and safety measures—plays a critical role in enriching the urban living experience. Furthermore, curbing unregulated densification and uncontrolled land use expansion—which often disrupt access networks and degrade spatial performance—remains an essential component of sustainable pedestrian planning. In conclusion, the optimal pedestrian-oriented model proposed in this study not only redefines the spatial configuration of the city in line with principles of justice and efficiency, but also offers a replicable framework for other Iranian cities aspiring toward sustainable, human-centered urban development. The proposed strategy is rooted in both empirical analysis and normative vision, ensuring that its implementation can be evidence-based while striving toward equitable and livable futures. چکیده امروزه گسترش خودرومحوری در طراحی شهری موجب تضعیف جایگاه عابر پیاده و افت کیفیت فضاهای عمومی شده است. در این راستا، پیاده‌مداری به‌عنوان راهبردی انسان‌محور، نقشی اساسی در ارتقای زیست‌پذیری و پایداری شهری ایفا می‌کند. این پژوهش با رویکردی کاربردی و توصیفی‌تحلیلی، در مقطع زمانی سال ۱۴۰۳ به تبیین الگوی بهینه پیاده‌مداری در شهر ارومیه پرداخته است. داده‌ها از طریق تحلیل اسنادی، برداشت میدانی و پرسشنامه محقق ساخته (۶۷۰ نفر از ۶۷ محله و انتخاب 10 نفر به‌صورت تصادفی در هرمحله) گردآوری و با بهره‌گیری از مدل چیدمان فضا [1]در محیط جی‌ای اس [2]و تلفیق شاخص‌های کالبدی – عملکردی با ادراک شهروندان تحلیل شده‌اند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد چالش پیاده‌مداری در ارومیه بیش از آنکه ناشی از ضعف زیرساخت‌های فیزیکی باشد، ریشه در منطق پیکربندی شبکه معابر و نحوه استقرار کاربری‌های جاذب سفر دارد؛ به‌طوری‌که که حتی در سطوح مطلوب کیفیت محیطی، عدم انطباق میان ظرفیت فضایی معابر و تمرکز کاربری‌های پرتردد، به‌ویژه محور امام خمینی (با میانگین پاسخ 20%)، به شکل‌گیری گره‌های حرکتی فشرده و افت کارایی نظام حرکتی انجامیده است. بازآرایی ساختار فضایی براساس الگوهای مطلوب شناسایی‌شده منجر به بهبود انسجام عملکردی شبکه (شاخص هم‌پیوندی میانی 08/1) و توزیع متعادل‌تر جریان‌های پیاده‌مداری می‌شود. الگوی پیشنهادی با شناسایی محورهای دارای هم‌پیوندی بالا و کمبود خدمات، استقرار کاربری‌های روزمره را در پهنه‌های هدف هدایت می‌کند؛ تمرکز کاربری‌های فرامحله‌ای در معابر کم‌ظرفیت را از طریق اصلاح ضوابط کنترل می‌کند و ارتقای کیفیت محیطی و ایمنی پیاده را مکمل اصلاحات ساختاری می‌داند. این پژوهش در فرارَوی از سنجش‌های موضعی و شاخص‌های صرفاً هندسی و بازتعریف پیاده‌مداری در قالب چارچوبی یکپارچه، ویژگی‌های کالبدی معابر، تعاملات اجتماعی و الگوی اتصالات و هم‌پیوندی خدمات، پیاده‌مداری را به‌مثابه نظامی شبکه‌مند و منسجم تبیین می‌کند و الگویی بهینه و داده‌محور ارائه می‌دهد. [1] space syntax [2] GIS

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_30380_92232735362f64ec42a0f41ec842596b.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی 2008-5362 36 4 2025 12 22 A Benchmarking Study of Pedestrian-Oriented Tourism in Historic Urban Squares (Red Square, Piazza del Campo, and Grand Place) Toward the Enhancement of Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Isfahan بهینه‌کاوی گردشگری پیاده‌مدار میدان‌های تاریخی شهری (میدان‌های سرخ، دل کمپو و رینک گلونی در جهت ارتقای میدان نقش جهان اصفهان) 185 212 30431 10.22108/gep.2026.146059.1738 FA علی زنگی آبادی دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران شیوا قنبریان دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2025 07 29 Abstract Historic urban squares as key elements of public spaces play a crucial role in enhancing historical, cultural, and social identity while improving pedestrian-oriented experiences in cities. This study aimed to optimize and conduct a comparative analysis of the spatial and functional characteristics of 4 prominent historic squares—Naqsh-e Jahan Square (Iran), Red Square (Russia), Piazza del Campo (Italy), and Main Market Square (Rynek Główny, Poland)—with a focus on pedestrian-centric and urban tourism approaches. The research was applied in nature and employed an analytical-comparative method. Evaluations of the squares were carried out by using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) and the TOPSIS model with results validated through expert opinions from specialists in urban design, cultural heritage management, and urban tourism. The findings indicated that owing to its human-centered design, spatial cohesion, diversity of land uses and urban services, architectural quality, and harmony with the historic fabric, Naqsh-e Jahan Square was identified as the most suitable square for pedestrian-oriented tourism. The other squares were ranked subsequently based on their geometric forms, connectivity to the urban fabric, and pedestrian infrastructure. The results underscored that integrating spatial design principles, preserving historical values, and enhancing soft tourism infrastructure were key factors in elevating pedestrian experiences in historic squares. These findings can assist urban planners and cultural heritage managers in optimizing historic urban spaces for sustainable, human-centered tourism. Keywords: Benchmarking, Historic Urban Squares, Pedestrian-Oriented Tourism. Introduction Historic urban squares as paramount elements of public space play a foundational role in shaping the historical, cultural, and social identity of cities. These spaces foster active engagement among citizens and tourists, strengthen social interactions, and serve as central manifestations of urban life. In this context, pedestrian-friendliness—as a human-centered approach in urban design and planning—is essential for enhancing the quality of urban spaces and individuals' lived experiences. This article aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of the spatial and functional characteristics of 4 prominent historic squares: Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan (Iran), Red Square in Moscow (Russia), Piazza del Campo in Siena (Italy), and Main Market Square (Rynek Główny) in Krakow (Poland) with an emphasis on pedestrian-friendliness and urban tourism. Through a review of the theoretical literature on public spaces, urban squares, pedestrian-oriented design, and the role of historic squares in strengthening urban identity, the authors described the functions of these squares within the social and cultural fabric of cities. They further emphasized the necessity of a comparative analysis of these spaces from the perspectives of their pedestrian capabilities and tourist attractions. The primary motivation for this research was the lack of comprehensive comparative studies that simultaneously examined the physical, functional, cultural, and perceptual dimensions of these squares. Materials & Methods This research was applied in nature and employed an analytical-comparative approach. Data were collected through library research, urban documents, field observations, and questionnaires completed by 30 urban planning specialists. For data analysis, a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) model and the TOPSIS technique were utilized to accurately score various criteria by integrating quantitative and qualitative data. The selection of the studied squares was based on historical similarities, geometric form, diversity of uses, level of pedestrian-friendliness, square size, and cultural significance. The evaluation criteria comprised 10 main indicators: quality of pedestrian infrastructure, perception of safety, accessibility, visual attractiveness, amenities, connectivity to attractions, density and diversity of uses, tourism infrastructure, cultural significance, and diversity of urban events. Each indicator was scored separately and the results were analyzed by using the TOPSIS model. Furthermore, to enhance the validity of the analysis, a questionnaire consisting of 18 measurement variables on a Likert scale was designed and completed by specialists in spring 2025. The results of this questionnaire were subsequently compared with the model's output. Research Findings Naqsh-e Jahan Square achieved the highest final score of 0.700, ranking first in terms of pedestrian-friendliness, spatial coherence, diversity of uses, and historical identity. Main Market Square (Rynek Główny) in Krakow with a score of 0.550 placed second due to its square design, diverse amenities, excellent accessibility, and optimal connection to the urban fabric. Piazza del Campo with its shell-shaped and intimate design but smaller size and more limited amenities secured third place (0.375). Red Square in Moscow, despite its high historical significance and iconic attractions, such as the Kremlin and St. Basil's Cathedral, ranked fourth (0.250) due to a lack of green spaces and limitations in pedestrian access and mobility. This research revealed a direct relationship between indicators like geometric form, architectural quality, diversity of uses, spatial security, accessibility, and service facilities and the level of satisfaction among pedestrian tourists. The questionnaire results further confirmed the findings of the quantitative model, particularly regarding Naqsh-e Jahan Square, which scored highest on indicators including architectural quality, spatial coherence, cultural identity, and human scale. However, some weaknesses were also observed in Naqsh-e Jahan Square, such as a lack of multi-language signboards, weak night lighting, and the absence of digital information infrastructure. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Historic squares, through principled design and a re-evaluation of their functions, can play a more prominent role in meeting the needs of pedestrian tourists. Naqsh-e Jahan Square, despite its high historical and architectural value, can have the potential to become a successful international model for pedestrian tourism if its green spaces are redesigned, movement paths are optimized, information infrastructure is improved, and spaces for pause and social interaction are increased. Recommended interventions include installing multi-language digital signboards, enhancing night lighting, revitalizing canals and shaded tree plantings, adding urban furniture, and organizing cultural events. In conclusion, by combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, this research provided a structured model for evaluating historic public spaces from a pedestrian perspective. This model can serve as a basis for the analysis and optimal design of other urban squares with high cultural value. The findings are particularly significant for developing countries that are on a path toward revitalizing historical spaces with a human-centered approach. میادین تاریخی شهری، به‌عنوان اجزای اصلی فضاهای عمومی، نقشی حیاتی در تقویت هویت تاریخی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی شهرها و بهبود تجربه پیاده‌روی در آنها ایفا می‌کنند. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی بهینه و مقایسه ویژگی‌های فضایی و عملکردی چهار میدان تاریخی برجسته، یعنی میدان نقش جهان، میدان سرخ، دل کامپو و میدان رینک گلونی، از منظر پیاده‌محوری و گردشگری شهری انجام گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر کاربردی بوده و روش آن تحلیلی - تطبیقی است. ارزیابی این میدان‌ها با استفاده از روش تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره (MCDM) و مدل TOPSIS صورت پذیرفت و نتایج با دیدگاه‌های کارشناسان متخصص در زمینه طراحی شهری، مدیریت میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری شهری تأیید شد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که میدان نقش جهان، با طراحی انسان‌محور، یکپارچگی فضایی، گوناگونی کاربری‌ها و خدمات شهری، کیفیت معماری و همخوانی با بافت تاریخی، به‌عنوان بهترین گزینه برای گردشگری مبتنی بر پیاده‌روی شناخته شده است. دیگر میدان‌ها نیز براساس شکل هندسی، اتصال به بافت شهری و امکانات پیاده‌محوری در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌های این تحقیق بر اهمیت ترکیب اصول طراحی فضایی، حفاظت از ارزش‌های تاریخی و بهبود زیرساخت‌های نرم گردشگری تأکید دارد که این عوامل کلیدی برای ارتقای تجربه پیاده‌محور در میادین تاریخی مهم محسوب می‌شوند. این نتایج می‌تواند به برنامه‌ریزان شهری و مدیران میراث فرهنگی در بهینه‌سازی فضاهای تاریخی شهری برای گردشگری پایدار و انسان‌محور یاری رساند.

https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_30431_50157fc3eef89d06b2d62447bf95296f.pdf