This study aims to assess the spatial distribution of accessibility to urban parks and identify underserved areas beyond park service catchments in District 3 of Tehran through the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), network analysis, and three-dimensional (3D) urban modeling. The research adopts an applied, descriptive–analytical approach. Spatial datasets, including the street network, park locations, and population distribution, were collected from official sources and processed within the ArcGIS environment. Pedestrian accessibility was evaluated by generating park service catchment areas within 5-, 10-, and 15-minute walking thresholds using the Network Analyst extension. Subsequently, the spatial analysis results were visualized and examined through procedural 3D urban modeling in CityEngine. The resulting 3D urban model provides a foundational framework for the future development of urban digital twins in the context of green space planning, monitoring, and management. The findings reveal a significant mismatch between the distribution of urban parks and population density across District 3. For instance, Neighborhood 3, which exhibits the highest population density, has the lowest per capita green space provision (0.3 m² per capita), whereas Neighborhood 4, with a comparatively moderate population, enjoys the highest provision (9.6 m² per capita). Furthermore, the accessibility analysis identified several urban blocks with limited or no effective access to parks, a condition that disproportionately affects vulnerable population groups, particularly children and older adults. The results indicate that achieving spatial justice in access to urban green spaces cannot be accomplished solely through increasing the quantity of green areas.
vaez, M. , Ahadnejad, M. and Haydari, M. (2026). Integrating GIS and 3D Urban in Accessibility Analysis and Urban Park Management: A Case Study of District 3, Tehran. Geography and Environmental Planning, (), -. doi: 10.22108/gep.2026.148125.1770
MLA
vaez, M. , , Ahadnejad, M. , and Haydari, M. . "Integrating GIS and 3D Urban in Accessibility Analysis and Urban Park Management: A Case Study of District 3, Tehran", Geography and Environmental Planning, , , 2026, -. doi: 10.22108/gep.2026.148125.1770
HARVARD
vaez, M., Ahadnejad, M., Haydari, M. (2026). 'Integrating GIS and 3D Urban in Accessibility Analysis and Urban Park Management: A Case Study of District 3, Tehran', Geography and Environmental Planning, (), pp. -. doi: 10.22108/gep.2026.148125.1770
CHICAGO
M. vaez , M. Ahadnejad and M. Haydari, "Integrating GIS and 3D Urban in Accessibility Analysis and Urban Park Management: A Case Study of District 3, Tehran," Geography and Environmental Planning, (2026): -, doi: 10.22108/gep.2026.148125.1770
VANCOUVER
vaez, M., Ahadnejad, M., Haydari, M. Integrating GIS and 3D Urban in Accessibility Analysis and Urban Park Management: A Case Study of District 3, Tehran. Geography and Environmental Planning, 2026; (): -. doi: 10.22108/gep.2026.148125.1770
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